Global Warming a global cause , it's prevention.

Global warming

1. DR. BR AMBEDKAR NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY GROUP MEMBERS: Rajveer singh (66) Rimi (67) Ritik (68) Sachin(69) Sahil (70) Sahil Thapliyal (71) Satyam(72) Shivank (73) Submitted to : DR. Phibe Khalkho

2. GLOBAL WARMING

3. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.Introduction to Global Warming: Causes and effects 2.Greenhouse Gases: Sources and Impact on Climate 3.The Role of Human Activities in Climate Change 4.Impacts of Global Warming On Ecosystems and Biodiversity 5.Rising Sea Levels: Consequences and Adaptation Strategies 6.Global Warming and Public Health: Risks and Challenges 7.International Efforts to Combat climate Change: Treaties and Aggrement 8.Renewable Energy Solutions: Mitigating Global Warming 9.Conclusion

4. GREENHOUSE EFFECT The Greenhouse effect is a natural process that warms the earth’s surface. When the sun’s energy reaches the Earth’s atmosphere, some of it is reflected back to the space and some is absorbed and re-radiated by greenhouse gases. The absorbed energy warms the atmosphere and the surface of the earth .

5. CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING MAN-MADE CAUSES Deforestation Use of vehicles Chlorofluorocarbon Industrial Development Agriculture Overpopulation NATURAL CAUSES Volcanoes Melting Permafrost Forest Blazes Water Vapour

6. Volcanoes Volcanoes are one of the largest natural contributors to global warming. The ash and smoke emitted during volcanic eruptions goes out into the atmosphere and affects the climate. Water Vapor Water Vapor is a kind of greenhouse gas. Due to the increase in the earth's temperature more water gets evaporated from the water bodies and stays in the atmosphere adding to global warming Melting Permafrost Permafrost is there where glaciers are present. It is a frozen soil that has environmental gases trapped in it for several years. As the permafrost melts, it releases the gases back into the atmosphere increasing the earth's temperature. Forest Blazes Forest blazes or forest fires emit a large amount of carbon-containing smoke. These gases are released into the atmosphere and increase the earth's temperature resulting in global warming

7. EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING Increase in the average temperature of the earth. Alterations in the ecology, including an increasing sea level and modifying the quantity and pattern of rainfall. Boost the occurrence and concentration of severe climate events, such as floods, famines, heat waves etc. Glacier melting, lesser summer stream flows, gen.~ extinctions and rise in the ranges of disease vectors. Effects the marine life. The global warming is extending the distribution of mosquitoes due to the increase in humidity levels and their frequent growth in warmer atmosphere.

8. Greenhouse Gases: Sources and Impact On Climate

9. Sources of Green-House Gases

10. Transportation- The transportation sector generates the largest share of greenhouse gas emissions. Greenhouse gas emissions from transportation primarily come from burning fossil fuel for our cars, trucks, ships, trains, and planes. Over 94% of the fuel used for transportation is petroleum based, which includes primarily gasoline and diesel. Electricity production- Electric power generates the second largest share of greenhouse gas emissions and includes emissions from electricity production used by other end use sectors (e.g., industry). In 2021, 60% of our electricity comes from burning fossil fuels, mostly coal and natural gas. Industry-   Greenhouse gas emissions from industry primarily come from burning fossil fuels for energy, as well as greenhouse gas emissions from certain chemical reactions necessary to produce goods from raw materials.  Agriculture- Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture come from livestock such as cows, agricultural soils, and rice production.

11. Land use and Forestary -  land areas can act as a sink (absorbing CO 2  from the atmosphere) or a source of greenhouse gas emissions. Commercial and Residental - Greenhouse gas emissions from the commercial and residential sector include fossil fuels burned for heat and the use of gases for refrigeration and cooling in buildings, and non-building specific emissions such as the handling of waste. 

12. Impact of Green-House Gases

13. Global Warming- It is the phenomenon of a gradual increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere. The main cause for this environmental issue is the increased volumes of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane released by the burning of fossil fuels, emissions from the vehicles, industries and other human activities. Depletion of  Ozone Layer- Ozone Layer protects the earth from harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun. It is found in the upper regions of the stratosphere. The depletion of the  ozone layer  results in the entry of the harmful UV rays to the earth’s surface that might lead to skin cancer and can also change the climate drastically. The major cause of this phenomenon is the accumulation of natural greenhouse gases chl chlorofluorocarbons, carbon dioxide, methane, etc.

14. Runaway Greenhouse Effect- This phenomenon occurs when the planet absorbs more radiation than it can radiate back. Thus, the heat lost from the earth’s surface is less and the temperature of the planet keeps rising. Smog and Air Pollution- Smog is formed by the combination of smoke and fog. It can be caused both by natural means and man-made activities. In general, smog is generally formed by the accumulation of more greenhouse gases including nitrogen and sulfur oxides. The major contributors to the formation of smog a are automobile and industrial emissions, agricultural fires, natural forest fires a and the reaction of these chemicals among themselves.

