Germ Theory Of Disease By Robert Koch And Louis Pasteur

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1. Germ Theory Of Disease By Robert Koch And Louis Pasteur
Introduction
In the nineteenth century, two famous scientists – Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur – formally demonstrated that microorganisms were the cause of many
diseases. This proposition has become known as "Germ Theory of Disease". Not that this notion had never been touched before – on the contrary, there
have been ancient mentions as old as 36 BC from a roman scholar, Marcus Terentius Varro, that stated: "certain minute creatures, which cannot be seen
by the eyes, which float in the air and enter the body through the mouth and nose, and there cause serious diseases". The concept of "Germ Theory of
Disease" suffered a major overturn in the twentieth century, when Metchnikoff showed that microorganisms could also act as beneficial agents and
health promoters. Was there then launched the basis for what we now call probiotics. Thus, today we know we are, one way or the other, vastly
colonized by microorganisms. It is certainly clear that these microorganisms are present forming heterogeneous and specific communities over large
body surfaces. These colonization processes occur primarily on skin, vagina and the gastrointestinal tract.
Even so, our body has a remarkable ability to protect itself against microbial invasions. Within the human body resides a salient protection mechanism
called immune system prepared to defend the body against millions of bacteria, viruses, toxins and parasites. However, how does the immune system
enable the body to accept a vast amount of
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3. How Did The Developement Of The Germ Theory
The germ theory began when one scientist became motivated to disprove the theory of spontaneous generation. This curiosity and motivation led to
major changes in the health of humanity. This theory helped the future generations while providing methods to prevent disease. The developpement of
the germ theory allowed other scientists to expand on this concept and develop ways to apply information to care for individuals with disease and help
in the modern world. Microorganisms are miniscule, they easily invade humans, animals and other living hosts which then lead to disease. Louis
Pasteur a french biologist conducted a variety of experiements, his individual geniusness and technology helped the discovery of the germ theory which
radically changed the practice of medecine. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Louis Pasteur's discovery of the relationship between germ and disease was only the beginning to developping a permanent solution. The theory led to
the realization that handwashing helps prevent the spread of disease and disinfection can eliminate germs. Disinfection and handwashing affected
humanity because the rates of infectious disease began to decline and epidemics lasted for a shorter time spand and overall mortality decreased as a
result. The introduction of the theory affected how humanity viewed the human body. People began to believe that dirt contained microorganisms and
could cause an infection, which lead to bathing frequently. Alongside his discovery were his inventions, for example the machine used to screen and
detect silkworm eggs which saved the European silk industry and helped prevent silkworm
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5. Persuasive Speech On Conformity In Science
How bizarre would it be to live in a world where people still believed the Earth was flat? Or if doctors were drilling holes into their patient's heads for
'migraine relief'? Luckily, we exist on a planet where curios forefathers have already paved the scientific highway to innovation. If renowned scientist
such as Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein had followed the scientific norms of their time, rather challenge accepted beliefs; they would have never
made crucial discoveries that impact our world today. Furthermore, people should understand that scientific creativity is vital for progression. Resisting
conformity is important within the scientific community; it is said that in science people must question everything, and provide evidence to support
their discoveries. Proving or disproving beliefs have an impact on our daily lives, and the most critical discoveries were made by creative minds.
Despite the advice of peers being highly valued, one should refrain from succumbing to the scientific beliefs of others without question. In science,
conformity could be described as a parasite draining intelligence from humanity. In order to learn and grow, we must cultivate our minds by thoroughly
understanding the principles of a subject. However, most pupils have become accustomed to taking their teacher's lessons at face value, and tend to
memorize subjects in contrast to than learning them. This problematic pathway to education results in students who don't know how to make
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7. Louis Pasteur Accomplishments
Louis Pasteur was incredible! I had heard about him before, and knew that he had made advancements in the medical world, but before doing my
research, I don't think I could have pin–pointed exactly what he did. He was responsible for many significant discoveries, but the one I have chosen to
focus on is the study of bacteriology.
It all began when Louis Pasteur (who had made his mark in crystallography, and been hired as the dean and professor at University of Lille) was
approached in the 1850s by a man who was having trouble with his sugar–beet juice going bad before he was able to distill alcohol from it. Because of
his previous work, this question intrigued him! Under his microscope, he was able to identify round globules
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9. Louis Pasteur : The Scientific Field Of Biology
Louis Pasteur:
The French 19th century biologist, Louis Pasteur, is responsible for many scientific advancements, particularly in the field of biology. He has become
one of the most well–known figures in the science of biology for having a massive effect on the direction of scientific thinking. He was a key figure in
contributing to the germ theory of disease. His historical experiments proved his theories, and changed the way the world views the fundamental
principles of microbiology.
One experiment that he sought to complete was one to find out what the cause was for fermentation. He wanted to see what would happen if he passed
oxygen through a fermenting liquid. The oxygen stopped the fermentation process, and the broth continued ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The straight tube would allow for air–borne bacteria to fall straight into the broth while the swan neck would trap the bacteria in the trough. He did this
to try and disprove the widely accepted theory of spontaneous generation. At the time, this changed the whole concept of microbiological reproduction
and brought in a new way of thinking.
While both of these experiments carried out by Louis Pasteur had a large effect on the way people perceived the world of science, they both did it in
slightly different ways. For Pasteur's experiment that disproved the spontaneous generation theory, it completely changed the way scientists thought
about life for centuries before. Not only that, but it simply changed the way people viewed the world. He was able to show that bacteria were not able
to form on its own without a source, and that it needed a catalyst (in this case, microorganisms from the air). This is an example of a scientific
advancement, improving our knowledge and understanding in the field of biology. Not only did it disprove spontaneous generation on a
microbiological scale, but made everybody think about the entire theory pertaining to other animals such as maggots and rats. This advancement lead to
people rethinking the entire concept of animal reproduction, and was a stepping stone for greater scientific discoveries using the newfound
understanding. It's just one example of how improving scientific understanding leads to new perceptions
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11. Ignaz Lister Research Paper
The perceptions and activities of Ignaz Semmelweis, Joseph Lister and John Snow would reflectively be recognized as adding to the acknowledgment
of germ hypothesis. In any case, it was the lab inquiries about of Louis Pasteur in the 1860s and afterward Robert Koch in the next decades that gave
the logical verification to germ hypothesis. Their work opened the way to inquire about germs and potential life–sparing medications.
