Good PPT General Introduction on Sep Process.pdf

General introduction on separation processes

1. “ SEPERATION PROCESS”
Presented By
YogeshKumar Chouhan
Seminar
On
Swami VivekanandCollege of Agril.Engg. And Tech. & Research
Station, IGKV Raipur
2017-18

2. CONTENT
Introduction
Classification of Separation Process
Types of separation processes
Novel separation techniques

3. INTRODUCTION
Separationissimplytheprocessofdividingmaterialintoits
componentparts.
Separationtechniquesareessentiallymethodsofpurification.
Homogeneous and heterogeneousmixturescan
beseparatedintotheircomponentsbyseveralphysicalmethods
Thechoiceofseparationtechniquesisbasedonthetypeof
mixtureanddifferenceinthechemicalpropertiesofthe
constituentsofamixture.

4. Basedonthenatureorphysicalmechanismofseparation,various
separationprocessescanbeclassifiedinto,
1)Mechanicalseparations:separationsbasedonsizeand/or
densitydifferencesofdifferentcomponentsinamixture,for
separationofsolidfromliquid(e.g.filtrationandcentrifugation).
2)Diffusionalseparations(masstransferoperations):separations
basedonmolecularmovementtowardafavourablephase,for
separationofdissolvedcomponents(e.g.distillation,absorption,
extraction).(“Masstransferisthetransferofsolutemoleculesfrom
onepointtoantherorfromonephasetoanother.”)
3)Membraneseparations:useofasemipermeablemembraneto
separatemoleculeswithdifferenceinsizeorsomeotherproperties.
CLASSIFICATIONOFSEPARATIONPROCESS

5. VARIOUSTYPESOFSEPARATIONPROCESSES ARE:
Separating Funnel
Centrifugation
Evaporation
Crystallization
Magnetic separation
Filtration
Sedimentation
Distillation
Membrane Separations
Chromatography

6. Separating Funnel:
Aseparatingfunnelisusedfortheseparationofcomponentsofa
mixturebetweentwoimmiscibleliquidphases.Onephaseisthe
aqueousphaseandtheotherphaseisanorganicsolvent.This
separationisbasedonthedifferencesinthedensitiesofthe
liquids.Theliquidhavingmoredensityformsthelowerlayer
andtheliquidhavinglessdensityformstheupperlayer.
Applications:
To separate a mixture of oil and water.
To separate a mixture of kerosene oil
and water.
SEPARATINGFUNNEL

7. Centrifugation:
centrifugationistheprocessofseparationofinsolublematerials
fromaliquidwherenormalfiltrationdoesnotworkwell.The
centrifugationisbasedonthesize,shape,anddensityofthe
particles,viscosityofthemedium,andthespeedofrotation.The
principleisthatthedenserparticlesareforcedtothebottomand
thelighterparticlesstayatthetopwhenspunrapidly.
CENTRIFUGATION

8. The apparatus used for centrifugation is called a centrifuge. The
centrifuge consists of a centrifuge tube holder called rotor.
Classification of Centrifuge
1. Low speed Centrifuge
2.Hight Speed Centrifuge
3. Ultra Centrifuge

9. Evaporation:
Thegeneraldefinitionofevaporationisthelossordisappearance
ofaliquidduetovaporization.Intheprocessindustry,
evaporationprocessistoconcentrateasolution(ofanon-volatile
solute)ortoseparateavolatilesolventfromanon-volatilesolute,
byvaporizingandremovingpartofthesolvent(mostlywater).In
anevaporationprocess,theliquidsolutionisusuallyheatedto
boilingbysteam.
EVAPORATION

10. Magneticseparationisaprocessinwhichmagneticallysusceptible
materialisextractedfromamixtureusingamagneticforce.This
separationtechniquecanbeusefulinminingironasitisattracted
toamagnet.
MAGNETICSEPARATION

11. Filtrationisthemechanicalseparationofsolidparticlesfroma
fluidbypassingthefluidthroughafilteringmedium,onwhich
thesolidsaredeposited.Themostcommonfilteringmediumis
fabricclothwithstrongmechanicalproperties.
Filtrationisanyofvariousmechanical,physicalorbiological
operationsthatseparatesolidsfromfluids(liquidsorgases)by
addingamediumthroughwhichonlythefluidcanpass.
FILTRATION

12. Hotfiltrationmethodismainlyusedtoseparatesolidsfroma
hotsolution.
ColdFiltrationmethodistheuseoficebathinordertorapidly
cooldownthesolutiontobecrystallizedratherthanleavingit
outtocoolitdownslowlyintheroomtemperature
VacuumFiltrationtechniqueismostpreferredforsmallbatch
ofsolutioninordertoquicklydryoutsmallcrystals.This
methodrequiresaBüchnerfunnel,filterpaperofsmaller
diameterthanthefunnel,Büchnerflask,andrubbertubingto
connecttovacuumsource.

