Green and Yellow Minimalist Mineral Resources Presentation.pptx

geology rocks

1. metamorphic - foliated (layered/banded) -Non-foliated Group 5

2. what is rocks? Rocks are naturally occurring and coherent aggregate of one or more minerals. Such aggregates constitute the basic unit of which the solid Earth is composed and typically form recognizable and mappable volumes. Rocks are commonly divided into three major classes according to the processes that resulted in their formation. All rocks are assemblages of specific elements and compounds called minerals.

3. 3 types of rocks 01 02 03 IGNEOUS ROCKS Sedime NTARY ROCKS METAMORPHIC ROCKS 1.1 1.2 INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS

4. 01. igneous rocks Form from the cooling and solidification of molten rock (magma) or lava, giving them the name from the Latin word ignis , meaning fire. a primary rock Process of of cooling and solidification can happen in the earth's crust or on the earth's surface 1.1 Intrusive Igneous Rocks also called plutonic rocks Form when magma cools and crystallizes beneath the Earth's surface. This slow cool i n g proces s , occurr ing ov e r hundreds to thousands of years, allows large, visible mineral crystals to grow, giving these rocks a coarse-grained texture. (ex: granite and gabbro ) 1.2 Extrusive Igneous Rocks also k nown as volcanic rocks Extrusive igneous rocks are produced when lava erupts onto or very near the Earth's surface and cools rapidly. (ex: basalt and obsidian)

5. 02. Sedimentary rocks Sedimentary rocks are formed from the accumulation of sediment, which consists of fragments of pre-existing rocks, mineral grains, or the remains of once-living organisms. These materials are transported by wind, water, or i ce , an d a re then de p os i ted in l ay ers, or strata, in basins like lakebeds or oceans. Over time, these layers are compacted and cemented together in a process called lithification , forming solid rock.

6. 03. Metamorphic rocks Formed from pre-existing igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks that have been transformed by intense heat, pressure, and/or chemical processes. The original rock, known as the protolith , undergoes profound phys i cal an d chemical c hanges without completel y m elting, recrystallizing into a new, more stable form. Rocks that form from exposure to intense h e at a n d/ or pressure

7. Rocks form the rock cycle Rocks form through the continuous rock cycle, where rocks transform between igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic types via processes like melting, crystallization, weathe ri ng, erosion, se d ime ntation, compac tion, cementation, and metamorphism. Igneous rocks form from molten magma or lava cooling and solidifying. Sedimentary rocks form from the burial and lithification of sediments, which are broken-down fragments of other rocks. Metamorphic rocks are created when existing rocks are subjected to intense heat and pressure, changing their miner al comp osition and texture.

8. How rocks form and transform 01. Igneous Rock FORMATION 1.1 1.2 MELTING CRYSTALLIZATION 02. SeDIMeNtary rock formation 2.1 2.2 WEATHERING & EROSION SEDIMENTATION & LITHIFICATION 03. Metamorphic rock formation 3.1 3.2 METAMORPHISM TRANSFORMATION

9. THE ROCK CYCLE The rock cycle is a constant, ongoing process driven by Earth's internal heat and energy from the sun. Any rock type can transform into any other type:

10. Crystallographic System

11. Crystals A crystal is a solid material where atoms, molecules, or ions are arranged in a highly ordered, repeating three-dimensional pattern known as a crystal lattice. This precise microscopic arrangement manifests in macroscopic geometric shapes—think perfect cubes or elegant prisms—distinguished by flat faces and specific angles. Crystals form naturally through geological processes, like the slow cooling of magma, making them the fundamental building blocks of many minerals.

12. Crystallographic System The crystallographic system classifies minerals based on their internal atomic structure and the resulting external symmetry. This system categorizes crystals into seven distinct groups: 01 02 03 CUBIC (ISOMETRIC) TETRAGONAL ORTHORHOMBIC 02 03 MONOCLINIC TRICLINIC 02 03 HEXAGONAL RHOMBOHEDRAL/TRIGONAL

13. C r ys tallo g ra p hic Axes Each of the seven systems is uniquely defined by two key parameters: These are imaginary lines that define the coordinate system within the crystal lattice. Their lengths and orientations are crucial. Lengths: Can be equal or unequal (a, b, c). Angles: The angles between these axes (alpha, beta, gamma). R es u lting Sym met ry 1 2 These axial properties dictate the crystal's overall symmetry, ranging from the highly symmetrical cubic system to the lowest-symmetry triclinic system. Imagine building blocks with different side lengths and angles!