Another great thing about the 18th century was that there were many inventions created. Most of the inventions created during that time are still being
used today. These inventions were used to help see what a healthy body and what an infected body looks like. Some inventions gave doctors the ability
to hear a patient's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
René Laennec invented the stethoscope in 1816. He invented it because one time he was working with a female patient and he needed to listen to her
heartbeat. At the time the common way to do this was to place your head on the patient's chest. His patient was overweight so he thought that the head
to chest method would not work so he needed something new. "He rolled up a sheet of paper into a tube and placed one end on the patient's chest. The
tube magnified sound, and Laennec found he could hear her lung sounds easily by putting his ear to the open end. The rolled up piece of paper was
soon replaced by a hollow wooden tube. Laennec named his invention the 'stethoscope'. In the 1890s, the hollow wooden tube was replaced by the
rubber and now plastic, binaural stethoscope, much like stethoscopes that are used today. These stethoscopes have two ear pieces and a bell–like end
that is placed on the body. Stethoscopes are not only used to listen to the chest but also other parts of the body such as the bowels and during pregnancy.
Electronic stethoscopes that amplify the sounds in the chest and produce graphs were first produced in the 1970s and continue to be refined." "Science
Museum. Brought to Life: Exploring the History of Medicine." Stethoscope. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Mar.
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13. The Work Of Louis Pasteur
In the midst of the Industrial Revolution, the son of leather tanners provided the clarity needed to understand the behavior of microbes and applied this
understanding to improve people's daily life. This man, Louis Pasteur, succeeded in his medical investigations and continued to pursue his interest,
despite objections given to him by his peers. The timeless work of Louis Pasteur in the areas of chemistry and microbiology provided the necessary
foundation for the scientific study of immunology and stressed the importance of possessing a thorough understanding of the procedures involved in
medical treatment.
Background
On December 27, 1822, Louis Pasteur was born to a family of leather tanners (Lamont, Cohn). As a child, Pasteur showed no scientific potential
whatsoever (Cohn). However, he did have a talent for art, and it is possible that this particular interest could have influenced his appreciation for detail
in his later years (Lamont). Many of his teachers suggested that he follow in his father's footsteps. As time progressed, Pasteur developed an interest in
the field of science. Starting from this point in his life, Pasteur demonstrated the characteristic of rising above his expectations. Even though he was the
son of a leather tanner, Pasteur did not give up and live a simple life. Through many strenuous years of hard work supplemented with encouragement
from his father, Pasteur began to study at the French University. "It is here," as Cohn notes, "that Pasteur
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15. Revolutionary Germ Theory: The Great Minds Responsible Essay
Revolutions happen because of the need to change the present. As a result, the transformation could favor one team or help a group of people in the
positive cases. The revolution in medicine, especially the germ theory of disease was a huge wake up call for most people. Germ theory was quite
possibly the most important part of the revolution of medicine. It informed the people of the existence of germs and the importance of hygiene. There
were many revolutions in history. Most were bloody, but the outcome of this revolution was eternal and the stepping–stone of medicine and surgery.
Robert Koch, Louis Pasteur, and Joseph Lister contributed to the ever–changing germ theory that started many profound discoveries and
understandings. It takes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the prominent men behind the germ theory was Robert Koch, a German physician, who laid the foundation for the theory. Koch experimented
on animals because he noticed what most people saw as a mystery. He used a microscope to look at blood that belonged to cows that died of anthrax.
Koch discovered that there were tiny bacteria shaped like a rod and supposed that it was a disease called anthrax. Out of curiosity, he transported the
bacteria to mice, which also acquired anthrax. His observation of the transportation of anthrax led Koch to create the four standards that determines that
a certain germ can cause a specific disease. Koch's criterion famously known as Koch's Postulates and are still commonly used. His third postulate is,
"the disease must be reproduced when a pure culture is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible host." In other words, a disease is able to multiply when a
clean group of germs introduces itself to a vulnerable animal to house the germs. Robert Koch launched the germ theory for other great minds to
enhance by discovering a disease and creating a set of principles. Many scientists say that several people saw his great idea and followed him on the
way to discovery, but others opposed it. One of the followers was Louis Pasteur who seems to get most of the credit for the start of the germ theory.
Pasteur was a French microbiologists and a dedicated man
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17. The Germ Theory
"In the light of the germ theory...[d]jseases are to be considered as a struggle between the organism and the parasites invading it." The aforementioned
quote, by Henry Gandle, a professor of physiology at Chicago Medical College, characterizes the germ theory through the collective human struggle
against disease inducing microorganisms. In a period of discovery, where the nature of various germs and diseases were brought to light, the common
conception encompassed a war between humans and diseases; this analogy to a war implicates a united effort on the part of the human race in battling
these dangerous microorganisms. Tomes writes in The Gospel of Germs not only of the different scientific discoveries associated with the emergent
germ ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the Southwood–Smith excerpt, he depicts the ideal method of quarantine as influenced by "neither ancient prejudices, nor an excess of anxiety to
avert possible danger, should induce the continuance of restrictions inessential to their object." In other words, Southwood–Smith acknowledges not
only the active societal biases, but also that these partialities can enter the medical realm through prejudicial treatment of disease. A society with such
prominent discrimination, including in those with medical clout, has the capacity to formulate racial and class bias in germ theory that is but an
extension of already existing anxieties concerning other 'less well off' members of society. Rather than bringing people together in response to the fear
of disease, quarantine had the capacity to create a more segregated society praying on the middle and upper–class fears of disease spreading through the
other, discriminated members of society. African Americans are among the societal groups that lacked the societal cohesiveness Tomes attributes to the
gospel of germs insofar as they remained segregates and relatively uneducated on the new germ theories in comparison to other members of society. In
an
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19. How important was the role played by Edwin Chadwick in...
How important was the role played by Edwin Chadwick in improving public health services in the C19th?
Edwin Chadwick was important in improving public health as his work illustrated the problems, such as pollution from factories and a lack of clean
water, associated with the majority of towns in the Industrial revolution. However, his impact was not the only factor that had influence on public
health; other individuals, the government and public attitudes were also significant in changing the public health services throughout the C19th.
Chadwick's first major impact was his 1842 'Report on the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population', in which he showed that the poor were
living in dirty, overcrowded areas which caused a huge ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Governments at that time were extremely careful to avoid any potential increase in taxes as it would result in them eventually losing votes and losing
power. However, from 1867 onwards, working men gained the right to vote. This led to governments having to balance public health reforms with any
tax increases, as now they had to appeal to both the wealthy and the not so wealthy. Through the 1870s and 1880s, more laws were passed to improve
the conditions in towns, one of which was the 1875 Public Health Act.
The Public Health Act of 1975 was much more effective than the one made in 1848. Unlike the previous Health Act, this one actually made it
compulsory for towns to make some changes to conditions, instead of just making suggestions. Sewers and drains were improved, fresh water supplies
were provided and Medical Officers and sanitary inspectors were appointed. The Act also saw that the standards of housing were improved, the
pollution of rivers was stopped and factory working hours were shortened. All of these reforms were incredibly important as they led to a high standard
of living in towns, and an overall healthier population.
