grammar guide parts of speach sections .ppt

grammar

1. Parts of Speech
Nouns Adverbs
Pronouns Conjunctions
Verbs Prepositions
Adjectives Interjections
All parts of speech are determined by how the
word FUNCTIONS within a sentence.

2. Noun
Traditional definition: a word that names a
person, place, thing , or idea

3. Noun
A Noun Functionsas:
–Subject (Names the person, place, thing or idea that the
sentence is talking about)
–Direct Object (Follows a transitive verb and receives the action
of the verb)
–Indirect Object (Follows a transitive verb and receives the
direct object)
–Predicate Nominative (Follows a linking verb and renames the
subject--a.k.a. “subject complement”)
–Object of Preposition (Follows a preposition)
–Appositive (Renames the noun it follows)
–Direct Address (Names a person or persons spoken to in a
sentence)
–Object of Verbals (Follows infinitives, gerunds, or participles)
–Object Complement (Follows a direct object and identifies it)

4. Noun
Bob hit a homerun over the fence.
S V DO
1) Find the verb.
2) Find the subject.
Ask “Who” or “What” + Verb = Subject
3) Find any direct objects.
Say “Subject” + “Verb” then ask “Whom” or “What”
4) Find any indirect objects.
Say “Subject” + “Verb” + “Direct Object” then ask
“To Whom” or “To What” or “For Whom” or “For What”
No indirect objects in this sentence.

5. Noun
Harry bought Mary a cute puppy with floppy ears.
S V IO DO
Verb
Subject
Direct Object
Indirect Object
Note the Sentence Pattern: The IO comes between
the V and DO

6. An Appositiveis a noun that follows another noun
and renames it.
Rich, the best student in the class, earned an A.
S App OP DO
Most often, appositives are surrounded by commas
and can be taken out of the sentence without
changing the meaning of the sentence.
Appositives add information, but not necessarily
information important to the grammar or sense of
the sentence.

7. Pronoun
A word that can take the place of a noun
Example: John is here. Heis here.
There are many types of pronouns that are not so easily
explained. See the lists in your grammar book and read
them over frequently.
Some pronouns are
that, which, his, anyone, its, mine, herself, one . . .
The list goes on. See your Grammar book page 123.

8. Types of Pronouns
Personal–refer to a person or persons:
I, he, her, them . . .
Reflexive or Intensive–all end in –selfor –selves
myself, themselves . . .
Demonstrative–this, that, these, those
Indefinite–one, anyone, something, either . . .
Relative–that, which, who, whose . . .

9. Verb
A verb is a word that expresses actionor a
state of being.
Every sentence has at least one verb.

10. In sentences that contain direct objects, the verb is a
Transitive Verb--it transfers the action from the subject
to the object. The direct object receives the actionof
the verb.
Jack gave his dog a biscuit.
S VIO DO
In sentences that contain no direct objects, the verb is an
Intransitive Verb--the subject performs an action which
does not transfer to an object.
Jack sings in the chorus.
S V OP

11. To Be
Singular Plural
Present am, are, is are
Past was; were were
Future will/shall be will/shall be
Present Perfect has/have been have been
Past Perfecthad been had been
Future Perfectwill/shall have beenwill/shall have been
Progressive being being

12. Adjective
•A word that describes a noun or pronoun.
Example: a bluevan
What else one should know about adjectives:
•They are removable. The sentence stands without them
•They usually come in front of the noun.
•They can usually be compared: blue, bluer, bluest
•They answer the questions:
–Which one?
–What kind?
–How many? How much?

13. Adverb
•A word that describes a verb (most of the time),
an adjective or another adverb
Example: He drove quicklydown the lane. (verb)
Her hair color is toored. (adjective)
She wrote her essay verycarefully. (adverb)

14. Prepositions
•Words that connect one word with another.
Example: the top ofhis head. ofconnects topand
head.
Prepositions show relationships between words.
You must MEMORIZE the list of prepositions and
become extremely familiar with it. See your
grammar book page 131.

15. A Prepositional Phrasebegins with a preposition and ends
with an object of preposition (a noun or pronoun).
Prepositional phrases act as modifiers--adjectives or
adverbs.
The ball rolled under the table.
S V PP OP
“under the table” answers the question “Where?” so the PP
acts as an adverb.
The dog with the red collar ran home.
S PP OP V
“with the red collar” answers the question “Which one?” so
the PP acts as an adjective.

16. A Phraseis a group of words that functions as one
part of speech.
They have thrown the ball under the car.
S V DO PP OP
“have thrown” acts as oneverb.
“under the car” answers the question “Where?” so it
functions as oneadverb.
A Clauseis a group of words containing a subject
and verb.
Do not confuse a phrasewith a clause.