Goal 9 the twenties

1. Harding “Return to Normalcy” meant a return to three political trends: Isolationism Nativism Political Conservatism Warren G Harding 29 th US President 1865 - 1923

2. Peacetime in America War leaves Americans exhausted Cost of living doubles; farm, factory orders down soldiers take jobs from women, minorities farmers, factory workers suffer

3. The Red Scare Fear of Communism after the Russian Rev. Communism —economic, political system, single-party government ruled by dictator no private property

4. Fear of Communism Vladimir I. Lenin , Bolsheviks, set up Communist state in Russia U.S. Communist Party forms; some Industrial Workers of the World join Bombs mailed to government, businesses; people fear Red conspiracy Vladimir Lenin 1870 – 1924

5. The Palmer Raids Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer takes action Hunt down Communists, socialists, anarchists Raids trample civil rights, fail to find evidence of conspiracy

6. Sacco and Vanzetti Red Scare feeds fear of foreigners, ruins reputations, wrecks lives Sacco and Vanze tti, Italian immigrants, anarchists, arrested charged with robbery, murder trial does not prove guilt Jury finds them guilty; widespread protests in U.S., abroad Sacco, Vanzetti executed 1927

7. Sacco & Vanzetti

8. The Klan Rises Again Bigots use anti-communism to harass groups unlike themselves KKK opposes blacks, Catholics, Jews, immigrants, unions, saloons 1924, 4.5 million members Klan controls many states’ politics; violence leads to less power

9. A Time of Labor Unrest Government doesn’t allow strikes in wartime; 1919 over 3,000 strikes Employers against raises, unions; label strikers as Communists

10. Boston Police Strike Boston police strike over raises, right to unionize Calvin Coolidge ends strike, replaces strikers with new policemen

11. The Steel Mill Strike Steel workers strike; companies use force, later negotiate Talks deadlock; Wilson appeals; strike ends report on conditions leads to 8-hour day

12. The Coal Miners’ Strike John L. Lewis becomes head of United Mine Workers of America Leads strike; defies court order to work; accepts arbitration Miners receive 27% wage increase; Lewis becomes national hero John L. Lewis

13. Labor Movement Loses Appeal Union membership drops from over 5 million to 3.5 million Less than 1% of African Americans, just over 3% whites in unions

14. The Harding Presidency Appeals to America’s desire for calm and peace after the war, but results in scandal. Hosts Washington Naval Conference ; invites major powers, not Russia Secretary of State proposes disarmament , others agree

15. High Tariffs and Reparations Fordney-McCumberTariff raises taxes on U.S. imports to 60% Britain, France cannot repay U.S. Germany defaults on reparations Dawes Plan —U.S. investors lend reparations money Britain, France repay; resentment on all sides

16. Limiting Immigration Anti-Immigrant Attitudes Nativists : goal is to limit immigration Think immigrant anarchists and socialists are Communist

17. The Quota System 1919 - 1921, number of immigrants grows almost 600% Quota system sets maximum number can enter U.S. from each country sharply reduces European immigration

18. National Origins Act European arrivals cut to 2% of number of residents in 1890 Discriminates against southern, eastern Europeans Prohibits Japanese immigration; causes ill will between U.S. & Japan Does not apply to Western Hemisphere; many Canadians, Mexicans enter

19. Country of Origin Year Total Entering U.S. Great Britain Eastern Europe* Italy 1920 430,001 38,471 3,913 95,145 1921 805,228 51,142 32,793 222,260 1922 309,556 25,153 12,244 40,319 1923 522,919 45,759 16,082 46,674 1924 706,896 59,490 13,173 56,246 1925 294,314 27,172 1,566 6,203 1926 304,488 25,528 1,596 8,253 *Romania, Bulgaria and Turkey.          

