Grape cultivation

The cultivation practices of Grape fruit crop.

1. Cultivation practices of GRAPE fruit crop -By Miss. Raksha Anil Hingankar.

2. Grape- Common Name: Vitis , Angur (Marathi) Botanical Name: Vitis vinifera Family: Vitaceae Genus: Vitis Species: V. vinifera Origin: Mediterranean and Central Asia Chromosome No.: 2n=19 Geograpical Indication: Nashik in Maharashtra.

3. GRAPE - Introduction One of the most delicious, refreshing and nourishing fruit. Easily digestible and are rich in energy giving sugar. Contain certain Minerals and vitamins. Grape juice is a refreshing drink, a stimulant to kidneys and laxative. In India, out of total production 80% is used for table purpose 10% for raisins 10% for wine production In other countries, 80% for winery production 10% for raisins 10% for Table purpose Grown in Nashik in Maharashtra, Sangli , P une, Ahmednagar , solapur , Aurangabad, etc.

4. GRAPE - History Archeological evidence suggests humans began growing grapes as early as 6500 B.C. during the Neolithic era. By 4000 B.C., grape growing extended from Transcaucasia to Asia Minor and through the Nile Delta of Egypt .   Grape  was introduced in India in 1300 AD by invaders from Iran and Afghanistan . The cultivation of the domesticated grape began 6,000–8,000 years ago in the  Near East .   Yeast , one of the earliest domesticated  microorganisms , occurs naturally on the skins of grapes, leading to the discovery of alcoholic drinks such as wine.

5. GRAPE - Soil and Climate 1.Soil: Adapted to a wide range of soil types. Well drained fertile soil with 1m depth should be selected. Grown best on very poor soils with adequate fertilization Medium alluvial or loamy soils are considered best. p H should be 6-8.5 Soil should be free from salts like Na and Ca. Very heavy soils, ill drained soils should be avoided. 2. Climate: Semi arid and sub-tropical region. Requires hot dry summers and cool winters with moderate rainfall. In Maharashtra, Grown in area with altitude 400-600m. Max. Temp- 43 C and Min. Temp-5 C. Optimum temperature: 28 C – 30 C

6. GRAPE - Varieties Thompson seedless : Also known as Sultana. Popular because of its quality and yields (20-25 tons/ha Bunch medium, berry small slightly elongated and seedless , sweet with moderate acidity , responds to G.A and Girdling . 2 . Anab -E- Shahi : Grown extensively in A.P., Yields 30- 35 tons/ha , Bunch large, attractive, berries are large with solid crispy pulp good keeping quality.

7. Grape- 3. Cheema sahebi : Developed at Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Pune (M.H.) by selection from the seedlings of Pandhari Sahebi . Avg. Yields: 30-35 tons/ha, Bunch heavy, berry medium to large, oval, fairly juicy, low keeping quality due to detachment of berries from bunch. Varieties

8. 4.Kali sahebi : Coloured table variety, Goo yielder, very big and elongated form Crispy excellent in quality good keeper 5 . Tas - A- ganesh : Released by MPKV, RAHURI used for rising purpose. Other varieties used for rising purpose : Thompson seedless, Sonaka , Sharad seedless, Black monuka , Tas -a- ganesh . GRAPE - Varieties

9. GRAPE - Propagation Grapes are propagated by hard wood cutting. Cuttings from mature canes from October pruning are preferred. In T asgaon method of planting cuttings from April pruning are use. Cuttings of 3-5 buds are preferred Use of IBM 1000 PPM gives early and profuse routing The cuttings are put in polythene bag, flatbed for rooting or planting directly in the field.

10. GRAPE - Planting 1.Planting Material: Grape is usually propagated by hard wood cuttings Propagation by seed, soft wood cuttings, layering , grafting and budding is also used in some cases . 2. Planting Season: Planting is usually done in October to January. In Tasgaon Method of Planting, Planting is done in April-June. 3.Planting Method: a)Trench Method- If planting distance is close then this method is suitable. If Heavy soils which contain harmful salts, then this method helps to replace the soils. A trench of 60 X70 cm deep and wider opened filled with fertile and well drained loamy soil and compost.