By 1900, people were generally living longer, healthier lives. Life expectancy had increased for both men and women, and towns were cleaner and
safer. Although Chadwick was certainly important in initiating these changes, he was limited by the failure of the 1848 Health Act, his attitude
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21. The Germ Theory Of Modern Medicine And Vaccines
Morgan Brewer
Mrs. Canuette
H. English III
10 November 2015
The Germ Theory The germ theory is crucial in the development of modern medicine and vaccines. It states that many diseases are caused by the
presence of specific microorganisms within the body and that infectious diseases caused by infectious agents. It was a theory developed in the middle
1800's, by Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, and Joseph Lister. This theory still underlines contemporary bio–medicine. It's responsible for the reduction in
the numbers of infectious diseases. The development of the theory eliminated environmental, diet, and climate influence on disease. The germ theory is
closely associated with existing ideas about health, hygiene, and sanitation. It encouraged the reduction of disease to simple interactions with
microorganisms and their host. The development was largely initiated largely by the Industrial Revolution. Infections and disease have been the biggest
challenge to human health. This theory is also known as the Pathogenic Theory of Medicine. It revolutionized medicine, understanding diseases, and
the microorganisms that cause them. "Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi; the
diseases can be spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another" (World Health Organization). They evolve from four main different types of
germs. These are viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. Bacteria are single celled
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23. How Did Louis Pasteur Contribute To The World
Scientist, Louis Pasteur, is known as "the white knight of science."[1] His discoveries have impacted the world for good. Though most may not know
who he is, his influence touches the lives of people all over the world. Some of Pasteur's most significant contributions to the world are his discoveries
surrounding germs. Pasteur uncovered how dangerous germs are and that doctors can stop the spread of germs by properly sanitizing themselves and
their instruments.[2] He was the pioneer of immunizations as he discovered that "weak forms of disease could be used ... against stronger forms"[3] of
viruses. He was also responsible for "introducing the medical world to the concept of viruses."[4] What led Pasteur to such remarkable discoveries?
Pasteur
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25. Underdeveloped Medical Practices
The medical practices used today are called barbaric and underdeveloped, causing people in this state to think that the doctors we have use no sense of
logic when treating patients. But, there are a great deal of people who beg to differ. Also, there are people who agree with the other critics and furious
families who blame the doctors for losing their loved ones. Medical practices, and medicine in general, have helped the soldiers out on the battlefield in
many ways, ranging from the lives that the people save for quick and efficient surgeries, like amputation, to the sanitation of hospitals and recovery
stations, and the dietary regimes that help the soldiers, and even innocent bystanders, get back to their former shape, even with a lost ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Well, in hospitals, of course. These hospitals, makeshift and actual hospitals, are very resourceful in a way that our men fighting in the War don't have
to lay around on threadbare blankets and have very low food supply while they're healing. Makeshift hospitals right now are made out of old churches,
with volunteers to help the wounded, both men and women. They are installed with beds, and washrooms where the wounded can clean up
independently or with help from the nurses or their assigned doctors. They have even installed a dietary regime to help the men heal faster! But, there
are still some questionable methods as to what the hospitals do. Our readers ask, "What about the mobile hospitals?" and others, "What about the
training?". Sadly, the nurses in these hospitals aren't really trained, especially the women. But, who says a woman needs to be trained to help men in
need? Wouldn't anyone help them in any way they can? Also, the mobile hospitals are used for transporting wounded soldiers to the nearest hospital,
while doing what they can to keep the patients stable ("Civil War" (Gale)). They may not be the requested mode of transportation, but they still help our
men in the best way they can. If the people of West Virginia donated resources and money, the female nurses and male nurses could get training and the
mode of transportation will be updated, and work
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27. Science And Science : Louis Pasteur's Contribution To Science
Louis Pasteur's contributions to science has advanced scientific understanding and changed the direction and nature of scientific thinking. He was the
founder of the science of microbiology and proved that most infectious diseases are caused by micro–organisms through experiments which he
performed. Pasteur was extensively known through his "germ theory" and for the invention of the process of pasteurisation. He was also instrumental in
developing the process of vaccination in a famous experiment with Anthrax. (Bellis, 2014)
In 1856 Pasteur was approached by M. Bigo, one of his chemistry student's fathers who required Pasteur's help as he was having trouble with his wine
business. The scientific theory of fermentation at that time was that it was a chemical breakdown of sugar into alcohol due to un–stabilising vibrations.
M. Bigo manufactured his alcohol by fermenting the juice from roots of beet. However, sometimes the alcohol turned sour. Yeast cells were known as
living organisms but it was thought that they were a product or catalyst of fermentation, not the cause of it. Pasteur, using a microscope discovered that
vats which formed good alcohol contained yeast cells which were round and budding. When lactic acid formed instead of alcohol, there was small rod
like microbes mixed in with the yeast. (Wilson, 2017) Pasteur's fermentation experiment demonstrated what caused the growth of micro–organisms,
and the emergent growth of bacteria in nutrient broths due to biogenesis and not spontaneous generation. Pasteur exposed boiled broths to vessels with
air that contained a filter which prevented particles from passing through. Nothing grew in the broths unless the flasks were broken, exposing that only
living organisms which grew in broths only came from the outside rather than within the broth. This was one of Pasteur's last and most prominent
experiments which displayed spontaneous generation and the supporting of the germ theory. (Abbott, 2013) The discovery of infectious diseases
changed the direction of thinking dramatically as death from infectious disease has declined because of: Increased Hygiene awareness to prevent
disease, widespread immunisation programs to control and prevent disease and
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29. Controversies Of Louis Pasteur
Louis Pasteur was magnificently a genius. His life was an example of hard work and persistence. He was called "The father of modern hygiene, public
health and much of modern medicine, as well as the father of microbiology and immunology." As a scientist, he made many discoveries and
experimentations that are benefits to human and animals. Although sometimes his claims raised controversies, Louis Pasteur investigated, revised
deeper and deeper his claims to bring up more evidences that lead him to more and more discoveries. Today, because of his claims; we know the
correlation or causation between putrefaction and fermentation. We know what makes the milk spoiled, and how to prevent people to overuse it by
putting an expiring date on the gallon.
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31. The Discovery Of Rabies Vaccinations
Oddly enough, the motivation that led Louis Pasteur to his discoveries of rabies vaccinations,
the contagiousness of anthrax ,diseases, bacteria and viruses, began with his study of why a
beet –root alcohol was souring. Pasteur was hired by a manufacturer of alcohol to find out why
they were having this problem. Interestingly, the scientists of his day, believed in what they
called "spontaneous generation." This means they believed that maggots spontaneously grew
from rotten meat or putrefied foods, and that fleas just formed from the ground, spontaneously!
and other unexplainable formations. Pasteur performed many extensive experiments where he
kept liquids like milk, and alcohol open to the air and other samples he closed off from any
outside influence. He discovered that the closed off liquids did not grow bacteria's as fast. He
also came up with the idea to boil the liquid and seal it. He found that killing the bacteria and not
allowing it to be contaminated, stopped the souring. This is where the term, "Pasteurized milk"
comes from. Louis believed in the germ theory. He studied how they spread and tried to
convince the doctors of his day to scrub their hands and tools before helping another patient.