20. Scandal Hits Administration Has capable men in cabinet Also appoints Ohio gang —corrupt friends who cause embarrassment Harding does not understand all issues facing nation Corrupt friends use their positions to become wealthy through graft

21. The Teapot Dome Scandal Teapot Dome scandal—naval oil reserves used for personal gain Interior Secretary Albert B. Fall leases land to private companies Takes bribes; is first person convicted of felony while in cabinet

22. The Teapot Dome Scandal

23. Calvin Coolidge August 1923, Harding dies suddenly VP Calvin Coolidge assumes presidency, restores faith in government Consumer goods fuel the business boom of the 1920s as America’s standard of living soars Average annual income rises over 35%, from $522 to $705 Calvin Coolidge 30 th US President 1872 - 1933

24. Coolidge’s Policies Coolidge favors minimal government interference in business (laissez-faire) “The business of America is business” Kellogg-Briand Pact -- nations renounce war as national policy

25. Signing the Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928

26. Leisure Time and Spectator Sports Many people have extra money, leisure time to enjoy it Crowds attend sports events; athletes glorified by mass media Boxing: Jack Dempsey Baseball: Babe Ruth Tennis, Golf: Babe Zaharias Football: Red Grange

27. Jack Dempsey “The Manassas Mauler” Babe Didrickson Zaharias

28. George Herman “Babe” Ruth Red Grange “The Galloping Ghost”

29. Mass Media Mass media shapes mass culture; takes advantage of greater literacy Expanding News Coverage Local newspapers replaced by national chains Mass-market magazines thrive; Reader’s Digest, Time founded

30. Reader’s Digest Cover November 1929 Time Magazine Cover November 1931

31. Radio Entertains Radio is most powerful communications medium of 1920s Provides shared national experience Programming paid for by advertisers 90% of households have a radio; families listen together every day Dramas, variety shows, soap operas, children’s shows, immediate news coverage

32. 1920’s Golden Age of Radio

33. Movies Silent movies already a national pastime Silent movies give way to “talkies” Introduction of sound leads millions to attend every week First “talking film” was the Jazz Singer

34. Movie Poster for the first “talkie” The Jazz Singer

35. Jazz Jazz born in New Orleans, spreads across U.S. Trumpeter Louis Armstrong - most influential musician in jazz history Edward Kennedy “Duke” Ellington —jazz pianist, orchestra leader one of America’s greatest composers Cab Calloway & Armstrong popularize scat (improvised jazz singing) Bessie Smith —blues singer, perhaps best vocalist of decade

36. Edward Kennedy “Duke” Ellington Cabell “Cab” Calloway Bessie Smith Louis Armstrong

37. Lost Generation Writers Soured by American culture, society of greed & corruption, and war settle in Europe (esp. Paris) Sinclair Lewis --criticizes conformity, materialism F. Scott Fitzgerald (The Great Gatsby) reveals negative side of era’s gaiety, freedom Ernest Hemingway (The Sun Also Rises) introduces simple, tough, American style

38. Transportation Airplane industry starts as mail service for U.S. Post Office Weather forecasting begins; planes carry radios, navigation tools Charles A. Lindbergh makes first solo nonstop flight across Atlantic Amelia Earhart – disappeared trying to fly around the world

39. Charles A. Lindbergh Amelia Earhart

40. The Impact of the Automobile Cars change life—create new jobs and new industries: paved roads, gas stations, motels, shopping centers, etc. Give mobility to rural families, women, young people Workers live far from jobs, leads to urban sprawl (spread of cities) By late 1920s, 1 car for every 5 Americans

41. 1928 Model A Ford 1920’s Gas Station

42. Electricity Factories use electricity to run machines Development of alternating current gives electricity to suburbs More homes begin to have electrical appliances Appliances make housework easier, free women for other activities Appliances coincide with trend of women working outside home

43. 1920’s Electric Stove

44. Rural and Urban Differences In 1920s, people caught between rural, urban cultures close ties, hard work, strict morals of small towns anonymous crowds, moneymaking, pleasure seeking of cities

45. The Harlem Renaissance The New Negro -- express pride in African-American experience Rebirth of African-American art, literature, and music Claude McKay’s poems urge blacks to resist prejudice, discrimination Langston Hughes’s poems describe difficult lives of working class Zora Neale Hurston shows folkways, values of poor, Southern blacks

