Goat feeding powerpoint pks

Scientific Feeding Management of Goat

1. Feeding management of Goats
P.K. Singh
Assistant Professor
Department of Animal Nutrition
Bihar Veterinary College, Patna

2. Successful goat production
•Nutrition
•Reproduction
•Health
•Marketing Facilities

3. Importance of Nutrition
•Balanced Nutrition
•Maintenance
•Health
•Production
•Reproduction
•Many health, reproductive and production
problems can be prevented with good
nutrition.

4. Poor nutrition results in:
–Poor productivity
–Poor conception rates
–Lower birth weight of kid
–Poor weaning weights
–Difficult births
–Higher feed bills
–More infectious disease due to
decreased immune system protection

5. Nutrition..
Is the Highest Cost
Associated with
Production!

6. Feeding systems of goats
1.Tethering
2. Extensive system of feeding
3. Semi-Intensive system of feeding
4. Intensive system of feeding

7. Tethering
•When grazing facilities are limited and one or
two goats are to be kept then tehering is
practiced.
•Animal is tied with a rope of 3-5 m length which
permits the goats to browse over a limited area.
•Change the location whenever necessary so that
goats may get sufficient grass to meet the
requirement.
•Provide a temporary or portable shelter closeby
within reach of animals so that it may turn to it in
case of extreme weather.
•Tethering utilize grasses properly and is easy to
rear goats at low resources.

8. Extensive system/Range system
of goat rearing
•Small farmers and landless labourere take
theig goats and sheep together walking
long distances in search of food and
water.
•Goats find opportunity to browse for about
8-9 hrs/day, which take care of
maintenance but rate of growth slows
down.

9. Advantages of Extensive system:
•Easy and convenient method
•Use of low resources
•Less expensive in rearing of goats
•Capital and labour expenses are low
•Increases fertility of soil by way of manure
and urine dropped by animals.
•Helps in control of weeds by animals

10. Limitation of Extensive system
•Natural potential of range lands is low due
to extreme weather and less nutritious
soil.
•Fluctuation in availability of feeds from
region to region and season to season
•Poor nutritional availability to animals
restricts productivity

11. Grazing management
•Graze to desired stubble height
•Allow adequate rest periods for grass re
growth
•Don’t regraze pastures until key species
has reached the desired height

12. Roughage for goats
Pasture and browse:
•Pasture and browse are the primary and most
economical source of nutrients for goats.
•In extensive rearing system, pasture and/or
browse need to meet all their nutritional
requirements.
•Pasture are high in energy and protein when it
is in a vegetative state. However, it has a high
moisture content, and it is difficult for a high-
producing doe or fast-growing kid to eat
enough grass to meet its nutrient requirements.

•As pasture plants mature, palatability and
digestibility decline.

13. Browsing

14. • Goats are natural browsers and have the unique
ability to select plants when they are at their
most nutritious state.
• Browse (leaves & twigs) and forbs (weeds) contain
higher levels of protein & phosphorous during
growing season than ordinary pasture.
-Provide Weed control
• Some browse is unpalatable
-High lignin, silica, essential oils, etc.
• Goats which browse have less problems with
internal parasites
Browsing:

15. Semi intensive system
•Combination of intensive and extensive system.
•Grazing 4-6 hours and then kept in stalls where
they offered roughage and concentrate mixture
depending upon their availability.
•Performance of goats depend upon quality and
quantity of feeds made available through limited
browsing and supplementary feeds.
•Level of nutrition is better then goats find in
extensive system.

16. Intensive system
Keeping goats in stalls and feeding them cultivated fodders
(fresh and conserved) and concentrates to meet their
requirement.
•Goats get optimum nutrition
•Performance of goats is good (growth, milk yieldI
•Doe mature at early age
•Parasitic infestation is low
•Reproductive performance is better
•Twinning percentage is high
•Milk yield is high
•Dressing percentage is high
•Labour and capital cost is more
•Benefits of exercise are less
•Detection of heat by teaser is difficult

17. • Maximize conception rate
• Minimize embryo & fetal mortality
• Birth of viable kids
• Rapid growth
• Heavy milk production
• Minimize feeding costs
Goals for the Scientific Goat Nutrition