There were many women who were getting fevers after delivery and he came up with he idea
that it was the doctors who were spreading germs and deadly bacteria. Louis Pasteur was
always full of questions like, why does mold grow on certain foods?, how to stop
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33. The Work Of Louis Pasteur
In the midst of the Industrial Revolution, one man provided the clarity needed to understand the behavior of microbes and applied those principles to
improve peoples' daily lives. This man, Louis Pasteur, was from a poor family, and he was not expected to do anything significant in his life.
Nevertheless, he succeeded in his medical investigations and continued to pursue answers to his questions, despite objections given to him by his peers.
The timeless work of Louis Pasteur in the areas of chemistry and microbiology provided the necessary foundation for the scientific study of
immunology and stressed the importance of possessing a thorough understanding of the procedures involved in medical treatment.
Background
On December 27, 1822, Louis Pasteur was born to a family of leather tanners (Lamont, Cohn). As a child, Pasteur showed no scientific potential
whatsoever (Cohn). However, he did have a talent for art, and it is possible that this particular interest could have influenced his appreciation for detail
in his later years (Lamont). Many of his teachers suggested that he follow in his father's footsteps. As time progressed, Pasteur developed an interest in
the field of science. Starting from this point in his life, Pasteur demonstrated the characteristic of rising above his expectations. Even though he was the
son of a leather tanner, Pasteur did not give up and live a simple life. Through many strenuous years of hard work supplemented with encouragement
from his father,
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35. Cholelera Research Paper
Cholera is a disease characterized by "diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and dehydration" (MayoClinic, 2017). An outbreak of the disease was seen in
England in the early 1800's. The system for treating all ailments was based off of humoral pathology. Doctors analyzed patients "based on the idea that
our bodies have four important fluids or humors––blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile." (O'Neil, 2007). If one is out of balance, they would try to
counteract it. The lack of knowledge and equipment allowed cholera to remain a mystery to the people of England. Another lack of knowledge was how
disease spreads. At the time, the Miasma Theory was accepted, this stated that diseases were gotten by taking in 'toxic air'. This simply was not logical.
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Things change with new technology and findings. It is important for scientists to take current theories and build off of them, or refute them with
something that is more true than the last. Some things science might never be able to fully understand, and scientists need to accept this and use it to
their advantage. John Snow understood that the Miasma Theory, while accepted by all at the time, might not be necessarily true. He investigated and
with the introduction of anesthesia he was able to further understand the mode of communication of diseases. The Miasma Theory is partially true, but
for ways other than intended. Instead of 'toxic air' diseases can be spread through the air if the microorganism that causes it is airborne. Cholera, is a
microorganism that is communicable through feces, moreso the microorganisms in
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37. How Did Louis Pasteur Saved France
Shortly after Pasteur's discovery, he made an even greater impact but on the economy of France in the mid–nineteenth century instead. During the mid–
1850s, Louis Pasteur lived in Lille, a region inhabited by vinegar makers, brewers, and wine producers. It was no surprise that Pasteur gradually
developed a great interest in the science of fermentation. During the early 1860s, manufacturers of wine and vinegar were confused as to why the
fermentation process suddenly stopped prematurely. When this occurred it was common for the liquid to turn sour, leaving it useless for the producers
and consumers, and resulted in massive financial loss to the manufacturers. In 1862, Pasteur began experimenting to find the cause of this problematic
occurrence. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He discovered that yeast cells were actually living microorganisms and were the main characters in the process of fermentation. He found that although
yeast helped the liquid to ferment, another microorganism was ceasing this process. Louis Pasteur also discovered the reason for why thousands of
gallons of wine was gradually becoming sour and figured out a solution as well. He discovered by putting it through a pasteurization process, the wine
would not spoil but instead return back to its once pleasant taste and texture. By making these discoveries, Louis Pasteur saved France millions of
francs, years of time, and thousands of gallons of resources. He prevented a major aspect of France's economy from collapsing: their wine, beer, and
vinegar industries. He also saved a cultural factor of France as well. During the nineteenth century, wine had become a daily part of the lives of the
people of France. It was drunk at heartrending times and content times. Wine was drunk at celebrations and funerals, and wine was even found at the
dinner table every night. It became a part of France's culture and through his findings, he prevented that from being lost. By being the brilliant scientist
that he is and by his hard work and determination to help the country that he loves, Louis Pasteur made a vital impact on the economic and cultural
aspect of
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39. Throughout Our History, Infectious Diseases Have Posed
Throughout our history, infectious diseases have posed the biggest challenge on human survival. It's hard to believe that people once assumed that foul
odors caused diseases or that one becomes ill due to the presence of "evil spirits". It's also hard to imagine that there was a time in which it was seldom
that a parent would see all of their children grows up into adulthood. The fight against disease developed with the consolidation of the germ theory,
which also offered a massive forewarning for most individuals. The germ theory, alone, played a massive role in the entire revolution of medicine. The
theory acquainted people of the reality of germs and the magnitude of hygiene. This revolution was eternal and the most crucial ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Medicine men or priests represented healers due to the fact that they were believed to have special relationships to the supernatural realm. Exorcisms,
spells, and divination were common practices to cure those infected by disease, or "evil spirits". Modern vocabulary still reflects these beliefs through
phrases such as being "attacked" by an illness, or to "fight off" infections. The beliefs of the supernatural controlling the health of individuals was
unanimous all throughout the ancient world and confirmed by medical writings from Egypt, China, India, and Mesopotamia.
The history behind the evolution of the germ theory of disease can be traced back to speculations in 300 BC. Hippocrates of Cos, Greek physician
known as the father of western medicine, attributed disease to vapors that arose from decomposing material or swampland. Hippocrates believed
infectious diseases formed through atmospheric–miasmatic theory of disease, which was that diseases were caused by miasma, which was a noxious
form of "bad air". Hippocrates's theory was influential up until the late nineteenth century; the time when the relationship between disease and microbes
was confirmed.
