GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT AND ITS INDIAN SCENARIO

GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT AND ITS INDIAN SCENARIO

1. Geothermal Energy

2. Outlines I NTRODUCTON HOW HEAT IS GENERATE What is magma & lava Sources Geothermal Reservoirs EXPLORATION Ring of fire Exploration Surveys Direct uses INDUSTRIAL PROCESSING FARMING GREENHOUSE HEATING DISTRICT HEATING RESIDENTIAL HEATING Indirect use of Geothermal Energy Electricity Generation Dry Steam power plant Flash steam power plant Binary cycle power plant HEAT EXCHANGER COST Geothermal Energy In Indian SENERIO Geothermal Potential in India Geothermal PROVINCES in India Geothermal FIELD in India HISTORICAL CAPACITY & CONSUMPTION DATA Geothermal companies: RECENTLY A PROJECT IS BEING DEVELPOED IN INDIA Geothermal research centers: Mission and Vision in Geothermal for India Advantages Disadvantages FUTURE OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

3. INTRODUCTON Geothermal energy is heat that is generated within the Earth. (Geo means “earth,” and thermal means “heat” in Greek). It is a renewable resource that can be harvested for human use. ? WHAT IS GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

4. HOW HEAT IS GENERATE ? About 2,900km below a small portion of the core’s heat comes from the friction and gravitational pull formed when Earth was created more than 4 billion years ago. However, the vast majority of Earth’s heat is constantly generated by the decay of radioactive isotopes, such as potassium-40 and thorium-232.

5. What is magma & lava If underground rock formations are heated to about 700-1,300° C they can become magma. Magma is molten (partly melted) rock permeated by gas and gas bubbles. Magma exists in the mantle and lower crust, and sometimes bubbles to the surface as lava. Magma heats nearby rocks and underground aquifers. Hot water can be released through geysers, hot springs, steam vents, underwater hydrothermal vents, and mud pots. ?

6. Source

7. Geothermal Reservoirs H ot springs

8. EXPLORATION Bubbling mud, geysers and hot pools are good indicators of geothermal activity at the surface.

9. An area called Ring of fire has most of geothermal

10. How it is obtained?

11. Extraction & uses

12. Direct uses

13. Most of New Zealand’s geothermal plant the heat is used for digesting wood pulp, drying timber and paper, and generating electricity. INDUSTRIAL PROCESSING

14. The farm heats its own water with heat exchangers, which draw heat from the power station’s waste water before it flows back into the River. FARMING

15. Geothermal waters are used for heating greenhouses on a small scale (covering 10 hectares in total), specially for the commercial, out-of-season production of vegetables, flowers and fruit. GREENHOUSE HEATING

16. Hot water from one or more geothermal wells is piped through a heat exchanger plant to heat city water in separate pipes. Hot city water is piped to heat exchangers in buildings to warm the air. There are 18 district heating systems operating in the western United States. Over 270 cities in the western U.S. Are close enough to geothermal reservoirs to use district heating.

17. In some places, geothermal water is piped from wells to heat single homes or whole residential or commercial districts. This truck-mounted drill rig is drilling a well for use in Klamath Falls, Oregon.

18. Electricity Generation Indirect use of Geothermal Energy

19. Dry Steam power plant In dry steam power plants, the steam(and no water) shoots up the wells and is passed through rock catcher and then directly into the turbine. The oldest type of Geothermal power plant Geothermal reservoir pure steam is required. Pure dry steam drives turbine. Very rare type of geothermal power plant. Operating at California, Italy, and Japan.

20. Flash steam power plant Flash Steam Plants : Used hot water reservoirs . In flash plants, as hot water is released from the pressure of the deep reservoir in a flash tank. These systems pull deep, high pressured hot water that reaches temperatures of 360 F or more to the surface. This water is transported to low pressure chambers, and the resulting steam drives the turbines. The remaining water and steam are then injected back into the source from which they were taken. Commonly used geothermal power plant. Geothermal reservoirs containing both hot water & steam is required. Pressure changing system is required. Operating at Hawaii, Nevada, Utah & some other places

21. Binary cycle power plant Binary Cycle Plants : In a binary cycle plant the heat from geothermal water is used to vaporize a “working fluid” is separate adjacent pipes, The vapor, like steam, powers the turbine generator. Does not use steam directly to spin turbines. Only the heat of the underground water is used. Vapourized hydrocarbons are used to spin the turbine. Hydrocarbons having lower boiling point such as   isopentane , isobutane and propane can be used. No harmful gas is emitted. This’s the worldwide accepted power plant.

22. Cost Direct use of geothermal energy is absolutely cheaper than other energy sources. Cost of electricity generation depends upon certain factors: Temperature and depth of resource Type of resource (steam, liquid, mix) Size and technology of plant The initial investment is high. They cost around US $0.05 to $0.08 ( Rs . 2.772 to Rs . 4.4352) per kWh Once the capital cost is recovered, the price can decrease to below US $0.05 ( Rs 2.2772) per kWh

23. Geothermal Energy In India

24. General Scenario : Renewable energy in India is growing leaps and bound under government ambitious plan of enhancing renewable capacity to 175 GW by 2022. While solar and wind continue to drive this initiative, new and upcoming technologies such as geothermal, ocean and tidal are being promoted to enhance renewable share to 25 % in energy mix, from current 7 %.