46. Claude McKay Langston Hughes Zora Neale Hurston

47. Harlem’s Cotton Club 1927

48. Prohibition 18th Amendment launches Prohibition era Prohibition —production, sale, transportation of alcohol illegal Volstead Act – law to enforce Prohibition. Government does not budget enough money to enforce the law

49. Organized Crime Prohibition contributes to organized crime in major cities Rise in violence and corruption Al Capone – Chicago (most violent city) 18th Amendment -- repealed by 21st Amendment in 1933

50. Speakeasies and Bootleggers Speakeasies - hidden saloons, nightclubs People distill liquor, buy prescription alcohol, sacramental wine Bootleggers smuggle alcohol from surrounding countries

51. 1920’s Speakeasies

52. 1920’s Bootleggers & Stills

53. Flappers American women pursue new lifestyles and assume new jobs and different roles in society during the 1920s. Flapper —emancipated young woman, adopts new fashions, attitudes

54. The Double Standard Elders disapprove new behavior and its promotion by periodicals, ads Casual dating begins to replace formal courtship Women subject to double standard (less sexual freedom than men)

55. New Work Opportunities After war, employers replace female workers with men Female college graduates become teachers, nurses, librarians Many women become clerical workers as demand rises Some become sales clerks, factory workers Few become managers; always paid less than men

56. The Changing Family Birthrate drops partly due to more birth-control information (Margaret Sanger) Manufactured products, public services give homemakers freedom Working-class, college-educated women juggle family, work Margaret Sanger

57. Science and Religion Clash Fundamentalism —movement based on literal interpretation of Bible reject theory of evolution believe all important knowledge can be found in Bible Fundamentalist preachers -- Billy Sunday and Aimee Semple McPherson

58. Evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson Billy Sunday In 1922 Photograph

59. The Scopes Trial Against the law to teach evolution in Tenn. Biology teacher, John T. Scopes , challenges law Clarence Darrow defends Scopes Fundamentalist William Jennings Bryan is special prosecutor Scopes trial—debates evolution, role of science, religion in school Scopes found guilty, given a fine – later overturned

60. 1925 NY Times Cartoon “Evolution Trial” Clarence Darrow & William Jennings Bryan

61. Marcus Garvey and the UNIA Marcus Garvey founds Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) believes African Americans should build separate society Garvey promotes black pride, black businesses, return to Africa Marcus Garvey 1887 - 1940

62. NAACP Important Founder: W.E.B. DuBois Protests racial violence NAACP leader James Weldon Johnson fights for civil rights legislation NAACP anti-lynching campaign leads to drop in number of lynchings

63. W.E.B Du Bois 1868 - 1963 James Weldon Johnson 1871 - 1938

64. Modern Advertising Tells us what to buy and why we should buy it. Makes brand names familiar nationwide; pushes luxuries as necessities

65. Consumer Spending Buying Goods on Credit Installment plan—pay for goods over extended period with interest Banks provide money at low interest rates Problems: Debt -- don’t really own items, layoffs, pay cuts, etc. affect ability to pay debts

66. A Superficial Prosperity Producing Great Quantities of Goods Most Americans believe prosperity will last forever Productivity increasing, businesses expanding Chain stores develop; national banks allowed to create branches Income gap between workers, managers grows

67. Image from 1920’s Woolworth’s Store 1920’s Prosperity

68. Difficulties of Farmers Demand for U.S. grain declines after war prices drop Farmers boost production to sell more prices drop further Farm income declines; farmers default on loans; rural banks fail Farms lost through foreclosure many become tenant farmers

69. Farm Foreclosure Sale 1930

70. The Dust Bowl Farmers in Great Plains exhaust land through overproduction 1930s, drought, windstorms hit; soil scattered for hundreds of miles Many farm families migrate to Pacific Coast states

71. Causes of Stock Market and Depression Dow Jones Industrial Average tracks state of stock market 1920s, stock prices rise steadily; people rush to buy stocks, bonds Speculation , buy on chance of a quick profit Buying on margin —pay small percent of price, borrow rest

72. Causes (cont.) Overproduction – both consumer and agricultural Living on Credit : buy now, pay later Businesses give easy credit; consumers pile up large debts Consumers have trouble paying off debt, cut back on spending