The contagiousness of leprosy, beginning in the early centuries of the Christian era, played a major roll in the study of disease transmission. The book
of Leviticus, in the Old Testament, is one of the earliest writings to notice a system in controlling
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41. Biomedical Theory: Improving Patient Outcomes
Biomedical Theory or Model used in health care to improved patient outcomes. Louise Pasteur in 1858 proposed the first germ theory by linking germs
to disease. The modern medical model came from the Germ theory. The Germ theory has helped cut down the number of death from different
infections. In research, the Germ theory is used to identify the organism causing the infection. There has to be a susceptible host for an infection to
occur. An example is when there is a skin breakdown, and the person becomes at risk for infection. (Pasteur, Louis., 2001). Another example is when
the center for disease control (CDC) isolate the virus causing AIDS, came up with the method of transmission and prevention months after the
outbreak. And the research ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A biomedical approach used in my area of practice is the model and theory of disease causation. Not everyone exposed to disease agent contract the
disease. Man and environment are other factors contributing to disease. Pasteur introduced aseptic techniques to prevent the spread of infection. The
most important means of preventing infection in the nursing home is hand–washing for example, hand cleansing, hand antisepsis, and hand rubbing to
remove microorganisms, dirt, and organic materials. (Pasteur, Louis., 2001). Germ theory provides knowledge about organisms and particular diseases
process to helps prevent cross–transmission, and healthcare–associated infections. Isolating patients with C–diff and MRSA infection is another
example of Germ
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43. Germ Theory Of Disease
Hand washing is the most important method of avoiding sickness and germs spreading. According to WHO, it is always important to wash hands to not
only remove visible dirty but also to kill disease causing pathogens. We should wash our hands when:
They are visibly dirty
Before touching raw meant such as beef or chicken
After changing adults or infant nappies
After touching pets or animals
After going to toilets
Before eating
Before preparing food items
After contacting with any body fluids like vomit, urine and blood
After blowing our noses or sneezing
Doctors mostly use alcohol based hand rubs instead of periodically washing their hands since they handle patients, very old people and very young
children (M Worboys, 2008).
This experiment goes hand in hand with the Germ theory of disease which states that many diseases are caused due to the presence and actions of
specific pathogens within the body. Washing hands with soap and water is among the best and the cheapest way to reduce the number of disease
causing micro–organisms in many situations. If soap and water are not available, experts recommend that alcohol–based hand sanitizes containing at
least 60% alcohol should be used (J Waller, 2004).
Alcohol based sanitizes quickly reduce the number of pathogens even though some Sanitizers do not eliminate all germs. Hand ... Show more content
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The success of hand washing is determined by a couple of factors namely; presence of clean cold or warm running water, soap, scrubber and a clean
piece of towel. With these equipments, doctors recommend that one should wet his or her hand with clean warm or cold running water, and then apply
soap. Then lather your hands by rubbing them together with soap. Ensure you lather between your fingers, under your nails and back of your hands.
Afterward scrub your hands for like twenty seconds to ensure that all germs die. After that, rinse your hands well under clean–running water. Using a
clean towel, dry your hands or dry them in the air (J Waller,
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45. Louis Pasteur : The Real Pastor Of Science
Louis Pasteur: The Real Pastor of Science
The 19th century saw the beginning and ending of many things throughout the world. The end to many empires such as the Holy Roman and Spanish
led to the beginnings and flourishings of many empires and nations like the British, Russian, and the United States. Industrialism and Imperialism took
over as the world reached new heights in the means of technology and civilization. It was this century that the world saw the first real electronics rise,
conquer, and change the world into the way it is now ("19th Century"). Because of the industrialization of everything, people were pushed to invent and
discover bigger and better things that advanced the world. This was also very true in the branch of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At first, he failed at this degree but then later passed and earned a general science degree in 1842. After two tries to enter, Louis was now in École
Normale Supérieure which is like graduate school in today's world (Tames n. pag.). He then received a Bachelor of Science license and began teaching
physics at the Collège de Tournon. Louis did not stay there long as he joined Antoine Jèrome Balard at the École Normale Supérieure where he began
his research and wrote his theses. In 1848, he was a chemistry professor at the University of Strasbourg ("Louis Pasteur"). There, he met Marie Laurent
who he later married in 1849; they had five children together. Out of five children, two of them survived to adulthood, and the other three got the
disease called typhoid and died at an early age (Tames n. pag.).
Louis Pasteur's early life extremely influenced his career and contributions in the science field. Being born into a poor family influenced his childlife a
ton as he did not have a real interest in academics or doing good in school. He was also the third child of the family ("Louis Pasteur"). For the most
part, Loius had bad grades in school and failed many examinations to get into places. But, he kept on trying and trying until he succeeded. The most
influential part of his early life was kids. When three of
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47. Louis Pasteur Essay
Many individuals have made astounding contributions to society in the past 200 years; however, some of these contributions were so powerful, they
effectively changed the future of our world. Louis Pasteur, born December 27th, 1822, in the town of Dole, Eastern France, is one of the most
noteworthy individuals to live during the last 200 years. Responsible for a myriad of accomplishments ranging from the debunking of the infamous
"spontaneous generation" theory to the method named after him today, pasteurization, Mr. Pasteur is responsible for bestowing upon us some of the
modern day conveniences we enjoy daily. Before discussing his accomplishments, however, one should first look at his origins. Pasteur's father, Jean–
Joseph Pasteur, in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To begin with, Pasteur can be credited with the discovery the existence of molecular asymmetry, which effectively created the field of science known as
Stereochemistry. In the ten years following his discovery, Pasteur further investigated the ability of organic substances to rotate the plane of polarized
light; with the information from his studies, he became convinced him that asymmetry was one of the fundamental characteristics of living matter, a
vastly important contribution to the field of science in general. In addition to this, Stereochemistry allows us to know how a certain molecule will
interact with an organism; anti–nausea medications in the 1950's that created devastating birth defects with "flipper–like" appendages is just one
example of the consequences of not following this man's research. In 1854, Pasteur was appointed professor of chemistry and dean of the science
faculty at the University of Lille (Ullmann, "Louis"). Whilst employed at Lille, he accepted a plea for studying solutions to problems associated to
alcohol production at a local distillery, and with this catalyst, he began a series of studies on alcoholic fermentation. In 1857, while working with his
research, Pasteur took a position with and was appointed manager and director of scientific studies at the cole Normale Supérieure (Ullmann, "Louis").
The observations he made
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49. Pasteur And The Chemist In The Academy Of Medicine In Paris
The relationship between chemist and the doctors in the Academy of Medicine in Paris is that they both study in the same field of science. Chemist are
seen as frauds like Pasteur for advocating doctors to wash their hands and clean their instrument. The doctors targets the well–being of humans while
chemist specializes in their medication.
Dr. Charbonnet believed that diseases appeared within humans similar to how certain forms come from inanimate objects like fleas from dust; this is
called spontenous generation. Charbonnet argued that the microbes are the result of disease meaning that the microbes are not the reason for causing an
illness but come after someone contracts a disease. Unlike Pasteur's idea, he said that microorganisms are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While the experimental group is the group of sheep that recieved the vaccine while being exposed to anthrax also. The variable of the experiment is the
vaccination given to the two groups that are in different enclosures. The results were that the vaccine provided by Pasteur prevented the experimented
group from dying of anthrax compared to the controlled group.
Dr. Joseph Lister was able to reintroduce cleaniness to the medical field. He used carbolic acid to dress a wound to reduce the rate of infection. This
relates to Louis Pasteur because the both of them believed in microbes being the reason for disease so they enforce washing your hands and boiling
instruments.