18. Animal Productivity
Maintenance and activity level
Stage of Pregnancy
Kidding rate
Stage of lactation
Growth or weight gain
Meat, Dairy, Fiber
Factors affecting the Nutrient
Requirements of Goats

19. Goat Nutrition
Kid Nutrition
Colostrum feeding 3 days
milk feeding upto 60 days (weaning)
Starter ration 15-90 days
Grower ration 90 days onward
Doe Nutrition
Buck Nutrition

20. Feeding schedule
of Kid
Age
(Days)
Milk/colostrum
(ml)
Creep
Feed (g)
Green
Forage (g)
1-3 350, 3 feeding
(Colostrum)
- -
4-14 350, 3 feeding - -
15-30350, 3 feedingA littleA little
31-60400, 2 feeding100-150Free choice
61-90200, 2 feeding200-250Free choice

21. Creep feeding
Start kids on creep feed at 15 days of age:
Advantages:
–Encourages early consumption of solid food
–provides supplemental nutrients for rapid gain
–promotes early weaning
–Contains a coccidiastat
–Maintains a 2:1 Ca to P ratio
–Keep fresh water available in smaller
containers that kids can reach at all times!

22. Creep ration
(16-18%DCP, 70-80% TDN)
Ingredients (%) % %
Maize 40 60
Wheat Bran 17 7
GNC 20 20
Fish meal - 10
Dal chunni 20 -
Mineral Mixture 2 2
Common Salt 1 1
Aurofac 150 g 150g
DCP (%), TDN (%) 18,75 18,80

23. Grower ration
(12-14%DCP, 60-65% TDN)
Ingredients (%) % %
Maize 50 30
Wheat Bran 30 30
GNC 10 -
Dal chunni - 30
Molasses 7 7
Mineral Mixture 2 2
Common Salt 1 1
DCP (%), TDN (%) 15,60 15,65
Low quality roughage should be supplemented with grower
ration @ 350-400 g daily

24. Finisher ration
•At 6 months of age 20-25 kg body weight
is good for slaughter purposes.
•Dressing percentage 45-50%
•5-6% DCP and 60% TDN is satisfactory
•According to market demand feeding
regime can be regulated
•For fatty carcass cereal based energy rich
feeds are required to be fed.
•Roughage ~20-25% of DM for fatty finish
and 30-40% for lean carcass production.

25. Doe Nutrition
Feed accordingly to stage of production
•Dry
•Breeding
•Early Gestation
•Late gestation
•Lactation

26. Feeding of Dry Goats
Period between weaning & breeding
Regain weight lost during lactation
Lowest nutrient requirements
Need dry matter 2% of body weight
Need minerals - salt, Ca, P
Good quality pasture should meet most
requirement needs
On pasture pt browsing no supplementary
feeding is required
6-8 hours of browsing will take care of
nutritional needs

27. Feeding of Breeding Goat
Flushing:
Feed breeding age goats extra ration (25%
of maintenance) 2 - 3 weeks before & after
introduction of bucks
•Increase ovulation rate
•Improves fertility
•Increases conception
•Increase Multiple births
Dependent on quantity and quality of
available forage and condition of does

28. Early Gestation..
•Gestation: 150 days
•First 100 days ~Similar to dry feeding
•Very little fetal growth
•Take advantage of forage
•Monitor body condition score

29. Late Gestation..
•Last 50 days
•Most critical time – 70% of fetal growth
–Poor nutrition costs production
•Low birth weights
•Low mothering ability
•Low milk production, ketosis
–Utilize pasture & supplement feeding
•Need 4 - 4.5% of body weight
•5-6% DCP and 60% TDN
•On good pasture 200 g concentrate mixture is
optimum

30. Lactation..
•Doe nutrition ~ key to early kid growth
•Lactation peaks at 2 - 4 weeks
•Feed at 4 - 5% body weight

31. Buck Nutrition
•Utilize pasture when available
•Monitor body condition 3-4 weeks
prior to breeding
•Feed intake 3-3.5% of body weight
•4-6%DCP and 50-60% TDN

