Greek architecture

by Bernadette Sison

1. GREEK ARCHITECTURE 9TH BCE – 6 TH CENTURY CE PRESENTED BY: BERNADETTE SISON

2. GREEK ARCHITECTURE produced by the  Greek-speaking people  ( Hellenic  people) whose  culture  flourished on the Greek mainland, the  Peloponnese , the  Aegean Islands , and in colonies in  Anatolia  and Italy for a period from about 900 BC until the 1st century AD. Ancient Greek architecture is best known from  its temples , many of which are found throughout the region, mostly as ruins but many substantially intact. Created equilibrate and proportional works. Greeks are credited with originating the three orders of the classical language of architecture, Doric, Ionic and Corinthian.

3. INFLUENCES GEOGRAPHICAL GEOLOGICAL CLIMATICAL HISTORICAL RELIGION

4. GEOGRAPHY Their mainland and islands are rocky, mountainous with few substantial forests.   Almost completely surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea. Greece has more than 1400 islands.

5. GEOLOGY The most freely available building material is stone.  Limestone was readily available and easily worked. There is an abundance of high quality white  marble  both on the mainland and islands, particularly  Paros and   Naxos .

6. CLIMATE  typical of the Mediterranean  climate : mild and rainy winters, relatively warm and dry summers and, generally, extended periods of sunshine throughout most of the year.

7. HISTORY Greek civilization is the first major civilization in Europe The period of ancient Greek history can be divided into four as follows: 1100 B. C. – 750 B. C. Greek Dark Ages 750 B. C. – 500 B. C. Archaic Period 5000 B. C. – 323 B. C. Classical Period 323 B. C. – 147 B. C. Hellenistic Period

8. Archaic Period (750 B.C. - 500 B.C.) The revival of Greece from the dark ages started during the eight century BC The Greeks developed a new political form called city states(POLIS) - ruled as independent nations The archaic period saw the renewal interest in overseas trading contact The archaic period marked the rise of the aristocratic families; families that are considered noble or of higher status Such tyrants stimulated the development of the arts through their patronage

9. Classical Period (500 - 323 BC) It is the period of democracy Every art manifestation reached its zenith it is the period of political, economic and cultural expansion of the polis

10. Hellenistic Period (323 - 147 BC) The period saw the transplanting of Greek art, civic life and culture to newly conquered areas The period also saw a marked increase in interest in civic buildings The Hellenistic period ended in 147 BC, when the Roman Empire conquered Greece and incorporated the city states into it

11. Hellenistic Period (323 - 147 BC) The period also saw a marked increase in interest in civic buildings The Hellenistic period ended in 147 BC, when the Roman Empire conquered Greece and incorporated the city states into it

12. RELIGION Ancient Greek  theology  was  polytheistic , based on the assumption that there were many gods and goddesses. ZEUS – King of Gods, Sky-God POSEIDON – God of Sea and Earthquake HADES – God of Death, Underworld HELIOS – God of Sun APHRODITE – God of Love, Beauty, Pleasure The Greeks believed in an  underworld  where the spirits of the dead went after death. 

13. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERS THE ORDERS GREEK TEMPLE TEMPLE TYPOLOGY

14. THE ORDERS Refer to the entire set of form that makes up the principal elevation of a temple. Base Upright column or support with its capital Horizontal entablature

15. THE ORDERS Columns were understood by the Greeks to be anthropomorphic or representative of the body of a human The base suggests the feet, the shaft the torso and the capital the head. Each order had its own conventions about the design of the entablature and divided into 3 sections: CORNICE FRIEZE ARCHITRAVE

16. DORIC ORDER Made up of three elements Stylobate - a podium raised three steps on which the temple sits Column Entablature A square capital Had a height of between 5 and 6 times its diameter Shaft is usually divided into 20 shallow flutes. Represents the proportions of a man’s body, its strength and beauty.

17. DORIC ORDER A characteristic of the Doric order is the use of entasis Entasis - refers to the practice of optical correction in Greek Doric temples The best example of the application of entasis is found in the Parthenon

18. IONIC ORDER The Ionic column is said to represent the shape of a women with its delicacy and feminine slenderness. The Ionic order evolved and its name from Ionia in modern day Turkey The ionic column including the capital and base had a height of 9 to 10 times its diameter It had 24 flutes The Ionic order had a capital dev eloped from a pair of volute about two-thirds the diameter of the column in height

19. IONIC ORDER At the corner of rectangular buildings, an angular volute had to be used. One of the limitations of the Ionic order is that it is designed to be seen from the front only

20. CORINTHIAN ORDER The Corinthian column, the most beautifully ornate of the three orders represents the figure of a maiden The Corinthian order takes its name from the city of Corinth in Greece It however appeared to have been developed in Athens in the 5th century BC This order is similar in its proportions to the Ionic order but has a different capital

21. CORINTHIAN ORDER The core of the capital is shaped like an inverted bell . The bell-like capital is decorated with rows of carved acanthus leaves Because of its symmetry, the Corinthian capital unlike the ionic capital is designed to be seen from all directions

22. ARCHITECTURE: BASIS It is an architecture to be seen (temple) Sculptural values, volumes Building is conceived as an sculpture Beauty= Proportion and Measure conceived from the human point of view is anti-colossal Temple is the essential building, residence of god, not a place for people

23. BUILDING SYSTEM Dominant lines are horizontal and vertical The column is the essential element Walls are made of regular ashlars Buildings were polychrome Building materials were limestone and white marble

24. GREEK TEMPLE

25. Structure - Rectangular Plans - Longitudinal Axes - Circular Plan Internal Distribution - PRONAOS: Open Entrance - NAOS or CELLA: Chapel for God’s image -OPISTODOMOS: Room for holding the treasure of the temple

26. TEMPLE TYPOLOGY

27. ANTA (TEMPLE IN ANTIS) Pillars of the side exceed the wall

28. THOLOS Circular Temple

29. AMPHIPROSTYLE Columns in both facade

30. PROSTYLE Columns only in one facade

31. DIPTERAL Double columns around the building

32. PERIPTERAL Columns around the building

33. PSEUDOPERIPTRAL

34. PSEUDODIPTERAL

35. PROPYLEA - or porch was a monumental entrance to a temenos or holy area STOA- A long narrow hall with an open colonnade that was used as exhibition room AGORA- commercial center of the city PALESTRA OR GYMNASIUM- the social centre for male citizens THEATRE- was used for meeting and dramatic performances ODEON- Small theatre

36. STRUCTURES