15. Acidification of Water Bodies- Increase in the total amount of greenhouse gases in the air has turned most of the world’s water bodies acidic. The greenhouse gases mix with the rainwater and fall as acid rain. This leads to the acidification of water bodies. Also, the rainwater carries the contaminants along with it and falls into the river, streams and th lakes thereby causing their acidification.

16. The Role of Human Activities in Climate Change

17. Climate variability – variations in climate patterns, beyond individual weather events, that occur within smaller timeframes, such as a month, a season or a year that are generally attributed to natural causes CO2 equivalent - a unit of measurement that compares the number of metric tons of CO2 emissions with the same global warming potential as one metric ton of another greenhouse gas Greenhouse effect – a phenomenon that occurs when gases in the atmosphere trap heat emitted by the planet Greenhouse gases – a set of naturally occurring and man-made gases in earth’s atmosphere that trap heat, while allowing sunlight to pass through; many greenhouse gases are extremely long-lived, with some remaining airborne for tens to hundreds of years after being released 

18. Greenhouse Effect The atmosphere’s ability to trap thermal energy or heat is called the greenhouse effect. Normally, the greenhouse effect is an essential process that keeps our planet temperate and habitable. Because human activities produce additional thermal energy and emit greenhouse gases into the atmosphere—increasing the amount of heat being trapped—global warming occurs. The following graph shows how the rise in global temperature correlates with the rise of CO2 in the atmosphere.

19. Greenhouse Effect

20. Human Activities & Climate Change Human activities are responsible for almost all of the increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere over the last 150 years. The largest source of greenhouse gas emissions from human activities in the United States is from burning fossil fuels for electricity, heat, and transportation. To slow climate change, we will need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Different greenhouse gases have different global warming potentials (i.e. how long they remain in the atmosphere, how strongly they absorb energy, and how they contribute to warming the earth). To make the calculations easier, scientists estimate emissions in tons of CO2 equivalent.

21. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Using electricity, disposing of waste, driving to school, and many of our other daily activities emit greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. The greenhouse gases are water vapor (H 2 O), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane (CH 4 ), ozone (O 3 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O), and chlorofluorocarbons . Some greenhouse gases occur naturally, others are man-made.  

22. Impacts of global warming on biodiversity and ecosystem

23. Habitat Loss and Fragmentation Rising temperatures can lead to the loss and fragmentation of habitats critical for various species. For example, melting polar ice caps threaten the habitats of polar bears, while coral bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures endangers the ecosystems dependent on coral reefs. Shifts in Species Distribution Many species are forced to move to higher latitudes or elevations as temperatures change, disrupting existing ecosystems and potentially leading to competition with or predation upon native species.

24. Loss of Biodiversity The combination of habitat loss, shifting ecosystems, and changing environmental conditions can lead to a loss of biodiversity. Species unable to adapt or migrate face extinction, resulting in reduced genetic diversity and ecosystem stability. Altered Ecosystem Services Ecosystem services, such as pollination, water purification, and carbon sequestration, are disrupted by global warming. For example, changes in precipitation patterns can affect water availability, leading to droughts or floods that impact agriculture, water supplies, and human livelihoods.

25. Increased Extinction Risk Many species are unable to adapt quickly enough to the rapid pace of climate change, increasing the risk of extinction. This is particularly concerning for specialized species with narrow habitat requirements. Changes in Phenology Global warming can alter the timing of biological events such as flowering, migration, and hibernation, leading to mismatches between species interactions (e.g., predator-prey relationships) and disrupting ecosystem functioning.

26. Ocean Acidification Increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere lead to higher levels of carbon dioxide being absorbed by the oceans, resulting in ocean acidification. This can have detrimental effects on marine life, particularly organisms with calcium carbonate shells such as corals, shellfish, and plankton. Increased Disease Spread Warmer temperatures can facilitate the spread of diseases among species, as pathogens and vectors expand their ranges into new areas. This can have cascading effects on ecosystem dynamics and species populations.

27. Rising sea level What is rising sea level ? Sea levels are rising due to melting ice and thermal expansion related to global warming.

28. The key mechanisms linking global warming to sea level rise include: Thermal Expansion: As the Earth's temperature rises due to the enhanced greenhouse effect, the oceans absorb heat. The absorbed heat causes the water molecules to expand, leading to an increase in the volume of the ocean. This process, known as thermal expansion, is a significant contributor to rising sea levels. Melting Ice: Higher global temperatures lead to the melting of ice from glaciers, ice caps, and polar ice sheets. This melted ice adds freshwater to the oceans, contributing to an increase in sea level. The two main ice sheets of concern are in Greenland and Antarctica, which contain vast amounts of ice that, if melted, would substantially raise sea levels.

29. International effort to combat climate change : Treaties and Agreement Efforts to combat climate change involve various treaties and agreements among nations. Some significant international agreements include: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Kyoto Protocol Paris Agreement Montreal Protocol Kigali Amendment

30. Brief explanation of the treaties & agreements (UNFCCC) : Adopted in 1992, it's the foundational treaty that sets the overall framework for intergovernmental efforts to tackle climate change. Kyoto Protocol : Established in 1997 under the UNFCCC, it set binding targets for industrialized countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Paris Agreement : Adopted in 2015, it aims to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, with efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius.

