Green gram (vigna radiata)

land preparation,seed sowing (treatment&varieties),irrigation,inter crop cultivation,food value.

1. CULTIVATION AND PRACTICES PRESENTED BY: KRATIKA SINGHAM B.TECH ( FPT) I year GREEN GRAM MUNG BEAN ( Vigna radiata )

2. Season ,Varieties and Land Preparation GREEN GRAM MUNG BEAN ( Vigna radiata )

3. GREEN GRAM

4. Important pulses originated from India . Short duration legume crop. Grown mostly as a fallow crop in rotation with rice Scientifically known as   Vigna radiata  

5. GREEN GRAM PRODUCTION IN INDIA: India is the world ’ s largest producer as well as consumer of green gram. It produces about 1.5 to 2.0 million tons of Mung annually from about 3 to 4 million hectares of area. Average productivity is 500kg per hectare. Green gram output accounts for about 10-12% of total pulse production in the country .  

6. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF GREEN GRAM: It is a protein rich seeds. Contains 20-25% protein. The plants are sometimes cut and ploughed into the soil to enrich soil nitrogen.

7. SEASONS OF CULTIVATION: ADIPATTAM - JUNE TO JULY PURATASIPATTAM -SEPT TO OCT MARGAZHIPATTAM -DEC TO JAN RICE FALLOWS -JAN TO FEB SUMMER -FEB TO MARCH

8. District/Season Varieties Adipattam (June - July) All districts except Kanyakumari and Nilgiris Co 6, Co(Gg) 7, VBN 2, VBN(Gg) 3 Vellore and Thiruvannamalai VRM( Gg ) 1, Puratasipattam (September - October) Kanchipuram , Tiruvallur , Dharmapuri , Vellore, Co 6, VBN( Gg ) 2, VBN( Gg ) 3 Tiruvannamalai , Salem, Namakkal , Cuddalore , Villupuram , Thiruchirapalli , Perumbalur , Erode, Coimbatore, Madurai, Dindigul , Theni , Pudukottai , Pudukkottai , Sivagangi , Ramanthapuram , Virudhunagar , Thothukudi and Thirunelveli VRM( Gg ) 1 Vellore and Tiruvannamalai ,

9. Margazhi -Thai Pattam (December – January) All districts except Kanyakumari and Nilgiris VBN(Gg) 2, VBN(Gg)3 Rice fallows (January - February) Thanjavur , Tiruvarur , Nagapattinam , Cuddalore ADT 3 Summer (February - March) Thanjavur , Tiruvarur , Nagapattinam , Cuddalore , Co 6, VBN(Gg) 3 Villupuram , Tiruchirapalli , Perambalur , Thiruvallur , Kanchipuram District/Season Varieties

10. VARIETIES OF GREEN GRAM : Co 6 Vamban ( Gg ) 2 VBN ( Gg ) 3 VRM ( Gg ) 2 Co ( Gg ) 7 ADT 3 Paiyur 1

11. FIELD PREPARATION Weeding- Pendimethalin @ 3.3 litres per hectare Prepare the land to get fine tilth and form beds and channels.

12. Amendments for soil surface crusting: To tide over the soil surface crusting apply - lime at the rate of 2 t/ha FYM at 12.5 t/ha (or) composted coir pith at 12.5 t/ha to get an additional yield of about 15 - 20%.

13. For certified / quality seed production leave a distance of 5 m all around the field from the same and other varieties of the crop.

14. Seed Sowing,fertilizers Application and Irrigation GREEN GRAM MUNG BEAN ( Vigna radiata )

15. QUICK RECAP Important pulse crop in India. Rich in aminoacids - Leucine , Phenyl analine ,lysine , Valine , Isoleucine Identification –green Consumption of Pulses in India

16. FOOD VALUE OF GREEN GRAM Consumption: whole, dal , splitting seeds Whole dried seeds Food Value Minerals and Vitamins Moisture - 10.4% Calcium - 124 mg Protein - 24.0% Phosphorus - 326 mg Fat - 1.3% Iron - 7.3mg Fibre - 4.1% Small amount of Vitamin B Complex Minerals - 3.5% * Values per 100 gm's edible portion Carbohydrates - 56.7% Calorific Value - 334 Food Value Minerals and Vitamins Moisture - 10.1% Calcium - 75 mg Protein - 24.5% Phosphorus - 405 mg Fat - 1.2% Iron - 8.5mg Fibre - 0.8% Small amount of Vitamin B Complex Minerals - 3.5% * Values per 100 gm's edible portion Splitted seeds ( Dal )

17. ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION OF GREEN GRAM Native of India –not found in wild state Introduced early in southern china ,Indo- china

18. AGRO ECO SYSTEM ANALYSIS (AESA) Critical analysis of field situations and their inter-relationship for growing healthy crop

19. CLIMATIC REQUIREMENTS Altitude: 0-1600 m above sea level warm climatic conditions Rainfall: Optimum 650 mm Temperature: 30-35or upto 40’c SOIL Fertile red loamy soil sandy soil Prepared land for sowing of green gram

20. SEED VARIETIES VARIETIES AVERAGE YIELD DURATION OF MATURATION High Yielding varieties Madhira 295 14 65-70 LCG 407 (mutant of Pant M 2) 14 65-70 LCG 450 13 70-75 Medium Yielding varieties 12.4 70-75 HUM 2 12 60-70 Asha 12 75-80 Low yielding varieties IPM 99-125 9.6 60-70 Ganga 8 9.1 72 Pusa 9531 9 60 PDM 11 8.3 75 HUM 1 ( Malvita Jyoti ) 8.1-9.4 80-85

21. SELECTION OF SEEDS Authentic source eg . KVK( Krishi Vigyan Kendra),AICRP(All India Co-ordinated Research Production) Genetic purity Resistant to-drought ,pests &diseases High germination rate Fulfill climatic requirements Suitability for soil Pre-treatment required or not

22. SEED TREATMENT With sulphuric acid Shrunken Shrivelled fungal infected brunched infected Hard seed Shrunken Hard seed For seed borne diseases, Thiram or captan 2,3,2.5 kg/seed As it is leguminous plant – Rhizobium culture Rhizobium leguminosarum 20-40 g /kg of seed 10% gur solution after cooling mixed with Rhizobium culture, dried for 6-8 hr in shade and sown immediately or after within 12 hrs Fig. Gur Solution Treatment

23. SOWING Placing of seeds inside soil under some optimum measurements. It depends upon the varieties: Depth - 2cm Spacing Plant to plant - 10cm Row-to-row - 30cm It can be done – Manually (Broadcasting, Line Sowing) Mechanically (Seed drill)

24. METHODS OF SOWING Manually(broad casting and line sowing) Seed drill Sprinkling or sowing seeds in a line manually Advantages Easy Requires no skill Fastest Cheapest Disadvantages Uneven distribution Requires large quantity of seeds Loss of seeds (air, birds) Low yield Weed growth is mo re Sowing of seeds at particular measurement by seed driller Advantages Accurate sowing Even distribution No wastage Weed growth is avoided Disadvantages Costly Requires skilled personnel

25. Line sowed Field Seed Drill

26. SOWING TIME Kharif July to First week April (intercropping June month) Rabi First and second week of October Spring and summer March to April March to First week April (Central India) February to Mid March (South India)

27. FERTILIZERS

28. FERTILIZERS leguminous plant Atmospheric N - Rhizobium bacterium Requirement-less fertilizer Rainfed   : 12.5 kg N 2 + 25 kg P 2 O 5 + 12.5 kg K 2 O + 10 kg S*/ha Irrigated : 25 kg N 2 + 50 kg P 2 O 5 + 25 kg K 2 O + 20 kg S*/ha Application of Zinc Sulphide 15-20 kg/ha or 20 kg Sulphur with gypsum (for good production)

29. For higher yield ( Multibloom Technology, Thanjavur ) 25:50:25:20 kg N:P:K:S/ha. + 25 kg N/ha. in 3 equal splits on 30, 45 and 60 days after sowing + 2% DAP spray on 45 and 60 days after sowing For yield improvement through physiological, biochemical attributes Foliar spray of urea 1% on 30 and 45 days sowing

30. WHAT FERTILIZERS ACTUALLY DO? FERTILIZER EFFECT Nitrogen Helps in vegetative growth Phosphorous Increasing resistancy Sulphur Helps in retaining sulphur content after double crop Zinc Mung bean very responsive to it. Removes dead leaf tissue between veins

31. ADVANTAGES OF MANURES OVER FERTILIZERS Manures Fertilizers Organic residues of plants Inorganic chemicals Easily available Available in shops Suitable for every variety of a crop Suitability is specific Excess use is advantageous Excess use is dangerous (leaching, infertility, plant diseases) Cheaper expensive Required in large amount Required in small amount