73. Causes (cont.) Uneven Distribution of Income rich get richer, poor get poorer Unfavorable Balance of Trade Weak Banking System

74. The Stock Market Crashes September 1929 stock prices peak, then fall; investors begin selling October 29 or Black Tuesday , market, nation’s confidence plummet Shareholders sell frantically; millions of shares have no buyers People who bought on credit left with huge debts Others lose most of their savings

75. Depression Hits Bank and Business Failures Unemployment skyrockets -- 25% of workers jobless; those with jobs get cuts in hours, pay After crash, people panic, withdraw money from banks Banks that invested in stocks fail; people lose their money

76. Depression (cont.) Homelessness Hoovervilles Shantytowns, consisting of shacks, arise in cities Hunger Soup kitchens offer free or low-cost food Bread lines—people line up for food from charities, public agencies

77. Worldwide Shock Waves Great Depression limits U.S. ability to import European goods Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act sets highest protective tariff ever in U.S. Other countries cannot earn American currency to buy U.S. goods International trade drops; unemployment soars around world

78. Social and Psychological Effects Suicide rate rises People give up health care, college, put off marriage, children Stigma of poverty doesn’t disappear; financial security becomes goal Develop habit of saving and thriftiness

79. Psychological Impact Family is source of strength for most Americans Some families break apart under strain of making ends meet

80. Men in the Streets Many men used to working & supporting families have difficulty coping cannot find jobs About 300,000 hoboes wander country on railroad box cars No federal system of direct relief (cash or food from government) Psychological Impact 1930’s Hobos

81. Psychological (cont) Women Struggle to Survive Homemakers budget carefully, can food, sew clothes Women work outside home; resented by unemployed men Many women suffer in silence, ashamed to stand in bread lines

82. Psychological (cont) Children Suffer Hardships Poor diets, health care lead to serious health problems in children Lack of tax revenue leads to shortened school year, school closings Teenagers leave home, ride trains in search of work, adventure

83. Hoover: Rugged Individualism Hoover’s conservative response to the Depression draws criticism from many Americans. Tells Americans the economy is sound believes depression is a normal part of business cycle People should take care of own families, not depend on government (no direct relief) Herbert Hoover 31 st President of the US 1874 - 1964

84. Hoover (cont) Reconstruction Finance Corporation—emergency funds for businesses Hoover’s measures don’t improve economy before presidential election (too little, too late)

85. The Bonus Army March Veterans go to D.C. to ask Congress to pay bonus now not later. Hoover opposes bill; Senate votes it down Hoover fears violence, calls on U.S. Army to disband Bonus Army Infantry tear gas over 1,000 people, including children; many injured Public is stunned, outraged by government’s actions

86. Roosevelt’s New Deal Franklin Delano Roosevelt uses gov’t programs to combat the Depression. “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself” New Deal Goals—relief for unemployed , recovery of the economy, reform conditions that caused the Depression

87. Franklin D. Roosevelt’s First Inauguration 1933 “ The only thing we have to fear is fear itself ”

88. The First Hundred Days “Brain Trust ” -- experts in their fields, called upon to give advice Frances Perkins – 1 st female cabinet member – Sec. of Labor Bank Holiday -- Emergency Banking Relief Act closes banks until they are inspected FDR gives fireside chats —radio talks explaining New Deal measures Frances Perkins

89. FDR’s Fireside Chats

90. New Deal Programs Glass- Steagall Act establishes Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insures individual bank accounts Securities and Exchange Commission created to regulate stock market 21st Amendment repeals prohibition by end of 1933

91. New Deal (cont.) Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) pays farmers not to grow crops raises food prices, lowers supply Tennessee Valley Authority creates jobs building dams cheap hydro-electric power most controversial – seems like socialism to some critics Civilian Conservation Corps jobs for young men outdoor, conservation, parks,

92. TVA Hydroelectric Dam under construction 1941

93. CCC Worker plants trees US Forestry Service Workers 1937

94. Programs (cont.) Works Progress Administration— construction jobs, roads, bridges, libraries, airports, etc. NIRA establishes codes of fair practice for industries NRA sets standards, prices, limits production Federal Housing Administration gives loans for mortgages, repairs Federal Emergency Relief Administration—direct relief to needy