11. GRAPE - Planting b) Pit Method - Pits of 60 X 60X 60 cm are dig at desired distance Fill with good soils and compost. A pply 50 kg of FYM and 1 kg P 2 O 5 per vine in pit 4. Planting Distance: Depends upon varieties Varieties Planting distance Thomson Seedless 3 X 1.5 m / 1.8 X 1.2 (in Tasgaon Method) Cheema Sahebi 3 X 3 m Anab -e- Shahi 3 X 2.4 m Kali Sahebi 4 X 2.5 m Gulabi 1.0 X 1.2 m Bangalore Purple 2.4 X 1.2 m

12. GRAPE - Tasgaon Method of planting April cuttings are used for planting, rooted cuttings are planted in august. Planting distance 1.8 X 1.2 m All the wines are lowered in the first week of Feb. After lowering vine reaches bower height by march. Apical bud is pinched to develop two arms. Cordons (arms) are cut back leaving 1 1/2 portion and 5 buds on each in April. Buds sprout and crop taken in October- first crop within 18 months after planting. Use of G.A., pinching and girdling for quality production.

13. Grape- Training In India systems like bower, kniffin , telephone, head and slanting trellis have been tried in the past, but the bower & telephone system are being followed on a large scale.  About 80% of the vineyard area in India is on bower system.  Varieties Distance of planting System of training No. of canes to be left on each vine No. of buds to be left per cane Thompson Seedless 2 x 3 Kniffin 16-20 8-10 Beauty Seedless 2 x 2 Head 16-20 3-4 Anab -e- Shahi 3 x 6 Arbour 60-80 5-6 Perlettee 3 x 3 Head, Kniffin 30-40 3-4

14. GRAPE - Pruning An art and science of removing scientifically certain part of plant with a view to divert sap flow towards fruiting area to induce vegetative and fruitful growth is called as “Pruning”. Vine is pruned for three purposes:

15. Grape- Manures and fertilizers Recommended doses of nutrients for different varieties under different agro-climatic regions are given in table below: 20 Kg FYM is applied. Time FYM (in tonnes ) N (in kg)100 P 2 O 5 (in kg) K 2 O (in kg) April 25 400 300 300 One month After - 100 - - October pruning 25 300 200 200 One month After - 50 - 100 Two Month after - 50 - 100 Total 50 900 500 700

16. Vary depending upon the rainfall pattern, time of pruning, different growth stages, water-holding capacity of soil, variety grown, training system followed and spacing of vines. Irrigation is provided once in every three days in newly planted vineyards by allowing water into a small circular basin of 50 cm. Radius. In of drip irrigation, only one emitter is placed at the base of the vine. The number of emitters gradually increases to two and then four which are shifted about 30 or 40cm. Away from the stem depending upon the variety and spacing of the vines. Heavy irrigation is provided soon after pruning in order to wet the entire root zone thoroughly and induce active growth in the vine. Light irrigation of 50-75mm. (5.0-7.5 l./ha.) Is given is given at an interval of 10-12 days during winter and 5-7 days in summers. In the event of rainfall during that interval, the next irrigation is either omitted or delayed. Irrigation frequency is reduced during anthesis , fruiting stage and also after berry softening to improve fruit quality. Irrigation Grape-

17. GRAPE - Means to improve grape quality

18. GRAPE - Harvesting Plants start fruiting after two years of planting.   Berries start ripening from the end of May in early varieties. However, most of the varieties are harvested after they have changed colour near the tip and have become sweet. A day prior to picking, the broken, decayed, deformed, under-sized berries are removed . The clusters are usually harvested during the early hours of the day before the temperature rises above 20   C. Nearly 100-125 days after October purning bunch becomes ready for harvest. On maturity, it becomes soft, translucent and through pulp seeds can be seen. Bunch is harvested with the help of scissor and taken to packing shed where labours discarded the damage, unripe berries.