25. Potential sites Province Surface Temp C Reservoir Temp C Heat Flow Thermal gradient Himalaya >90 260 468 100 Cambay 40-90 150-175 80-93 70 West coast 46-72 102-137 75-129 47-59 Sonata 60 – 95 105-217 120-290 60-90 Godavari 50-60 175-215 93-104 60 I ndia is blessed with good potential for geothermal energy. India is considered to have Low (<100 Degree C) to medium (100- 200 Degree C) enthalpy regions. Surveys done by Geological Survey of India have earmarked 340 hot springs within temperature range of 34 Degree C to 98 Degree C. The major potential areas for geothermal energy (both thermal and power) in India are identified as under: Geothermal Potential in India

26. Geothermal Field Estimated (min.) reservoir Temp ( Approx ) Status Puga geothermal field 240 o C at 2000m From geochemical and deep geophysical studies (MT) Tattapani Sarguja (Chhattisgarh) 120 o C - 150 o C at 500 meter and 200 o C at 2000 m Magneto telluric survey done by NGRI Tapoban Chamoli ( Uttarakhand ) 100 o C at 430 meter Magneto telluric survey done by NGRI Cambay Garben ( Gujrat ) 160 o C at 1900 meter (From Oil exploration borehole) Steam discharge was estimated 3000 cu meter/ day with high temperature gradient. Badrinath Chamoli ( Uttarakhand ) 150 o C estimated Magneto-telluric study was done by NGRI Deep drilling required to ascertain geothermal field Surajkund Hazaribagh (Jharkhand) 110 o C Magneto-telluric study was done by NGRI. Heat rate 128.6 mW /m 2 Manikaran Kullu (H P) 100 o C Magneto-telluric study was done by NGRI Heat flow rate 130 mW /m 2 Kasol Kullu (H P) 110 o C Magneto-telluric study was done by NGRI

27. Total thermal installed capacity in MW: 203.0 Direct use in TJ/year 1,606.3 Direct use in GWh /year 446.2 Capacity factor 0.25 HISTORICAL CAPACITY & CONSUMPTION DATA: Geothermal companies :

28. " Geothermal Energy - Initiative and Development " conference. Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University organised the event, which took place on 26 July 2013 in Gujarat's capital city Gandhinagar . Companies involved in the Indian geothermal projects include ONGC (Oil and Natural Gas Corporation) in Gujarat. The company has started exploring clean energy to create growth opportunities and maximize shareholder value. ONGC started co-operation with Belgian company Talboom last year RECENTLY A PROJECT IS BEING DEVELPOED IN INDIA

29. MeSy India MeSy India acts as technical arm to governmental institutions in the conduction of scientific and geothermal research projects, and stimulates new R&D projects in collaboration with Indian national research institutions and international organizations, in particular in the field of techniques and earthquake mechanisms, reservoir induced seismicity, advanced mining technologies, ground water production stimulation, use of geothermal energy, hazardous underground waste storage. Geological Survey of India National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad Oil and Natural Gas Corporation, Dehradun   Geothermal research centers:

30. Mission and Vision in Geothermal for India Target Year Geothermal (Energy) MW Geothermal (Power) MW By 2022 1000 20 By 2030 10000 1000

31. Advantages Available all the year around. Direct use Low running cost, it saves 80% costs over fossil fuels. It is free from global warming as does not involve any combustion of fuel. Unlike solar energy it is independent of weather condition.  Clean Resource – Very little emissions or overall environmental impact. maintenance cost of geothermal plants very less Overall, geothermal energy is a sustainable resource.

32. Disadvantages Not widespread source of energy High installation costs Can run out of steam  May release harmful gases, poisonous gases that can escape through the holes during construction. Geothermal energy can not be easily transported Total generation potential of this source is too small. There is always danger of eruption of volcano .

33. FUTURE OF EOTHERMAL ENERGY The first geothermal power plant is established in 1911 in Larderello , Italy. Currently only 24 countries are able to produce electricity from geothermal energy in large scale producing a total of 11,700 MW of electricity. But it only comprises for about less than 0.4% of the worlds electricity consumption. This is mainly due to the fact that there is 75-80% chance of failure for exploratory well digging and geothermal energy is not available at all places. Due to these facts developing countries like India is unable to install a geothermal power plant due to high risk and unavailability of geothermal energy. To support the establishment of geothermal power plants the International Geothermal Association(IGA) and International Renewable Energy Alliance(REN alliance) has funded more than 10 projects and more than 65 countries are its members So in order to overcome these limitations research is going on at IGA,Bocham,Germany to produce geothermal power more efficiently at low installation costs