31. Montreal Protocol : primarily aimed at addressing ozone depletion, it indirectly contributes to climate change mitigation by phasing out substances that deplete the ozone layer, which are also potent greenhouse gases. Kigali Amendment : An amendment to the Montreal Protocol agreed upon in 2016, it aims to phase down the production and consumption of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which are potent greenhouse gases used mainly in refrigeration and air conditioning.

32. Renewable Energy Solutions:-Mitigating Global Warming

33. What is Renewable Energy?

34. Renewable Energy

35. Renewable Energy Maine is endowed with plentiful bioenergy, wind, hydropower, ocean, and other renewable energy resources. Non-hydro renewables are responsible for 32% of in-state generation, a higher percentage than in any other state in the nation.

36. Renewable Energy Maine is home to the country’s first tidal energy device to generate electricity for the power grid and first working offshore wind turbine (as of 2014).

37. Solar Energy We use solar thermal energy systems to heat water for use in homes, buildings, or swimming pools heat the inside of homes, greenhouses, and other buildings heat fluids to high temperatures in solar thermal power plants Solar photovoltaic devices, or solar cells, change sunlight directly into electricity.

38. Solar Energy

39. Solar Energy The two main benefits of using solar energy are Systems do not produce air pollutants or carbon dioxide. Systems on buildings have minimal impact on the environment. The main limitations of solar energy are The amount of sunlight that arrives at the earth's surface is not constant. The amount of sunlight varies depending on location, time of day, season of the year, and weather conditions. The amount of sunlight reaching a square foot of the earth's surface is relatively small, so a large surface area is necessary to absorb or collect a useful amount of energy.

40. Wind Energy Wind turbines operate on a simple principle. The energy in the wind turns two or three propeller-like blades around a rotor. The rotor is connected to the main shaft, which spins a generator to create electricity.

41. Wind Energy

42. Wind Energy Wind turbines are mounted on a tower to capture the most energy. At 100 feet or more above ground, they can take advantage of faster and less turbulent wind. Wind turbines can be used to produce electricity for a single home or building, or they can be connected to an electricity grid for more widespread electricity distribution.

43. Wind Energy Advantages of Wind Energy Clean and renewable source of power Cost effective Rapid growth of industry, large potential Disadvantages of Wind Energy Wind reliability Threat to wildlife Noise and visual pollution

44. Tidal Energy Tidal Stream Generator Makes use of the kinetic energy of moving water to power turbines, in a similar way to wind turbines that use wind to power turbines. Tidal Barrage Tidal barrages make use of the potential energy in the difference in height between high and low tides.

45. Tidal Energy Advantages Clean fuel source compared to fossil fuels Domestic source of energy Disadvantages Tidal power can have effects on marine life. The turbines can accidentally kill swimming sea life with the rotating blades.   Some fish may no longer utilize the area if threatened with a constant rotating or noise-making object.  Installing a barrage may change the shoreline within the bay or estuary, affecting a large ecosystem that depends on tidal flats.

46. Wave Energy Ocean waves contain tremendous energy potential. Wave power devices extract energy from the surface motion of ocean waves or from pressure fluctuations below the surface.

47. Wave Energy Advantages Renewable Environmentally friendly compared to fossil fuel energy Variety of designs to use Less energy dependence from foreign governments Disadvantages Can affect the marine environment May disturb private or commercial shipping Dependent on wavelength for best operation Poor performance in rough weather Visual/noise issues

48. Geothermal Energy (geo = earth and thermal = heat), geothermal energy comes from heat produced by the Earth.

49. Geothermal Energy Direct geothermal energy  can be accessed in areas where hot springs/geothermal reservoirs are near the surface of the Earth. Geothermal heat pumps  utilizes a series of underground pipes, an electric compressor and a heat exchanger to absorb and transfer heat. Geothermal power plants  also harness the heat of the Earth through hot water and steam. In these plants, heat is used to generate electricity.

50. Geothermal Energy Advantages Renewable energy Cleaner than burning fossil fuels Disadvantages Cost of drilling, researching proper areas Requires a suitable location

51. Biofuels The two most common types of biofuels are  ethanol  and  biodiesel .

52. Biofuels Ethanol is an alcohol. Ethanol is mostly used as a fuel additive to cut down a vehicle's carbon monoxide and other smog-causing emissions.

53. Biofuels Biodiesel is made by combining alcohol (usually methanol) with vegetable oil, animal fat, or recycled cooking greases. It can be used as an additive to reduce vehicle emissions (typically 20%) or in its pure form as a renewable alternative fuel for diesel engines.

54. Biofuels Advantages Easy to source Renewable Reduces greenhouse gases Reduced dependence on foreign energy Disadvantages Higher cost of production (lower supply than gasoline) Monoculture Shortage of food Water Use

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56. Renewable Energy 101 National Geographic (~3:17)