32. Nutrients Lactating Does Dry Does Kids
Calcium, % 0.78 0.42 0.55
Phosphorus, % 0.45 0.24 0.30
Magnesium, % 0.25 0.16 0.16
Potassium, % 1.00 0.65 0.65
Sulfur, % 0.20 0.20 0.20
Iron, ppm 50 50 50
Manganese, ppm 40 40 40
Copper, ppm 12 12 12
Zinc, ppm 50 50 50
Selenium, ppm 0.3 0.3 0.3
Vitamin A, IU/kg 1800 1800 1000
Vitamin D, IU/kg 450 450 140
Vitamin E, IU/kg 10 40 11
Mineral & vitamin requirement for Goats (% of DM)

33. To obtain and utilize surplus or
unusable feed stuffs
and convert them to desirable
products such as meat,
milk, fiber and work.

34. The Six Nutrients Needed
• Protein
• Carbohydrates
• Fats
• Minerals
• Vitamins
• Water
• Roughage
• Concentrate
• Supplement
• Additive

35. Roughages
•Contains more than 18% crude fiber and relatively
low in digestible nutrients
Hulls
Straw
Silage
Roughage
Hay
Legume
Pasture

36. Concentrates
Contains less than 18% crude fiber and high
in digestible nutrients:
–Grains
Maize
Oats
Barley
Wheat
–By-products
–Wheat bran
–Rice Polish
–Cottonseed hulls

37. Concentrates….
–Liquid supplements
•Molasses
•Urea
–Animal proteins
•Fish meal
•Meat scraps
•Blood meal
–Plant proteins
•Soybean meal
•Oil seed cake

38. Supplements
• Supplements are extras that supply the body
with additional nutrients.
• Some of the supplements are minerals, salt, vitamins
Salt Copper Iron

39. Feed Additives
•Antibiotics: disease prevention
•Coccidiostats: control parasites
•Hormones: increases growth
•Antioxidants: prevents rancidity
•Pellet Binders: feed in pellet form
•Flavoring Agents: feed taste better

40. Balancing Rations
•Balanced to meet the animal’s needs at
the least expense
•Variety of fresh feeds
–More palatable
–Easier to balance
•Bulky
–Filling
–Helps in digestion

41. Balancing Rations…
•Slightly laxative
–Improve feed efficiency
–Prevent constipation
•Economical
–price per unit of energy and protein
•Suitable
–High protein for younger animals

42. Good Rations
1.Balanced
–Has all the nutrients in the right amounts
2.Palatable
–Taste good
3.Low Cost
–Feed is about 75% of the cost of raising
livestock

43. Good Rations……..
4.Not harmful to the health of animals
–Too much cotton seed can cause
reproductive problems
4.Uniformly mixed
–Micronutrients- vitamins and minerals
–Feed additives

44. Methods of Balancing of nutrients:
1. By trial and error method:
Feed ingredients are interchange by trial and error until
the right combination is reached- most practical
2. Pearson square method:
This is simple easy and direct method. But by this
method only one nutrient can be balance (either
protein or energy).
3. Algebric equations
4.By using computer/least cost formulation/
linear programming

45. Pearson Square
1) Draw a square with lines connecting
opposite corners and write the percent
crude protein needed at the cross
12

46. Pearson Square
•Write the feeds to be used and their crude
protein content in the left-hand corners
–lowest at the top highest at the bottom
12
Maize 8.9
Soybean Meal 45.8

47. Pearson Square
•Subtract the smallest number from the
larger along the diagonal lines
12
Maize 8.9
Soybean Meal 45.8
45.8- 12= 33.8
12-8.9= 3.1

48. Pearson Square
12
Maize 8.9
Soybean Meal 45.8
33.8 parts
Maize
3.1 parts
soybean
meal
36.9 total parts

49. Pearson Square
12
Maize 8.9
Soybean Meal 45.8
33.8 parts
corn
3.1 parts
soybean
meal
Maize- 33.8 divided by 36.9 multiplied by 100= 92%
SBM- 3.1 divided by 36.9 multiplied by 100= 8%

50. Identify nutritional needs of goats
 Remember that nutritional needs
change throughout the production cycle.
Match animal requirements to nutrient value
of feeds.
 Always have minerals and fresh water
available.
Conclusions:

51. Suggestions and Questions?

52. THANKS