globalisation and migration (IIPS,Mumbai)

The contradiction between globalization and migration

1. Globalization and migration: some pressing contradictions Presented by: Margubur Rahaman M.Phil,2019-2020

2. This Yesterday I went out and bought a shirt…..the shirt I bought represents a triumph of international cooperation . The cotton was grown in Egypt from seeds developed in the United States ; the artificial fibre in the thread comes from Portugal and the material in the dyes from at least six other countries; the collar linings come from Brazil , and the machinery for the weaving, cutting and sewing from Germany ; the shirt itself was made up in Malaysia ……..(and was bought in the India ). Then I saw the Director of the shopping mall who migrates from Britain, some workers from Bangladesh and Security guard from Nepal , and the background music of sopping mall was song of Robyn Rihanna ( Barbadian singer) Globalisation and Migration…that we see in our every day life

3. “Today, the number of people living outside their country of birth is larger than at any other time in history. International migrants would now constitute the world's fifth most populous country if they all lived in the same place” (UNFPA ). Globalisation and Migration is not new phenomena, It’s exists from the oldest civilisation like Indus civilisation, followed by era of imperialism, and finally era of Capitalism and democratic society but the intensity, rate of expansion, power of globalisation and migration is not same over the time, some times it’s rise some times slow down but after 2 nd world war intensity of globalisation and migration both became high over the time . Introduction

4. Globalisation is the process of  interaction  and integration among people, companies, and governments  worldwide. It compresses the distance, fading the boundaries to a global country, global market, global society and a global city. Others hand, Migration refers Permanent or semi-permanent change of residence of individuals or group of people from one administrative boundary to another. It can be Internal migration or International migration. Globalisation plays a vital role to integrate and interact among people to achieve top of the desire. Definitions

5. A variety of reasons lie behind migration. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. Traditionally , the reasons encouraging an individual to migrate were categorized as " push " or " pull " factors. Globalization has introduced a third set of motivations called "network" factors, which include free flow of information, improved global communication and faster and lower cost transportation. Factors of Migration related to Globalisation

6. Globalisation: Swedish journalist Thomas Larsson, in his book  The Race to the Top : The Real Story of Globalization , states that globalization- ……………..is the process of world shrinkage, of distances getting shorter, things moving closer. It pertains to the increasing ease with which somebody on one side of the world can interact, to mutual benefit, with somebody on the other side of the world. Relation between Globalisation and Migration

7. Major Waves of Globalisation

8. Trends of Migration and Globalization The number of migrants in the world 1960–2015 Source :UNPF,2012 Trends of intensity of Globalisation

9. International migrant stock 1990 2017 Source: Geospatial Information Section, United Nations

10. Source:UN 2006b; 2015c

11. Table: Countries hosting the largest numbers of international migrants, millions Country 2000 Country 2015 USA 34.81 USA 46.43 Russia 11.9 Germany 12.01 Germany 8.99 Russia 11.64 India 6.41 Saudi Arabia 10.19 France 6.28 UK 8.54 Canada 5.51 UAE 8.1 Ukraine 5.23 Canada 7.84 Saudi Arabia 5.26 France 7.78 United Kingdom 4.43 Australia 6.76 Australia 4.39 Spain 5.85 Source: UN 2006b, 2015c.

12. Stephen Castles wrote in his paper, the nine fundamental contradictions that are typical of our time due to globalisation . I believe that these categories are useful in analysing globalization, and the problems it creates . Second, I will focus on just one aspect of global change – the recent rapid growth in international migration – and use it to illustrate each contradiction . Why give migration such prominence? Because it plays a key part in most contemporary social transformations. Migration is both a result of global change , and a powerful force for further change in migrant-sending and receiving societies . Globalization and migration: some pressing contradictions

13. countries of emigration , families and local communities experience deep and enduring changes . Emigration is one aspect of the dissolution of traditional economic and social structures resulting from globalization. Whole countries may develop ‘cultures of emigration ’, (Italy, Philippines). Many emigrants perceive their situation in terms of economic and social exclusion: they are forced to leave their countries, because there is no place for them any more. Similarly , in countries of immigration many communities are drastically changed. Immigrant settlement may reshape the national economy , transform cities and force the reexamination of social and cultural values. The immigrants may experience exclusion here too, through economic disadvantage, denial of rights or discrimination. (newly Industrial countries like Latin America, Africa) The contradiction: socio-cultural exclusion

14. States of origin often oppose the emigration ‘ brain drain ’ and a loss of educational investments, the governments of sending countries encourage unskilled people to leave, because this will bring remittances. Employers in receiving countries, by contrast, are eager to welcome skilled migrants. Governments of receiving countries are increasingly unwilling to admit unskilled migrant workers, but may turn a blind eye to illegal entry if employers need labour . The contradiction between market and state