14. Crystallographic Axes CUBIC TETRAGONAL ORTHORHOMBIC MONOCLINIC TRICLINIC HEXAGONAL RHOMNOHEDRAL Crystal system Interfacial angle Edge length a = b = c a = b ≠ c a ≠ b ≠ c a ≠ b ≠ c a ≠ b ≠ c a = b ≠ c a = b = c α = β = γ = 90 α = β = γ = 90 α = β = γ = 90 α = γ = 90, β ≠ 90 α ≠ β ≠ γ ≠ 90 α = β = 90, γ = 120 α = β = 90, γ = 90

15. Spectrum of symmetry Cubic System Perfect symmetry; cube and octahedron forms Hexagonal System Six-fold symmetry; hexagonal prisms and plates. Triclinic System Least symmetry; irregular, slanted forms. Monoclinic System Oblique angles; skewed prismatic crystals. Tetragonal System Square prism shapes with one distinct axis.

16. minerals mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic, solid substance with a defined chemical composition and a characteristic internal crystalline structure. mineral is an element or chemical compound that is normally crystalline and that has been formed as a result of geological processes.

17. minerals COPPER GOLD QUARTZ MICA Minerals are everywhere, they are used for building houses and structures, electronics, etc. Some common minerals are:

18. 5 criterias of a mineral The substance must exist as solid under normal conditions in Earth. The substance must be naturally occuring on Earth, not man-made. The substance must be inorganic, not made out of living things. The substance must have a fixed chemical formula, made of specific elements. The atoms that make up the substance must be arranged in orderly structure.

19. QUESTION: Is ice a mineral?

20. answer: yes and no

21. Types of minerals METALLIC - exhibit luster in their appearance and consists of metals in their chemical composition (manganese, iron ore, etc) - Ferrous Minerals - minerals that contain iron (nickel and chromite) - Non Ferrous Minerals - do not contain iron (silver and lead) NON-METALLIC MINERALS - either shows a non-metallic luster or shine in their appearance (limestone, gypsum, etc)

22. properties of minerals Minerals can be identified using a number of properties. These include physical and chemical properties such as hardness, density, cleavage and colour, crystallography, electrical conductivity, magnetism, radioactivity and fluorescence. HARDNESS - the measure of a mineral's resistance to being scratched, determined using the Mohs Hardness Scale (diamond is the hardest mineral) SPECIFIC GRAVITY - measures the density. CLEAVAGE - defines how mineral breaks up into pieces (minerals like halite breaks up into small sized cubes while mineral like mica breaks up into fine sheets). FRACTURE - is a general term used to describe the way a mineral breaks or cracks. TRANSPARENCY (DIAPHANEITY) - is the degree to which light is transmitted through a mineral. Minerals can be opaque, translucent, or transparent. LUSTER - describes the quality and intensity of light reflected from a mineral's surface, and it is a key property for mineral identification. COLOR is determined by the absorption and transmission of light wavelengths, with the perceived color being the remaining wavelengths. MAGNETISM - Some minerals can be strongly attracted (ferromagnetic), slightly attracted (paramagnetic) or repelled (diamagnetic) by a magnet. The most common strongly magnetic minerals are magnetite (iron oxide) and pyrrhotite (iron sulfide).

23. mineral formation processes

24. Mineral formation processes Minerals are natural, solid substances with atoms arranged in an orderly crystalline structure. They form when temperature, pressure, or chemical conditions in the environment change, causing atoms to bond in regular patterns.

25. Igneous (Magmatic) Crystallization Minerals form as molten rock cools and solidifies, either deep underground (intrusive) or at the surface (extrusive). Intrusive (plutonic) rocks cool slowly deep within the Earth, allowing large, well-formed crystals to develop (e.g., granite with visible quartz and feldspar). Extrusive (volcanic) rocks cool rapidly at or near the surface, producing fine-grained or glassy textures (e.g., basalt, obsidian).

26. Sedimentary / Chemical Precipitation Minerals form as dis solved substances in water combine and settle out when the water evaporates or cools, creating layers or veins of minerals Occu rs as water evaporates in lakes or seas, creating evaporite deposits such as halite and gypsum. Also happens when hydrothermal fluids move through fractures and cool, depositing minerals like quartz or calcite in veins. Produces layered or vein-type mineral deposits important for building materials and groundwater resources. Halite Gypsum Calcite

27. Metamorphic Recrystallization Metamorphic Recrystallization – Minerals form as exi sting rocks experience intense heat and pressure that rearrange their atomic structures, creating new, stable minerals while the rock remains solid and does not melt. Minerals form as orig inal minerals are chemically broken down at or near Earth’s surface and their elements recombine with water, oxygen, or other agents to create new minerals more stable in surface conditions. Weathering / Secondary Alteration

28. Biogenic (Biomineralization) Minerals form as liv ing organisms draw dissolved elements from their surroundings and control their crystallization to create structural parts such as shells or skeletons, leaving behind mineral deposits when the organisms die. Und erstanding mineral formation enables civil engineers to evaluate how specif ic minerals affect material durability, control chemical reactions in concrete and steel, and guide the selection of stable aggregates, leading to safer and longer-lasting structures. importance to civil engineering

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