95. Programs (cont.) Social Security Act – money for retirees 65 or older, unemployment compensation, aid to disabled, families with children Is funded from payroll deductions Longest-lasting program, has affected most # of people

96. Programs (cont.) National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act) – legalizes unions and collective bargaining Fair Labor Standards Act – minimum wage and maximum hrs. Rural Electrification Administration (REA) – brings electricity to the farms

97. Opposition to the New Deal Deficit spending—spending more money than government takes in Liberals: New Deal does not do enough to help poor, fix economy Conservatives: New Deal used to control business, socialize economy

98. Court Packing Scheme Supreme Court strikes down some programs as unconstitutional FDR proposes “Court-packing bill” wants to add judges to Supreme Court that favor New Deal Congress, press protest

99. Demagogues Father Charles Coughlin -- wants guaranteed income, banks nationalized Dr. Francis Townsend devises pension plan for elderly Presidential hopeful, Senator Huey Long has popular social program – Share Our Wealth

100. Senator Huey Long of Louisiana Father Charles Coughlin Dr. Francis Townsend

101. Reelecting FDR 1936, Democrats win presidency, large majorities in both houses First time most African Americans vote Democratic First time labor unions support presidential candidate

102. The New Deal Coalition New Deal Coalition - different groups that support Democratic Party

103. FDR Wins in 1936 Political organizations in large Northern cities support FDR Urban, religious, ethnic groups also support FDR FDR appoints officials of urban-immigrant background

104. Labor Unions Flourish Pro-labor legislation leads unions to donate money for FDR re-election Union membership grows from 3 million to over 10 million American Federation of Labor traditionally craft unions only Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) – organizes industrial unions

105. Labor Disputes Sit-down strike important bargaining tactic of 1930s prevents owners from hiring strikebreakers Some labor disputes violent

106. Republic Steel Strike 1937

107. Native Americans 1924, Native Americans receive full citizenship John Collier, commissioner of Indian affairs, changes policies Indian Reorganization Act favors native autonomy, mandates changes: lands belong to entire tribe; government can’t sell unclaimed areas children can attend schools on reservations tribes elect tribal councils to govern reservations John Collier

108. Secretary of Interior Harold Ickes signs Indian Reorganization Act

109. Motion Pictures and Radio About 65% of population goes to movies once a week Films offer escape from reality; show wealth, romance, fun Gone With the Wind—perhaps most famous film of era Musicals—live action or animated—way to forget problems Comedies, realistic gangster movies especially popular

110. Artists Decorate America Federal Art Project pays artists to make art, teach in schools Aim to promote art appreciation, positive image of America Murals typically portray dignity of ordinary people at work Many outstanding works painted by artists, including Grant Wood Federal Theater Project hires actors, artists Woody Guthrie Sings of America Singer, songwriter Woody Guthrie sings of plight of poor

111. Woody Guthrie 1912 - 1967

112. Grant Wood American Gothic By Grant Wood

113. Diverse Writers Depict American Life Federal Writers’ Project supports many who become major writers Richard Wright, African-American author, writes Native Son John Steinbeck writes The Grapes of Wrath about Dust Bowl migrants Some writers examine difficulty of life in 1930s Others show dignity of ordinary people, values of small-town life

114. Richard Wright

115. John Steinbeck

116. The New Deal Ends By 1937, economic improvement convinces many Depression is ending Congress wants to cut back programs; by 1939, New Deal over

117. Supporters and Critics of the New Deal Conservatives think FDR made federal government too large stifled free enterprise, individual initiative Liberals: didn’t do enough to socialize economy, end inequalities Supporters: did help country recover from economic difficulties

118. Expanding Government’s Role in the Economy FDR expands power of federal government, president New Deal does not end Depression; does reduce suffering, give hope Federal government goes deeply into debt to create jobs, give aid Massive spending on equipment, supplies for WW II end Depression

119. Child Laborers in Textile Mills

120. Contour Farming 1930