Rabies is spread through animals bites of an infected animal. Symptoms involve fever, headache nausea, etc. The animals that can trasmit rabies are
cats, dogs, wolves, bats, and more. The reason why rabies is called hydrophobia, "fear of water", due to how in one of the symptons of rabies, a person
will not be able to swallow liquids which causes
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51. How Did Louis Pasteur Contribute To The Germ Theory Of...
Louis Pasteur was a French chemist and microbiologist. He studied microbes and disease including vaccinations and how to kill pathogens. He is most
famous for the pasteurization process that quickly kills most of the disease producing pathogens in dairy and wine. His most important work though
was probably in the development of vaccines for rabies and anthrax. At the time he was working people still didn't understand where disease came from
or how bacteria and viruses multiplied. Many people believed in the theory of spontaneous generation, where microbes sprang from nothing to infect
wounds, food, or plants. Pasteur helped prove that disease was the result of microscopic organisms, the germ theory of disease, and that life must spring
from life.
Pasteur began working on the problem of bacterial contamination when a local wine merchant approached him asking advice on how to keep his wine
from souring. Pasteur's goal was to prove that yeast, which produces lactic acid, caused the souring of both wine and milk. One experiment he did was
to prove that no fermentation of grape juice would happen if the grapes and the containers they were kept in remained sterile through the experiment.
He inserted ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Geison, Gerald L., The Private Science of Louis Pasteur, Princeton University Press, 1995. https://books.google.com/books?
hl=en&lr=&id=tEkABAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=louis+pasteur+pasteurization&ots=G1xjCMRiAs&sig=I55W1SuL_f1ZcxzaT3gjRFvTUHQ#v
Chapter 5 on spontaneous generation especially.
Schwartz, M. The Life and Works of Louis Pasteur, Journal of Applied Microbiology, Oct 2001.
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53. Comparing Anatomical Theory And Germ Theory
Over time, many practices contributed to the success and promotion of modern day medicine today. The three early theoretical treatments consisted of
the Humoral theory, anatomical theory, and the germ theory. Today, each provided insight into knowledge of medicine. We will review each theory and
compare how different each are from one another and their historical significance today to health and wellness.
Of the first, Hippocrates developed Humoral theory in 460 to 370 B.C. The treatment was based on how the body handled the fluids within itself.
Reviewing a patient's blood, urine, or other fluids were vital to the success of the treatment. In addition, the treatment consisted of information relayed
from the patient to the practitioner to come to a diagnosis. The doctors of this period kept detailed records containing historical data of the stages of the
illness. Four key elements were of the writings to find a treatment and potentially cure the patient. Black bile, red or yellow bile, blood, and phlegm.
The humor believed all four had to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Germ versus Humor theory involves the view of the fluids must all be in line with one another in order to establish a diagnosis. Germ theory involved
the discovery of a microscopic organism defining the illness thus isolating the germ will defeat the illness. Anatomy theory versus a germ theory are
somewhat similar. The view of the internal organs are vital however, germ theology provides more detailed analysis of the microscopic tissue and
organs involved. Anatomical theory and humor are far from relation. The discovery of anatomical theories allowed for the evolution of medicine rather
than suppressing it discoveries to four theories. The anatomy is vast and complex in its workings. The three theories were ingenious for their time but
imperfect, ever–changing, creative, and yet represented of its
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55. Essay on The Changes In Medicine In The Nineteenth Century
The Changes In Medicine In The Nineteenth Century
The nineteenth century was one of the most important eras in the history of medicine as many new cures and technologies were discovered. At the
beginning, many poor people still lived in houses without proper sanitation, worked in dangerous factories and drank water from polluted rivers.
By the end of the century, social conditions had improved, medicine was more complex, treatments were more widely offered and technology was more
advanced along with many other improvements. But why did these changes occur? What caused them? Why did they occur during the nineteenth
century and not before.
During the nineteenth century, Britain became the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This report recommended that the government should organise proper drainage and refuse collection, provide a pure water supply and appoint a
Medical Officer of Health. However, these changes were not implemented until thirty years later when Parliament finally agreed.
There were a number of reasons why the government's view of health conditions in towns changed in the 1870's. The health in towns was still very bad
and there were a number of cholera epidemics, including the famous one where Dr. John Snow linked cholera to polluted water. In 1861, Pasteur
proved that germs cause decay. It was Robert Koch who linked the germ theory and disease with actual proof in 1878, a few years after the Second
Public Health Act had been passed, but many people believed that he was right before he proved it. One of the most important reasons was that in 1867,
the vote was given to all male householders. Before, it had just been the rich that had voted. The rich lived in the towns, owned houses where disease
was kept to a minimum and lived, on average, twenty–five years longer than the urban working class. The Public Health Act was extremely successful
and by the end of the century almost all towns had hygienic sewers and water systems.
The Industrial Revolution meant that the government was more aware of the health of ordinary people and they tried to make
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57. Cholera Is An Infectious Bacterial Disease Of The Small...
Cholera is an infectious bacterial disease of the small intestine. This bacterium has spread through the world covering about 50 countries that came
about through 7 pandemics. This disease is a worldwide public health concern affecting 3–5 million people each year, killing 120,000. Before, it was
thought that cholera spread through a sort of fog known as a miasma however now we know the whole mechanism for the cholera toxin. It was
discovered that cholera is transmitted through fecal–oral transmission and is thus a waterborne bacterium. Although a very deadly and disturbing
disease, even without medical education, this disease can be managed and usually even treated.
Before science was as far advanced as it is today, people were unsure how cholera was spread or transmitted from person to person. The Europeans and
Americans believed it was spread through a miasma (like dirty fog) and got breathed in. Many people also believed it was brought from various
immigrant populations or was a disease of the poor. John Snow at the time was one of the few people skeptic of the popular belief that cholera was
spread through Miasma. He was a believer instead in a theory put forth by Girolamo Fracastoro known as the germ theory. The germ theory of disease
states that some diseases are caused by microorganisms and that reproduction within their hosts can cause a disease. It wasn't until the work performed
by Louis Pasteur came about to validate the germ theory of disease and disprove
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59. Microbiology Pioneers
Contributors to Microbiology
Pioneers of Microbiology I. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (Oct. 24, 1632– Aug. 30, 1723) A. In 1676 Leeuwenhoek saw tiny organisms in water, he was
the first man to observe and describe bacteria accurately. He discovered microscopic nematodes, blood cells and sperm. He also made over 500
microscopes to view specific objects. B. Microbiology is concerned with the study of all forms of life that are too small to be seen with the naked eye.