19. GRAPE - Yield Yield varies according to variety and climatic conditions etc.   The average yield of: Anab -e- Shahi and Bangalore blue is 40-50 tonnes /ha seedless varieties is 20 tonnes /ha. Average yield of 20-25 tonnes /ha. is considered good.     

20. GRAPE - Pest 1. Flea Bettle : Scientific Name: Scedlodonta strigicollis Period of occurrence: Immediately after pruning, maximum in October. Nature of damage: Feeds on the sprouting buds and tender growth by cutting holes and scrapping the leaf surface Control measures: Spray 0.05% Q uinalphos 4 days after pruning . 2. Chaffer Beetles: Scientific Name: Adoratus spp. Period of occurrence: Onset of Monsoon, Comes out at night. Nature of damage: Feed voraciously on young shoots and leaves. Damage is more in vineyards near drub jungles. Control measures: Spray Monocrotophos or Quinalphos at 0.05%.

21. GRAPE - Pest 3. Thrips : Scientific Name: Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus Period of occurrence: In the month of October to December. ( Found on the lower side of the young leaves. Nature of damage: Suck the sap from the leaves, ovaries of flowers ad young fruits. Symptoms: Leaves curl downwards. Scab formation on the affected fruits. Control measures: Spray methyl parathion at 0.05% at weekly intervals commencing from 8-10 days after pruning.

22. GRAPE - Pest 4. Spider mites: Scientific Name: Oligonychus spp. Period of occurrence: In the month of May to August. Nature of damage: Suck the sap from the upper surface of leaves. Symptoms: Leaves turn greyish brown. Leaves dry and drop down. Control measures: Spray 0.04% dicofol , 0.06% Dimethoate or 0.05% Monocrotophos .

23. GRAPE - Disease 1.Downy mildew: Scientific Name: Plasmospora viticola Period of occurrence: In humid cool weather mostly during July, August and Nov-Dec. Symptoms: White growth is seen in patches on the lower surface of the leaf. Yellow patches on upper surface. Yellow patch dries up and the leaves drop in severe cases. Flowers wither and drop. Young fruit turn leathery, water soaked, leathery and drop down. Control measures: Spraying 1.0% Bordeaux mixture repeatedly at 6-7 days interval during July- Augest . And 3-4 days intervals during November-December .

24. GRAPE - Disease 2. Antracnose : Scientific Name: Gloeosporium ampelophagum Period of occurrence : Rainy season during May-July and October-Dec. Symptoms: Attack on fresh growth, dark brown lesions with black center. Young shoots, leaves tendrils and the young berries are affected. Shoot become crinkled and leaf shows s hot holes. Control measures : Spraying 0.8%, Bordeaux mixture or 0.3% Difolatan , regularly at 4-5 days interval during May-July and Oct. – Dec.

25. GRAPE - Disease 3. Powdery mildew: Scientific Name: Uncinula necator Period of occurrence: Dry winters (Dec.-Feb.) Symptoms: Young berries become hard, mummified and crack. White grey patches on leaves, tender, shoots and berries. Affected berries do not ripes properly. Control measures: Spraying wettabe sulphur (0.02%) or dusting sulphur at 7 kg/acre regularly at 5-7 days intervals during December - February.

26. GRAPE - Physiological Disorders 1. Shot berries: Development of small, seedless berries in a cluster. Unfertilized flower remain in cluster and develop a small seedless berry. Reason: Heavy cropping and lack of poor pollination, Boron deficiency 2. Mumification or Water berries: Develop soft, loose and watery berries at the tip of rachis or scattered due to competition for food due to heavy crop load. Control Measures: Cluster thinning, girdlings , manuring,etc . 3. Development of pink berries in Thompson seedless.

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