13. Sedimentation
Sedimentationreliesongravitytoseparatesuspendedsolids
fromfluids.Itisaccomplishedbydecreasingthevelocityofthe
fluidbeingtreatedtoapointbelowwhichtheparticleswillno
longerremaininsuspension.Whenthevelocitynolonger
supportsthetransportoftheparticles,gravitywillremovethem
fromtheflow.
SEDIMENTATION

14. Distillation
Distillationisaprocessofseparatingthecomponentorsubstances
fromaliquidmixturebyselectiveevaporationandCondensation.
Theapplicationofdistillationcanroughlybedividedintwo
groups:laboratoryscale,industrialdistillation.
DISTILLATION

15. Themaindifferencebetweenlaboratoryscaledistillationand
industrialdistillationisthatlaboratoryscaledistillationisoften
performedbatch-wise,whereasindustrialdistillationoftenoccurs
continuously.
Typeofdistillation
Simpledistillation.
Fractionaldistillation.
Steamdistillation.
Vacuumdistillation.

16. MembraneSeparations
Separationbytheuseofmembraneshasbeenincreasinglyusedin
thechemicalandbioprocessindustry.Inmembraneseparation,the
membraneactsasasemipermeablebarrierwhichonlyallowsfor
certainmoleculestopassthroughit
1.Ultrafiltration
Ultrafiltration(UF)isusedfortheseparationofmacromolecules
(polymers)suchasproteins,withmolecularweights1000-50,000.
Itisahigh-pressuremembraneprocess,upto145psi(10bar).
MEMBRANESEPARATION

17. Molecular weight of particles : 10 -10 Pore size: 20 –
1000 A
Pressure: 6 –8 atm.
Transport Mechanism: Convection (main) + diffusion
Example: Filtration of protein, Red blood cells,
polymers, etc.
3 5
0

18. 2.Reverseosmosis
Osmosis(asanaturalphenomenon)istheflow(diffusion)ofwater
moleculesthroughasemi-permeablemembranefromlow-solute
concentrationsidetohigh-soluteconcentrationsideofthe
membrane.
Reverseosmosisistheuseofhighpressuretoforcetheflowof
solvent(e.g.,water)moleculesinthereversedirectionofosmotic
pressure.Applicationsofreverseosmosisinclude:water
purification,sterilization,dewateringandtheseparationof
componentsinamixture

20. Theseparationprocessesthosearenotconventionalandroutine
fallunderthiscategory.Therefore,someoftheequilibriumand
rategovernedseparationprocessesareincludedthis.
Someoftheprocessesareidentifiedas,
(i)Membranebasedseparationprocesses
(ii)Chromatographicseparationprocesses
(iii)SupercriticalFluidExtraction
(iv)Electricfieldassistedseparationprocesses
(v)Ionexchangeprocesses,etc.
NOVELSEPARATIONPROCESSES

21. Chromatographic Separation Processes:-
i.Chromatographyisanextremelypowerfulanalyticaltoolfor
separatingandanalyzingcomplexmixture.
ii.Differenttypesofchromatographictechniquessuchascolumn
chromatography,TLC,paperchromatography,andgas
chromatography.
Fig:-Chromatography Separation Technique

22. Applications:
Toseparatecolorsinadye.
Toseparatepigmentsfromnaturalcolors.
Toseparatedrugsfromblood.

23. Paperchromatographyisoneoftheimportant
chromatographicmethods.Paperchromatographyusespaperasthe
stationaryphaseandaliquidsolventasthemobilephase.Inpaper
chromatography,thesampleisplacedonaspotonthepaperand
thepaperiscarefullydippedintoasolvent.Thesolventrisesupthe
paperduetocapillaryactionandthecomponentsofthemixturerise
upatdifferentratesandthusareseparatedfromoneanother.
Fig:-Paper Chromatography

24. Supercritical Fluid Extraction
SupercriticalFluidExtraction(SFE)istheprocessofseparating
onecomponent(theextractant)fromanother(thematrix)
usingsupercriticalfluidsastheextractingsolvent.Extractionis
usuallyfromasolidmatrix,butcanalsobefromliquids.
Carbondioxide(CO
2)isthemostusedsupercriticalfluid,
sometimesmodifiedbyco-solventssuchasethanolormethanol.
Extractionconditionsforsupercriticalcarbondioxideareabove
thecriticaltemperatureof31°Candcriticalpressureof74bar.
ThesystemmustcontainapumpfortheCO
2,apressurecellto
containthesample,ameansofmaintainingpressureinthesystem
andacollectingvessel.

25. The liquid is pumped to a heating zone, where it is heated to
supercritical conditions. It then passes into the extraction
vessel, where it rapidly diffuses into the solid matrix and
dissolves the material to be extracted. The dissolved
material is swept from the extraction cell into a separator at
lower pressure, and the extracted material settles out. The
CO
2can then be cooled, re-compressed and recycled, or
discharged to atmosphere.

26. Ion Exchange Chromatography
Themostpopularmethodforthepurificationofproteins.IECcan
bedividedintotwodifferentsubtypes.
a.Cationexchangechromatographypositivelychargedmolecules
areattractedtoanegativelycharged.
b.Anionexchangechromatography,negativelychargedmolecules
areattractedtoapositivelycharged.
Afterthemoleculeofinteresthasbeenadsorbed,thecolumn
iswashedtoremoveanyresidualunboundspeciesfromthesolid
phase.

27. Application :
Used for biopurification
Used in downstream processing platforms.

28. THANKYOU