Antonie's work dealt with bacteria, which are tiny microorganisms that can only be seen with the help of instruments like the microscope, which he
invented. II. John Tyndall (Aug. 2, 1820– Dec. 4, 1893) C. In 1877 Tyndall demonstrated that dust ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
IX. Matthias Schleiden (1804 – 1881) Q. Matthias was the first to recognize the importance of cells as fundamental units of life. He stated that all
plants are made of cells, which eventually help lead to the creation of the cell theory. R. In 1838,he argued that all the various plants structures are
composed of cells or their derivatives (phytogenesis). X. Joseph Lister (1827 – 1912) S. In 1865 lister concluded that sepsis was akin to fermentation
and was initiated by infectious agents, air–born. In 1867 he shown that antiseptic procedures are very successful T. This discovering made it easier for
surgeons when performing an operations and prevents the patients from getting infected. This operation marked a turning point in the acceptance of
germ theory and antisepsis among physicians. XI. Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel (Feb. 16, 1834 – Aug. 9, 1919) U. Ernst Haeckel discovered,
described and named thousands of new species, mapped an ancestral tree relating all life forms, and coined many terms in biology including:
anthropogeny, ecology, phylum, phylogeny, stem cell, and the kingdom Protista. V. Haeckel promoted and popularized Charles Darwin 's work in
Germany and developed the controversial recapitulation theory claiming that an individual organism 's biological development parallels and
summarizes its species '
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61. The Breath Of Other People Killed Them
Throughout the eighteenth–century great strides were being made in the medical field regarding the understanding of disease, biology, and public
health. With the contributions of scientists, doctors, and researchers the overall health of the ever–growing population in the eighteenth–century began
to improve dramatically. By the early nineteen hundreds, life expectancy had risen to about 55 years. The introduction and understanding of antiseptics,
sterilization, and etiology and discoveries of Pasteur, Lister, and Koch invoked a rise against disease which lead to a rise in life expectancy. All
throughout history humans have had to face disease in all of its many different forms. This forced them to develop many different ways of ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the greatest breakthroughs in medicine occurred in the late eighteenth with the discovery of Louis Pasteur and his experiments regarding the
growth of bacteria and their ability to travel from place to place. After countless years of research and analyzation, Pasteur used his findings to develop
pasteurization (Haigh). Pasteurization is a process which involves heating certain liquids to kill bacteria and prevent fermentation. Pasteur also
developed an anthrax vaccine along with a way to weaken the effects of the rabies virus. Using the work of Pasteur another scientist by the name of
Joseph Lister developed antisepsis, a way of killing disease–causing germs. In 1865 before an operation, Lister cleaned a leg wound with carbolic acid
and performed the surgical procedure with heated instruments, heating the instruments sterilized them (Gieson). The patient in question would have
needed an amputation if it was not for Lister sterilizing medical instruments and the surgical field. Eventually, Lister incorporated the use of
sterilization in all of his surgical procedures, decreasing the amount of postoperative mortality. The use of antiseptics did not just reduce postoperative
mortality it also helped out in the treatment of wounds and making childbirth a less risky process for both women and their children.
Another scientist that lead to great reform in the medical community, science, and public health was Robert
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63. Essay on Louis Pasteur: The Spontaneous Man
Louis Pasteur: The Spontaneous Man
Spontaneous Generation thought to be the Origin of Life until the 1850's. Through a Science Fair that was sponsored by the French Academy of
Science, it was Louis Pasteur who was responsible for disapproving this myth.
Introduction
This paper is about an extraordinary gentleman who made many discoveries in his lifetime; however, this will not be about one of his discovery's rather
the experiment that debunks spontaneous generation. One may want to ask what is spontaneous generation, and how was it discovered. These will be
my main two main points for my paper along with a brief description of Louis Pasteur. For now I will give a small introduction as to what is
spontaneous generation and some ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Results
Louis Pasteur was born on December 27, 1822, in the town of Dole, in eastern France, about 249 miles south–east of Paris. After several years, Louis'
family moved to a nearby town named Arbois. Louis did attended school in Arbois but had poor results for the exception of art. Most if not many of his
educators thought he would have to leave school to go work in his father's tannery. Nevertheless, Louis had a great desire to increase his knowledge.
One of his educators saw potential in his persistent and careful approach to his work. (Barnett, Brendon)
At the age of 15, Louis then traveled to Paris to complete his secondary schooling. He was however, overcome by homesickness and returned to Arbois.
He tried again, this time at Besancon, only 25 miles from home. This time around he was successful and went on to complete a Bachelor of Science
degree at the Royal College in Besancon in 1842.
Louis was certain he wanted to attend the Ecole Normale in Paris. He did however pass the entrance examination in 1842, but knew he could have
achieved a higher standard. So therefore he studied for another year to improve his knowledge before entering the Ecole Normale. Louis ended up
studying chemistry at Ecole Normale, where he received his Master's of Science degree in 1845.
Accepting a challenge at the age of 32 would be the deciding factor as to why he changed
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65. Harmful Causes Of Lifestyle Diseases
Lifestyle diseases refer to diseases that are associated to the daily routines of the people. Lifestyle diseases have been pervaded to the population
globally due to poor lifestyle choices. Lifestyle diseases must be taken seriously because several deaths are caused by lifestyle diseases. Too much
smoking, consumption of alcohol, physical inactivity, inadequate sleep, and unhealthy diet contributed to the development of lifestyle diseases such as
cardiovascular diseases, chronic diseases including obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus and various kinds of cancers. It was stated that many
patients lack preparations to start to maintain healthy habits despite being encouraged by doctors. (Golubic 2013)
Non–communicable diseases or chronic diseases such as cancers, cardiovascular diseases, chronic respiratory diseases , and asthma are the results of
behavioural, environmental, genetical, and physiological factors. The risk factors that were stated are modifiable behavioural risk factors and metabolic
risk factors. (World Health Organization 2017)
Modifiable risk factors include:
Use of tobacco
Physical inactivity
Unhealthy diet
Harmful effects of Alcohol
Metabolic factors include:
Increased of blood pressure
Overweight or Obesity
Hyperglycemia (high blood glucose levels)
Hyperlipidemia (high levels of fat in blood)
In a global status report about Noncommunicable Diseases, Dr. Margaret Chan, the Director–General of WHO, stated a message about the
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67. Louis Pasteur Research Paper
Individuals state that creating something is impossible without a place to start. One must embellish simple ideas in order to create something much
bigger. Louis Pasteur was a microbiologist that lived in Arbois, France in the late nineteenth century. Louis Pasteur was famous for his discoveries
using basic knowledge of microbiology (Robinson, 2009). He created the pasteurization process, thought flexibly to improve medical treatments for
disease, and illuminated the world by opening possible discoveries for treatments of illnesses.
The discovery of Pasteurization in the nineteenth century metamorphosed the world of microbiology. Louis Pasteur was brought to fame due to his
discovery of pasteurization in 1864. The purpose of this process was to extend the expiration dates of wines, and dairy products. This worked by putting
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pasteur opened new opportunities for research to both doctors and microbiologists. Pasteurization innovated the medical and the world of microbiology.