32. IRRIGATION Giving water to the plants by natural or artificial means Sources: River Ponds Tubewells Tanks Rainfall Mung Bean – Efficient users of water (don’t need irrigation during podding ) Very Sensitive to water logging

33. IRRIGATION TECHNIQUES Minimising the impact of waterlogging two different irrigation methods are used: FURROW IRRIGATION SPARY IRRIGATION For steep graded field Approxiately 50mm per week normally be required during flowering and pod fill

34. REQUIREMENT ACCORDING TO SEASONS Moisture deficiency during pod filling badly affect production For heavy rains- proper drainage in fields

35. LACK OF IRRGATION Prepared land Dried land

36. Intercrop Cultivation It is a drought resistant crop and suitable for dry land farming. It is predominantly used as an intercrop with crops like cotton and red gram. It is also being grown as intercrop in fruit crops like mango, citrus etc. when they are young.

37. Crop rotations of green gram The common crop rotations followed in India include: green gram – mustard; green gram – safflower; green gram – linseed; and green gram – wheat.

38. Crop sequence Spring or summer green gram is grown as a catch crop. The crop sequences that have been successful are green gram – maize – wheat, green gram – rice – wheat, green gram – maize – toria – wheat, green gram – maize – potato – wheat. In spring planted sugarcane, it is also grown as an intercrop. During rabi , it is grown in rice fallows of southern and south eastern region

39. Pests Major pests of green gram: Borers Sucking pests Flower feeder

40. Borers Gram pod borer: Helicoverpa armigera Symptoms of damage: Defoliation in early stages. Larva’s head alone thrust inside the pods and the rest of the body hanging out. Pods with round holes Identification of the pest Larva -  Greenish white with brown head. It has two pairs of dark spots on the back of each segment Adult - Forewings - light brown colour with white markings. Hindwings  – white colour with brown markings at the lateral edge

41. Spiny pod borer,  Etiella zinckenella Symptoms of damage  Dropping of flowers and young pods. Older pods marked with a brown spot where a larvae has entered Blue butterfly:  Lampides boeticus Symptoms of damage  Buds , flowers and young pods with boreholes. Presence of slug like caterpillar. Honey dew secretion with black ant movements

42. 2.Sucking pests Bean Aphids:  Aphis craccivora Symptoms of damage Leaves, inflorescence stalk and young pods  covered with dark coloured aphids. Honey dew secretion with black ant movements Leaf hopper -   Empoasca kerri Symptoms of damage Leave mottled and yellowish in colour. Green colour insects found under surface of leaves

43.  Lab lab bug or Stink bug:  Coptosoma cribraria Symptoms of damage Cluster on the  plant  parts and suck the sap. Whitefly –  Bemisia tabaci Symptoms of damage Leave mottled and yellowish in colour. vector of yellow mosaic virus

44.   3. Flower feeder Blister beetle:  Mylabris phalerata Symptoms of damage The adult feeds voraciously on buds and flowers. Management Manual collection or collection with insect net and killing of adults in kerosenized water appears to be the only possible solution.

45. Harvesting Harvesting is generally by two to five hand-pickings at weekly intervals and is the most expensive single operation in growing green gram. Harvesting before the maturity of crop, usually result in lower yields, higher proportion of immature seeds, poor grain quality and more chances of infestation during storage. Delay in harvesting results in shattering of pods and other losses caused by pests

46. Harvesting during adverse weather condition i.e. rains and overcast weather should be avoided. Such weather is conducive to fungal infection. The harvested bundles should be kept in one direction in order to ascertain efficient threshing. They should be stacked in a dry, clean place in cubical way to facilitate circulation of the air around. 

47. SUMMARY GREEN GRAM Seed High , medium and low yielding Sowing Manual, Mechanical (seed drill) Sowing Time Kharif , Rabi, Spring and Summer Irrigation Furrow and Spray

48. REFERENCES http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/agriculture https://www.daff.qld.gov.au Rathod , S. L. and Gawande , M. B. (2014). Response of Green gram Varieties to Different Fertilizer Grades International Journal of Science and Research Volume 3 Issue 7. Singh G., Sekhan , H.S. and Kolar J.S. (2005). Agro technique and pulse production. First Ed ., Agrotech Publishing Academy. Pp 223 Khedar , U.P., Singh, R.V., Shrimati , M. and Singh, N.P. (2008). Mung Bean Chapter. Pulses Status and Cultivation technology. Aavishkar Publishing Distribution. Pp-106-127.

49. THANK YOU Have A Healthy & Mungful Day…