15. Globalisation is the process of competition to gain more benefits and power. And it’s result the rich got richer , there are more poor people, and the middle classes were eroded . Again, migration plays a key role . Virtually every Western country now has new ethnic minorities, which have arisen through the migrations of the last fifty years. In some cases, the descendants of immigrants may remain non-citizens even if born in the country of residence . Newly industrializing countries which import labour are trying hard to prevent the emergence of new minorities. The contradiction: between growing wealth and poverty

16. Castle argues that ‘our societies are increasingly structured around a bipolar opposition between the Net and the Self ’. He emphasizes the role of new information technologies in creating global networks of wealth, power and images. These networks can ‘selectively switch on and off individuals, groups , regions and even countries’ according to their relevance in fulfilling instrumental goals . The conflict between the Net and the Self applies on two separate levels with regard to migration . Firstly, the rise of anti-immigration movements , often of a racist character, is observable in many countries . The other level is that of the new ethnic minorities themselves. Their frequently marginalized and discriminated position puts a premium on personal and group identity. The contradiction between the Net and the Self

17. In communities of origin, the departure of large numbers of working-age people may disrupt agricultural and handicraft production . Gender relations and family structures undergo dramatic change. In receiving countries , there is frequently a conflict between the central state, which controls immigration policy with an eye to macro-economic consequences, and regional or local authorities, who generally are more aware of possible social costs and tensions. The contradiction between the global and the local

18. Market forces cannot prevent environmental degradation , because decisions of individual market players do not take account of long term aggregate effects. In certain areas migration flows are a direct result of environmental degradation. Deforestation, desertification , declining soil fertility, droughts and floods all force people to move. Immigration can also cause environnemental strains , by encouraging uncontrolled urban growth , or putting pressure on over used resources . The contradiction between the economy and the environment

19. Relation Between Migration and level of Urbanisation Major net migration flow (duration 0–9 years) in India, 2001 Level of urbanization in India, 2001 Source : R.B Bhagat & S Mohanty (2009) ,Emerging pattern of urbanization and the contribution of migration in urban growth in I ndia.

20. Highly skilled migrants may have enough market power to secure economic and social rights, but unskilled migrant workers and refugees do not. Far from an equalization of wages, migration leads to new forms of inequality between and within countries . The contradiction between skilled and non-skilled migrants

21. Porous borders and the growth in ethno-cultural diversity make cultural homogenization impossible . Such people have multiple identities and transcultural competencies. Many hold two or more citizens. Cultural interchange and cross-cultural marriages add to the hybridity of consciousness. Cultural interchange and cross-cultural marriages add to the hybridity of consciousness . The contradiction between the citizen as a national and the global citizen

22. Sometimes local people migrates due to investment of Multi-national Company. Land acquisition by Govt. to provide the land to Foreign Company. China will block all efforts to internationalize the   Rohingya refugee crisis because it has ambitious investment and infrastructure construction plans worth $7.3 billion in Myanmar’s  Rakhine  state, three different experts. Rakhine has witnessed large scale violence and alleged ethnic cleansing resulting in mass migration of Rohingya Muslims to neighbouring Bangladesh, especially since August this year .(Times of India, 26 September,2017)  .. Globalisation and Forced Migration

23. Globalisation promoting the rate of migration and numerous place of destination. Migration will continue to be a major, unstoppable factor of global life until the different push and pull factors associated with migration, including economic disparities between sending and receiving states are eliminated. Even as governments have attempted to limit cross-border flows of migration , the smuggling of human beings and resulting populations of undocumentary immigrants in both developed and developing nations have assumed a growing importance. The negative impacts of globalisation on migration or pressing contradictions between migration and globalisation , that we can reduce, by adopting various migration related policy and programme , and m aintaining balance between globalisation and defence of human rights has to be a right of way. Conclusion

24. 1. Aleshkovski , I. 2016. International Migration, Globalization, and Development. Between Past Orthodoxies and the Future of Globalization. Contemporary Philosophical Problems (pp. 85–101). Leiden, Boston: Brill, Rodope . 2 . Arafat , S. (2013). Globalization and human rights: An overview of its impact. American Journal of humanities and social sciences, 1(1), 18-24 3. Bhagat , R. B.  2009.   ‘Emerging Pattern Of Urbanization And The Contribution Of Migration In Urban Growth In India’.   Asian Population Studies,Vol-5 4. Castells , M., 1996. The Rise of the Network Society . Oxford:Blackwells . 5. Dacanay , M. L. M., 1997 . ‘ Citizenship in an era of globalisation : a view from the Philippines ’, paper presented at the Conference on Globalisation and Citizenship , Melbourne: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development and Swinburne University of Technology . 6.http ://www.globalization101.org Reference