Doctors began to put their medical equipment through intense heat in order to kill microscopic organisms and bacteria that can cause patients to fall
victim to diseases. Before this discovery, hospitals cleaned tools through water. This left germs on the equipment making hospitals unsanitary. Louis
introduced the idea that microscopic organisms are the reason for illnesses (World of Microbiology and Immunology, 2006). This idea revolutionized
the world of microbiology. Doing this gave microbiologist a greater role in the medical field and opened a door to new possible research. Being a
French man in microbiology meant that research was hard to sponsor. The discovery of pasteurization was just a risk that had a possibility of success.
The fact that Pasteur took the risk meant he was open to continuous learning (Biology, 2009). Louis Pasteur allowed medical and microbiology fields to
prosper due to his
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69. Joseph Lister
This paper will explain the death and birth of Joseph Lister, the major contributions he made, his educational background, and the inspiration for his
work. In addition, this paper will include the knowledge that the world possessed about the topic Joseph researched at the time, another scientist who
worked at the time of Lister, the awards Joseph Lister earned, and how the knowledge of the topic Joseph discovered has changed since he worked on
it.
To begin, Joseph Lister was born in 1827 in Essex, England (Science Museum Joseph Lister), and he passed away in the year 1912 in Walmer, England
(Bio). Throughout his childhood and teen years Lister studied mathematics and natural science at Grove House School. While enrolled at the school ...
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In the late 18th century some doctors noticed that being dirty and lacking sanitation increased the rate of infection. It would take 50 years for true
progress to start being made in the antisepsis technology as a result of Louis Pasteur's development of the germ theory. Following this Lister invented a
carbolic acid spray, which would be sprayed on wounds and pumped into the air surrounding an operation. Following this many layers of bandages
were put on the wounds. Carbolic Acid and simply washing one's hands was the extent of antiseptics and sterilization at the time of Joseph Lister
("Antiseptics"). Next, antiseptics and sterilization have improved greatly since the times of Joseph Lister. Antibiotics have been developed that can
combat infection from within the body, and surgeries and operation have also become safer due to enhanced hygiene. A much larger arsenal of
antiseptics have additionally been developed such as hydrogen peroxide, boric acid, iodine, and formaldehyde. Using heat to disinfect materials has
also become extremely popular and can be used to sterilize a wide variety of materials
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71. How Did Louis Pasteur Contribute To Society
Between Marie Curie and Louis Pasteur I think that Louis Pasteur made more significant contributions to society. I think this because he saved millions
of lives with inventing a way to pasteurize milk. He also found out how to cure rabies. If he hadn't made these contributions a lot of people would have
died. That is why I think Louis Pasteur made great contributions to society.
The first reason I think Louis Pasteur made more significant contributions is beacause he invented a way to pasteurize milk. If he hadn't we might still
be drinking milk that could kill us. Making milk safe from Tuberculosis saved millions of people who could have died. This was a big contributions to
society.
The next reason I believe Louis Pasteur made
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73. Why Is Natural Science?
Although it may be a subconscious process, it is inevitable that humans 'value' certain knowledge more than others – both on a personal level and more
widely as a society or community. The titular statement insinuates that knowledge is endowed with value when it is produced with difficulty. However,
there is a lot of ambiguity regarding both the concept of difficulty and value of knowledge. Possible stances with regard to the statement will be greatly
influenced by the way difficulty and value is defined. As an initial starting point, difficulty will be defined and measured in terms of effort expended
and the time consumed to produce the knowledge. Value of knowledge will be defined as the importance, worth or usefulness of the knowledge. ...
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Thereby, if we consider using sense perception to be an easy means of producing knowledge, then it follows that knowledge is easy to produce in
Natural Science. Nonetheless, due to the knowledge having many practical applications, it is still valued despite the production process not being
particularly difficult.
Furthermore, defining difficulty in terms of effort has a shortcoming. From the perspective of someone who has an ocular impairment, producing the
same knowledge about rates of reaction will be more difficult as they might not be able to see the colour change. This illustrates that defining difficulty
in terms of effort and time leads to difficulty becoming a relative concept due to the subjective nature of effort– hence why my initial definition of
difficulty is limiting.
For a new definition, a more holistic view of the method of knowledge production in Natural Science must be taken. Obtaining empirical evidence
using sense perception is only one step in the whole process. The observations must be interpreted using reason, which requires greater effort and time,
as rigorous thinking is required. Perhaps the most difficult step is the first one: the proposal of either a new theory, hypothesis or prediction. This is
difficult as the scientist must think out of the box in unconventional ways. They must question the validity of widely accepted theories. Thereby, a
better definition for difficulty is the
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75. The Era Of The 19th Century
Europe faced an era of revolutions at the wake of the nineteenth century. Long–standing empires, which had traditionally controlled most of the world –
including the Spanish, Chinese, French, and Holy Roman Empires –, collapsed at the beginning of the century, allowing the British Empire to rise to
power and establish dominance over a fifth of the Earth's surface. This political revolution was coupled with the industrial revolution. New
manufacturing processes called for large industrial factories to replace domestic production. Technological gains were made in textile manufacturing,
steam power, and iron making. The standard of living and literacy rates increased due to new advances in technology and industrial printing. The
nineteenth century, with the invention of the microscope, became a period of scientific discoveries and debate. This era of scientific upheaval was
fueled by the challenges to Genesis and the Scala Naturae and the emergence of secularism. Naturalists focused on macrobiological concepts, such as
Lamarck and Cuvier who debated the fixity (or lack there of) of species, as well as microbiological concepts, such as Schleiden and Schwann and the
development of the Cell Theory.
One such naturalist was Louis Pasteur. Pasteur was able to take advantage of the microscope and formulate the Germ Theory of Disease in 1861, which
states that microorganisms are the cause of disease. As all theories at the time, Pasteur's work faced significant contention from his
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77. The Theory Of The Germ Theory
The Germ Theory
a) The first response of the germ theory was unfavorably look upon, most people thought that diseases a bad seeds in the air known as miasma.
Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek made one of the earliest microscopes this lead to the discovery of micro–organisms which he called animalcules. Joseph
Lister developed the microscope in 1830.
Louis Pasteur put forward the germ theory in 1861 this consisted of micro–organisms cause decaying matter. Pasteur never showed the link between
bacteria and human disease. Robert Koch further developed Pasteur's theory. Koch succeeded in what Pasteur did by linking one microbe with a
disease. The first disease Koch worked on was anthrax, which Davaine had also worked on. Davaine found that in you inject a health animal with a
small dose of the disease they won't contract the disease. But Koch was able to further his research on the disease and its life cycle. It was the work of
Pasture and Koch that opened the door for other researchers to identification of disease–causing and lifesaving treatments.
b) For– The Germ theory
 The Washing hand theory showed that midwives cleaned their hand more often than doctors which then later showed there were more deaths with
doctors than midwives.
 Military hospitals used Lister's ideas and used aseptic and disinfectant in operations and equipment
 Helps save and prevent death in everyday lives and in hospitals Against– The Germ theory
 People thought it was impossible and I was
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