Gregg Reference Manual

Think it, speak it, but write it correctly.

1. Punctuaton: Major Marks
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CONTENTS
PART 1.Grammar, Usage, and Style
SECTION 1.Punctuation: Major Marks
SECTION 2.Punctuation: Other Marks
SECTION 3.Capitalization
SECTION 4.Numbers
SECTION 5.Abbreviations
SECTION 6.Plurals and Possessives
SECTION 7.Spelling
SECTION 8. Compound Words
SECTION 9.Word Division
SECTION 10. Grammar
SECTION 11. Usage
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3. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶101a. Use a period to mark the end of a
sentence that makes a statement or
expresses a command.
THE PERIOD
Statement: I question the need to merge
the two companies.
Command: Make sure that the doors open
at 10 a.m.
Slide 1-1

4. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶110a. Use a question mark at the end of a
direct question.
¶104. Use a period at the end of an indirect
question.
THE QUESTION MARK
Direct question: Why is the policy being
changed?
Indirect question: I would like to know
why the policy is being changed.
Slide 1-2

5. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶119a. Use an exclamation point at the end
of a sentence to express enthusiasm or some
other strong feeling.
THE EXCLAMATION POINT
Exclamation: Your article about the
Internet was the best I’ve ever read!
Slide 1-3

6. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶103. Use a question mark at the end
of a sentence that asks a favor. Use
a period at the end of a sentence
that expresses a polite command.
THE PERIOD AND THE
QUESTION MARK
Favor: Will you please let me borrow your
Corvette?
Polite command: Will you please let me
know whether you plan to stay overnight.
Slide 1-4

7. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶¶101b, 111, 119a. Use a period, a question
mark, or an exclamation point (as
appropriate) at the end of an elliptical
expression—a word or phrase that
represents a complete sentence.
THE PERIOD, THE QUESTION MARK,
AND THE EXCLAMATION POINT
When am I leaving? In a week or so.
I heard that you’re resigning. Why?
What a great job! Congratulations!
Slide 1-5

8. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶107a. Use periods after elements displayed
on separate lines in a list when they are long
or are essential to the grammatical
completeness of the statement that
introduces the list.
THE PERIOD
This software will help you to:
1. Maintain your checkbook.
2. Prepare a realistic monthly budget.
3. Monitor your monthly expenses.
Slide 1-6

9. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶107b. No periods are needed after elements
in a list if the introductory statement is
grammatically complete.
THE PERIOD
We can provide the following kinds of
software:
• Customer information systems
• Product information systems
• Decision support systems
Slide 1-7

10. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶102a. As a general rule, use one space
after the period or any other mark at the
end of a sentence, but switch to two
spaces whenever a stronger visual break
between sentences is needed.
THE PERIOD
One space after the period: Let’s meet on
Friday. How does 10 a.m. sound?
Two spaces after the period: Let’s meet on
Friday. How does 10 a.m. sound?
Slide 1-8

11. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶102e. When an abbreviation ends one
sentence and begins the next, the use of one
space after the period that ends the sentence
may be inadequate. Use two spaces for a
stronger visual break.
THE PERIOD
One space after the period: Lunch begins at
1 p.m. F. J. Rae will be the speaker.
Two spaces after the period: Lunch begins
at 1 p.m. F. J. Rae will be the speaker.
Slide 1-9

12. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶122. Use commas to set off nonessential
expressions—words, phrases, and clauses
that are not needed to complete the meaning
or the structure of a sentence.
COMMAS THAT SET OFF
Nonessential: Let’s ask Muriel Spock, who is
familiar with this type of transaction.
Essential: Let’s ask someone who is familiar
with this type of transaction.
Slide 1-10

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643,346,Slide 346643,346,Slide 346
COMMAS THAT SET OFF
Nonessential: I have decided, therefore, to
withdraw my bid.
Essential: I have therefore decided to withdraw
my bid.
Slide 1-11
643,346,Slide 346643,346,Slide 346643,346,Slide 346643,346,Slide 346643,346,Slide 346643,346,Slide 346643,346,Slide 346643,346,Slide 346643,346,Slide 346643,346,Slide 346643,346,Slide 346643,346,Slide 346643,346,Slide 346
¶122. Use commas to set off nonessential
expressions—words, phrases, and clauses
that are not needed to complete the meaning
or the structure of a sentence.

14. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶122a. Use commas to set off interrupting
elements—words, phrases, and clauses that
break the flow of a sentence from subject to
verb to object or complement.
COMMAS THAT SET OFF
Interrupting: We could meet this Thursday or,
if you prefer, next Tuesday.
Interrupting: We can wait for a week, can’t we, to
see what happens?
Slide 1-12

15. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶122b. Use commas to set off afterthoughts—
words, phrases, and clauses loosely added
onto the end of a sentence.
COMMAS THAT SET OFF
Afterthought: The merger took place last July,
if I remember correctly.
Afterthought: It’s not too late to enroll, is it?
Slide 1-13

16. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶122c. Use commas to set off transitional
expressions and similar elements that
are not essential to the meaning or the
structure of a sentence.
COMMAS THAT SET OFF
Nonessential: It is true, nevertheless, that
Carl supplied us with useful information.
Essential: It is nevertheless true that Carl
supplied us with useful information.
Slide 1-14

17. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶122c. Use commas to set off independent
comments and similar elements that are not
essential to the meaning or the structure of a
sentence.
COMMAS THAT SET OFF
Nonessential: It is our plan, of course, to
get a second opinion.
Essential: It is of course our plan to get a
second opinion.
Slide 1-15

18. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶122d. Use commas to set off descriptive
expressions and similar elements that are not
essential to the meaning or the structure of a
sentence.
COMMAS THAT SET OFF
Nonessential: Many thanks for your letter of
May 1, in which you reviewed my manuscript.
Essential: Many thanks for the letter in which
you reviewed my manuscript.
Slide 1-16

19. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶122e-f. Use commas to set off descriptive
expressions and similar elements that are not
essential to the meaning or the structure of a
sentence.
COMMAS THAT SET OFF
Dates: The meeting planned for November 5, 2003, will
have to be rescheduled for February 2004.
Names: Ann Garcia, M.D., is moving to Logan, Utah.
Names: Paul Poe Jr. is leaving Green Inc. next week.
Slide 1-17

20. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶123b. Use a comma to separate three or
more items in a series.
COMMAS THAT SEPARATE
The Foxes, the Perrys, and the Joneses have
said yes.
I’m still waiting to hear from the Sheas and
the Poes.
Slide 1-18

21. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶123c. Use a comma to separate two
or more adjectives that modify
the same noun.
COMMAS THAT SEPARATE
Gillian is a thoughtful, considerate person.
But: I would like to thank you for your
thoughtful editorial comments.
Slide 1-19

22. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶123d. Use a comma to separate the
digits of large numbers into
groups of thousands.
COMMAS THAT SEPARATE
Slide 1-20
10,575200,0003,500,000
But: 3000 3.14159265

23. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶123e. Use a comma to indicate the
omission of key words.
COMMAS THAT SEPARATE
Slide 1-21
Employees with at least one year of service
are entitled to two weeks of vacation; those
with at least three years of service, three
weeks.

24. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶123e. Use a comma to indicate unusual
word order.
COMMAS THAT SEPARATE
Slide 1-22
How that happened, we’ll never know.

25. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶123e. Use a comma to
preserve clarity.
COMMAS THAT SEPARATE
Slide 1-23
All an insurance policy is, is a contract for
services.

26. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶124. Use a comma after most introductory
elements that begin a sentence and precede the
subject and verb of the main clause.
COMMAS THAT SEPARATE
Slide 1-24
Introductory word: Well, what can we do?
Introductory phrase: To start a successful business,
you need to do a lot of planning.
But: To start a successful business requires a
lot of planning.

27. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶124. Use a comma after most introductory
elements that begin a sentence and precede the
subject and verb of the main clause.
COMMAS THAT SEPARATE
Slide 1-25
Introductory clause: Before we invest more
money in the company, we need to see an updated
financial analysis.
Introductory verbal phrase: In reviewing the
sketches, I noticed several problems.

28. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶124. Use a comma after most introductory
elements that begin a sentence and precede the
subject and verb of the main clause.
COMMAS THAT SEPARATE
Slide 1-26
Introductory adverb: Tomorrow I’ll give you our
decision.
Introductory phrase: In 2003 I may retire.
Introductory phrase: In the morning I’ll have
more time.

29. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶124b. Use a comma after a transitional
expression or an independent comment that
begins a sentence.
COMMAS THAT SEPARATE
Slide 1-27
Transitional expression: In any case, we don’t
have to decide right away.
Independent comment: In my opinion, she
needs help.

30. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶¶126-128. Use a comma to separate two
main clauses when they are joined by
and, but, or, or nor.
COMMAS IN COMPOUND
SENTENCES
Slide 1-28
Compound sentence: I finished the report
last week, and I will now write a one-page
executive summary.
Compound predicate: I finished the report
last week and will now write a one-page
executive summary.

31. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶¶126-128. Do not use a comma to separate
two main clauses when they are not joined by
and, but, or, or nor.
COMMAS IN COMPOUND
SENTENCES
Slide 1-29
Run-on sentence: I finished the report last week,
I will now write a one-page executive summary.
(A comma is incorrect.)
Correct alternatives:. . . last week. I will . . .
. . . last week; I will . . .
. . . last week, and I will . . .

32. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶130. Use a comma to separate a dependent
clause that precedes
the main clause.
COMMAS IN COMPLEX
SENTENCES
Slide 1-30
Before we meet with the sales staff, we
need to complete this study.

33. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶¶131, 132. Use a comma to separate a
nonessential dependent clause that follows
the main clause.
COMMAS IN COMPLEX
SENTENCES
Slide 1-31
Nonessential: We need to complete this study
by Friday, before we meet with the CEO.
Essential: We need to complete this study
before we meet with the CEO.

34. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶176. Use a semicolon to separate
two independent clauses when the
clauses are not linked by a coordinating
conjunction (and, but, or, or nor).
THE SEMICOLON
Slide 1-32
Sheila wants to buy an SUV; Paul would
rather get a convertible.
Also correct: Sheila wants to buy an
SUV. Paul would rather get a convertible.

35. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶178. Use a semicolon to separate two
independent clauses when the clauses are
linked by a transitional expression (such as
however, moreover, or therefore).
THE SEMICOLON
Slide 1-33
My partners want to sign the contract; however,
I have some misgivings.
Also correct: My partners want to sign the
contract. However, I have some misgivings.

36. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶187a. Use a colon to separate two independent
clauses (1) when the second clause explains the
first clause and (2) the clauses are not linked by
a coordinating conjunction or a transitional
expression.
THE COLON
Slide 1-34
It has been said that a successful project goes
through three stages: it won’t work, it costs too
much, and I always knew it was a good idea.

37. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶187b. Compare the use of the colon and the
semicolon in these examples:
THE COLON
Slide 1-35
Colon: This job sounds very attractive: the salary, the
benefits, and the opportunities for advance-ment seem
excellent. (The second clause explains the first clause.)
Semicolon: This job sounds very attractive; it is the
kind of job I have been looking for. (Also correct:
This job sounds very attractive. It is the . . . . )

38. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶181a. Ordinarily, use a semicolon to
separate two independent clauses
when they are linked by for example, namely,
or that is.
FOR EXAMPLE,
NAMELY, AND THAT IS
Semicolon: Pamela Hearst is well qualified for
this sales job; for example, she spent three years
working as a sales representative for one of our
major competitors.
Slide 1-36

39. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶181b. Use a colon before for example,
namely, or that is if (1) the first inde-
pendent clause directs attention to the
second independent clause and
(2) the second clause carries the
real emphasis in the sentence.
FOR EXAMPLE,
NAMELY, AND THAT IS
Colon: Your proposal covers all but one
point: namely, who is going to foot the bill?
Slide 1-37

40. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶182a. Use a semicolon before for example,
namely, or that is if (1) the preceding part of
the sentence expresses
a complete thought and (2) what
follows is an afterthought, providing
additional information that is nice
to know but nonessential.
FOR EXAMPLE,
NAMELY, AND THAT IS
Semicolon: Always use figures with abbre-
viations; for example, 6 ft, 8 lb, 11 a.m.
Slide 1-38

41. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶182b. Use a colon before for example,
namely, or that is if (1) the preceding part
of the sentence leads up to what follows
and (2) the real emphasis of the sentence is
to fall on what follows.
FOR EXAMPLE,
NAMELY, AND THAT IS
Colon: There are two things I’d like you to
do while I’m away: namely, answer all my
phone calls and don’t let anyone know that
I’m away.
Slide 1-39

42. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶182c. Use a comma before for example,
namely, or that is if it introduces a word or
phrase that explains an expression
immediately preceding.
FOR EXAMPLE,
NAMELY, AND THAT IS
This batch of mail will be processed by an
OCR, that is, an optical character reader.
Slide 1-40

43. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶¶183, 201. When for example, namely, or
that is introduces an expression within a
sentence, use dashes to set off the
complete expression if you want to give it
special emphasis.
DASHES
Three of our customers—namely, Foley,
Florio, and Gabor—have not reordered.
Slide 2-1

44. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶¶183, 219. When for example, namely, or
that is introduces an expression within a
sentence, use parentheses to set off the
complete expression if you want to de-
emphasize it.
PARENTHESES
Three of our customers (namely, Foley,
Florio, and Gabor) have not reordered.
Slide 2-2

45. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶183. When for example, namely, or that is
introduces an expression within a sentence, use
commas to set off the complete expression if (1)
no special treatment is required and (2) the
expression does not contain a series
of items separated by commas.
COMMAS
A few of our customers, for example, Foley
and Florio, have called to complain.
Slide 2-3

46. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶227. Use quotation marks to enclose a
direct quotation, that is, the exact
words of a speaker or writer.
QUOTATION MARKS
Jack simply said, “I have decided to resign.”
Slide 2-4

47. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶228. Do not use quotation marks for an
indirect quotation, that is, a restatement of a
person’s exact words.
QUOTATION MARKS
Jack simply said that he had decided to resign.
Slide 2-5

48. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶253a. When a quoted statement falls at the
beginning of a sentence, insert a comma
(not a period) before the
closing quotation mark.
QUOTATION MARKS
“Let’s try to meet next Thursday,” Jean
suggested.
Slide 2-6

49. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶254. When a quoted question falls at
the beginning of a sentence, insert a
question mark (not a comma) before the
closing quotation mark.
QUOTATION MARKS
“Why do we need to meet?” Steve asked.
Slide 2-7

50. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶254. When a quoted exclamation falls at
the beginning of a sentence, insert an
exclamation point (not a comma) before the
closing quotation mark.
QUOTATION MARKS
“I don’t believe it!” Burt shouted.
Slide 2-8

51. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶256a. When a quoted sentence falls at the
end of a larger sentence, insert a comma
before the opening quotation mark if the
quotation is introduced
by a simple phrase like She said.
QUOTATION MARKS
Marsha said, “We need to make a decision
today.”
Slide 2-9

52. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶256b. When a quoted sentence falls
at the end of a larger sentence, insert
a colon before the opening quotation
mark if the quotation is introduced by a
complete sentence like She said this.
QUOTATION MARKS
Marsha’s reaction was fierce: “We need to
make a decision today.”
Slide 2-10

53. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶¶247a, 257. When a quoted statement falls
at the end of a statement, insert
a period before the closing
quotation mark.
QUOTATION MARKS
Marsha said, “We need to make a decision
today.”
Slide 2-11

54. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶¶249a, 257. When a quoted question falls at
the end of a statement, insert
a question mark before the closing
quotation mark.
QUOTATION MARKS
Ralph replied, “Why do we have to decide
today?”
Slide 2-12

55. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶¶249b, 257. When a quoted statement falls
at the end of a question, insert
a question mark after the closing
quotation mark.
QUOTATION MARKS
Did Marsha really say, “We need to make a
decision today”?
Slide 2-13

56. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶257. When a quoted question falls at the
end of a question, insert a question mark
before the closing quotation mark.
QUOTATION MARKS
Did Marsha really say, “Why do we need to
make a decision today?”
Slide 2-14

57. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶242. Use quotation marks to enclose titles
that represent only part of a complete work
(such as an article in a magazine or a chapter
in a book).
QUOTATION MARKS
I’m enclosing a copy of an article entitled
“Reinventing Retailing to Compete With E-
Tailing.”
Slide 2-15

58. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶289a. Use italics or underlining to set off
titles that represent complete works (such as a
magazine or a book).
ITALICS AND UNDERLINING
For an excellent book on conflict resolution,
read Getting to Yes. (Or: Getting to Yes.)
Slide 2-16

59. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶285a. Use italics or underlining to
set off words used as words.
ITALICS AND UNDERLINING
What does the term mouse potato mean?
Slide 2-17

60. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶287. Use italics or underlining
to set off foreign expressions
unless they are considered part
of the English language.
ITALICS AND UNDERLINING
What they said is true, n’est-ce pas? (Or:
n’est-ce pas?)
But: I’m all for preserving the status quo.
Slide 2-18

61. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶301a. Capitalize the first word of
every sentence.
CAPITALIZATION—FIRST WORDS
We didn’t know that.
How did you find out?
Slide 3-1

62. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶301b. Capitalize the first word of
an expression used as a sentence.
CAPITALIZATION—FIRST WORDS
Really? Unbelievable!
Indeed. So much for that.
Slide 3-2

63. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶301c. Capitalize the first word of
a quoted sentence.
CAPITALIZATION—FIRST WORDS
Mr. Potter asked, “When can we expect a
decision?”
Slide 3-3

64. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶301d. Capitalize the first
word of an independent question
within a sentence.
CAPITALIZATION—FIRST WORDS
The question is, What should we do now?
Slide 3-4

65. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶301e. Capitalize the first
word of each item displayed
in a list or an outline.
CAPITALIZATION—FIRST WORDS
Slide 3-5
This problem-solving tool will help you:
• Become an effective leader.
• Improve your relations with colleagues.
• Cope with stressful situations on the job.

66. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶301g. Capitalize the first
word of the salutation and the
complimentary closing of a letter.
CAPITALIZATION—FIRST WORDS
Slide 3-6
Dear Ms. Porcini:Sincerely,

67. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶¶303, 311, 320. Capitalize every proper
noun, that is, the official name of a
particular person, place, or thing.
CAPITALIZATION—PROPER NOUNS
Slide 3-7
Persons:
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
Eleanor Roosevelt
Organizations:
Cisco Systems
the Red Cross

68. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶¶303, 325, 335. Capitalize every proper
noun, that is, the official name of a
particular person, place, or thing.
CAPITALIZATION—PROPER NOUNS
Slide 3-8
Governmental units:
the House of Representatives
But: the federal government
the Vermont State Board of Education
But: the state of Vermont

69. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶¶303, 331. Capitalize every proper noun,
that is, the official name of a particular
person, place, or thing.
CAPITALIZATION—PROPER NOUNS
Slide 3-9
Places:
the Holiday Inn Bath, Maine
Lake Champlain O’Hare Airport

70. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶¶303, 331, 356, 360, 364. Capitalize
every proper noun, that is,
the official name of a particular
person, place, or thing.
CAPITALIZATION—PROPER NOUNS
Slide 3-10
Things:
the Statue of LibertyKleenex
Gone With the Wind an Oscar

71. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶¶303, 342. Capitalize every proper noun,
that is, the official name of a particular
person, place, or thing.
CAPITALIZATION—PROPER NOUNS
Slide 3-11
Days:
Wednesday Saturday
Months:
February 14 October 31
Holidays:
the Fourth of July Mother’s Day

72. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶¶303, 344a-b. Capitalize every proper
noun, that is, the official name of a
particular person, place, or thing.
CAPITALIZATION—PROPER NOUNS
Slide 3-12
Events:
World War IIthe Middle Ages
the Holocaustthe Renaissance

73. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶¶303, 348. Capitalize every proper noun,
that is, the official name of a particular
person, place, or thing.
CAPITALIZATION—PROPER NOUNS
Slide 3-13
Races:
Caucasians Native Americans
Peoples:
the Koreans African Americans
Languages:
speak Swedishread Japanese

74. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶307. Do not capitalize common
nouns, that is, nouns that refer
to a class of things.
CAPITALIZATION—COMMON NOUNS
Slide 3-14
books all booksevery book

75. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶308. Do not capitalize common nouns,
that is, nouns that refer to a particular
person, place, or thing without
using the full official name.
CAPITALIZATION—COMMON NOUNS
Slide 3-15
my bookthis bookthese books

76. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶309. Capitalize a common noun when it is
part of a proper noun but not when it is
used as a short form in place of the
complete official name.
CAPITALIZATION—COMMON NOUNS
Slide 3-16
Proper nouns: Common nouns:
Dr. Milano my doctor
Professor Piaseckithe professor
the Poe Companythe company

77. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶309. Capitalize a common noun when it is
part of a proper noun but not when it is
used as a short form in place of the
complete official name.
CAPITALIZATION—COMMON NOUNS
Slide 3-17
Proper nouns: Common nouns:
Boston Universitythe university
Hotel Pierre the hotel
Logan Airport the airport

78. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶¶309, 331, 346a. Capitalize a common noun
when it is part of a proper noun but not when
it is used as a short form in place of the
complete official name.
CAPITALIZATION—COMMON NOUNS
Slide 3-18
Proper nouns: Common nouns:
the Hudson Riverthe river
Fifth Avenue the avenue
the Civil Rights Actthe act

79. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶312a. Capitalize a title when it precedes a
person’s name.
CAPITALIZATION—TITLES
Slide 3-19
Personal titles:
Mr. ArnstMs. La Voix
Executive titles:
President Roy Fox

80. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶312a. Capitalize a title when it precedes a
person’s name.
CAPITALIZATION—TITLES
Slide 3-20
Professional titles:
Dr. ChengProfessor Romero
Governmental titles:
Governor FoySenator Cohen

81. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶313a. In most cases, do not capitalize these
titles when they follow a
person’s name or are used in
place of a person’s name.
CAPITALIZATION—TITLES
Slide 3-21
Roy Fox, president of the Century Club, asked .
. .
The president of the Century Club asked . . .

82. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶313b. Always capitalize the titles of
high-ranking officials and dignitaries, even
when they follow a person’s name or are
used in place of a person’s name.
CAPITALIZATION—TITLES
Slide 3-22
National officials:
the Presidentthe Vice President
State officials:
the Governorthe Lieutenant Governor

83. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶313b. Always capitalize the titles of
high-ranking officials and dignitaries, even
when they follow a person’s name or are
used in place of a person’s name.
CAPITALIZATION—TITLES
Slide 3-23
Foreign dignitaries:
the Queenthe Prime Minister
International figures:
the Popethe Secretary General

84. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶313c-d. Ordinarily, do not capitalize
the titles of local officials or company
officials when they follow or are
used in place of a person’s name.
CAPITALIZATION—TITLES
Slide 3-24
The mayor announced . . .
The treasurer of the club . . .

85. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶401a. Spell out numbers from 1
through 10. Use figures for
numbers over 10.
NUMBERS—FIGURE STYLE
Slide 4-1
Please make ten copies of this article.
Please make 11 copies of this article.

86. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶402. Express related numbers
the same way. If some are
above 10 and some below 10,
put them all in figures.
NUMBERS—FIGURE STYLE
Slide 4-2
Please send 10 copies of this article to our
Boise office and 11 copies to our Topeka
office.

87. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶401d. Always spell out numbers at the
beginning of a sentence.
NUMBERS—FIGURE STYLE
Slide 4-3
Forty men showed up.

88. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶401c. Always spell out indefinite
numbers and amounts.
NUMBERS—FIGURE STYLE
Slide 4-4
a few thousand brochures
hundreds of acres

89. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶401d. Always spell out nontechnical or
nonemphatic references to age, periods of
time, and measurements.
NUMBERS—FIGURE STYLE
Slide 4-5
when I turn forty
sixty years ago
lose fifty pounds

90. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶401d. Some numbers are
usually spelled out.
NUMBERS—FIGURE STYLE
Slide 4-6
Ordinal numbers:
my twenty-fifth birthday
Fractions:
over one-third of the callers

91. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶¶401b, 410. In expressions of dates,
where numbers have technical signifi-
cance or need to stand out for quick
comprehension, use all figures—even
for the numbers 1 through 10.
NUMBERS—FIGURE STYLE
Slide 4-7
On April 8, 2003, we will . . . (Not: April 8th)
In April 2003 we will . . .
the May 2003 issueBut: the May 2, 2003, issue

92. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶¶401b, 403a, 413a, 418a. In expressions of
money, where numbers have technical
significance or need to stand out for quick
comprehension, use all figures—even
for the numbers 1 through 10.
NUMBERS—FIGURE STYLE
Slide 4-8
from $4.95 to $9
$5,000,000Or: $5 million
10 centsBut: not worth two cents

93. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶¶401b, 453. When numbers
precede abbreviations and
symbols, use all figures—even
for the numbers 1 through 10.
NUMBERS—FIGURE STYLE
Slide 4-9
8 a.m.7.5 lb250 MB9°F

94. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶401b. With technical or emphatic
references to age, use all figures— even
for the numbers 1 through 10.
NUMBERS—FIGURE STYLE
Slide 4-10
Technical: a study of 2-year-olds
Nontechnical: my two-year-old son

95. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶¶401b, 436. With technical or
emphatic references to periods
of time, use all figures—even for the
numbers 1 through 10.
NUMBERS—FIGURE STYLE
Slide 4-11
Technical: a 20-year mortgage
Nontechnical: over twenty years ago

96. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶¶401b, 429. With technical or emphatic
references to measure-
ments, use all figures—even for
the numbers 1 through 10.
NUMBERS—FIGURE STYLE
Slide 4-12
Technical: packages over 5 pounds
Nontechnical: need to lose five pounds

97. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶404. Spell out numbers from 1 through
100. Also spell out numbers above 100 that
require only one or two words.
NUMBERS—WORD STYLE
Slide 4-13
sixty-five (one word)
three hundred (two words)
But: 350 (would require three words)
ninety-five million But: 125 million

98. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶405. Express related numbers the same
way. If some numbers require one or two
words and others require more than two
words, put them all in figures.
NUMBERS—WORD STYLE
Slide 4-14
We sent out 350 invitations and have
already received over 300 acceptances.
Our corporation projected revenues of
$125 million last year but earned only
$95 million.

99. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶502a. Avoid using abbreviations
except on business forms, in catalogs,
in tables, and in informal documents shared
with your colleagues.
When in doubt, spell it out.
ABBREVIATIONS
Slide 5-1

100. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶502b. Some abbreviations are always
acceptable, such as those that
accompany a person’s name.
ABBREVIATIONS
Slide 5-2
Mr. Ms. Jr. M.D.
Esq.Mrs.Sr. Ph.D.

101. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶502b. Some abbreviations are always
acceptable, such as those that
are part of an organization’s name.
ABBREVIATIONS
Slide 5-3
Co.Corp. Inc.Ltd.

102. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶502c. Some abbreviations are always
acceptable, such as those used in place
of a long organizational name.
ABBREVIATIONS
Slide 5-4
NAACP SECIRSNBC

103. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶502b. Some abbreviations are
always acceptable, such as those
used in expressions of time.
ABBREVIATIONS
Slide 5-5
a.m.p.m.PST EDT

104. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶503. When alternative forms are available,
use the form that is the shortest without any
sacrifice of clarity.
ABBREVIATIONS
Slide 5-6
cont. (rather than contd.)
2 lb (rather than 2 lbs)
Enc. 2 (rather than Encs. 2 OR Encl. 2)
2d (rather than 2nd)

105. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶506a. Use a period after the
abbreviation of a single word.
ABBREVIATIONS—PUNCTUATION
Slide 5-7
Mrs.Corp. pp. Wed.
Jr. Inc. Nos. Dec.

106. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶507. When a small-letter abbreviation
consists of single initials representing two
or more words, insert a period after each
initial but insert no
space after each internal period.
ABBREVIATIONS—
PUNCTUATION AND SPACING
Slide 5-8
a.m. i.e. BUT: rpm
p.m. e.g. mph

107. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶508. As a general rule, do not use periods
in all-capital abbreviations consisting of
single initials
representing two or more words.
ABBREVIATIONS—
PUNCTUATION AND SPACING
Slide 5-9
CBS CEO ASAP
MIT FYI CD-ROM

108. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶508. As an exception to the general
rule, insert periods in all-capital
abbreviations when they consist of single
initials and they represent:
ABBREVIATIONS—
PUNCTUATION AND SPACING
Slide 5-10
• Geographic names: U.S.N.J.D.C.
• Academic degrees: B.A.M.S.M.D.
• Miscellaneous expressions:A.D.B.C.P.O.

109. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶509. When an abbreviation consists of more
than single initials, insert a period and a space
after each element in the abbreviation.
ABBREVIATIONS—
PUNCTUATION AND SPACING
Slide 5-11
N. Mex.Lt. Col.Rt. Rev.loc. cit.
Exceptions:
• Academic abbreviations: Ph.D.LL.B.
• Units of measurement: sq ftcu cm

110. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶510. Do not use a period after
shortened forms of words.
ABBREVIATIONS—PUNCTUATION
Slide 5-12
deli temp hype
demo typo condo
fax info co-op

111. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶516a. Insert a period and a space after
each initial in a person’s name.
ABBREVIATIONS—
PUNCTUATION AND SPACING
Slide 5-13
M. A. Devine F. E. Hollings
W. E. B. Du BoisB. J. Malone

112. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶516b. As a rule, omit periods
when a person’s name is expressed
entirely in initials.
ABBREVIATIONS—PUNCTUATION
Slide 5-14
JFK FDR

113. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶522a. Do not use periods in
acronyms (all-cap initials that are
pronounced like a word).
ABBREVIATIONS—PUNCTUATION
Slide 5-15
PIN BOGSAT NIMBY
MEGO WOMBATPEBCAK

114. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶601. To form the plural of most
words, simply add s.
PLURALS
Slide 6-1
ideascommitteestaxis menus
combsrhythms depthsrights

115. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶602. To form the plural of words that
end in s, x, ch, sh, and z, add es.
PLURALS
Slide 6-2
businesses boxes crashes
summonses matches brushes
faxes sketches buzzes

116. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶605. To form the plural of words that
end in a vowel plus y, add s.
PLURALS
Slide 6-3
holidaysattorneys joysguys

117. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶604. To form the plural of words
that end in a consonant plus y,
change the y to i and add es.
PLURALS
Slide 6-4
policy ® policiesliability ® liabilities
copy ® copies rally ® rallies

118. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶606. To form the plural of words
that end in a vowel plus o, add s.
PLURALS
Slide 6-5
stereosratiosshampoosduos

119. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶607. To form the plural of words that end
in a consonant plus o, add s to some words
and es to others. (Check your manual or a
dictionary to be sure.)
PLURALS
Slide 6-6
photosmemospotatoesechoes
macrostwosheroesfiascoes

120. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶608a. To form the plural of most words
ending in f, fe, or ff, add s.
PLURALS
Slide 6-7
beliefsproofssafes sheriffs
chiefsreefs cafés tariffs

121. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶608b. To form the plural of some
words ending in f, fe, or ff, change
the ending to ve and add s.
PLURALS
Slide 6-8
wife ® wives self ® selves
life ® lives shelf ® shelves

122. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶¶609-610. Some words have an irregular
plural. Check your
manual or a dictionary if you are
not sure of the correct form.
PLURALS
Slide 6-9
man ® men foot ® feet
woman ® women goose ® geese
child ® childrenmouse ® mice

123. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶611. Solid Compound Nouns. Pluralize the
final element in the compound
as if it stood alone.
PLURALS
Slide 6-10
crossroadshatboxes handkerchiefs
birthdays eyewitnesseshairbrushes
bookshelvesblueberriesphotocopies

124. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶612a. Spaced or Hyphenated Compound
Nouns. To form the plural, add s or es to the
chief element of the compound.
PLURALS
Slide 6-11
mothers-in-laweditors in chief
runners-up accounts payable

125. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶612b. Spaced or Hyphenated Compound
Nouns. When this type of compound
does not contain a noun as one of its
elements, simply add s or es to the
final element to form the plural.
PLURALS
Slide 6-12
hang-ups get-togethers
go-betweens run-throughs

126. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶614. When words of foreign origin
have acceptable English plurals,
add s or es as appropriate.
PLURALS
Slide 6-13
agenda ® agendasstadium ® stadiums
census ® censusesappendix ® appendixes

127. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶614. Some words of foreign origin require
foreign plurals. Check your manual or a
dictionary for the correct forms.
PLURALS
Slide 6-14
alumnus (m.) ® alumnicriterion ® criteria
alumna (f.) ® alumnaeanalysis ® analyses

128. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶619. To form the plural of most
abbreviations, add s.
PLURALS
Slide 6-15
Vol. ® Vols.No.® Nos.Dr.® Drs.

129. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶620. Abbreviations of measurements use
the same form in the
singular and the plural.
PLURALS
Slide 6-16
oz ftinlbkm mL

130. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶621. To form the plural of a few
abbreviations, double
the singular form.
PLURALS
Slide 6-17
p. ® pp. l. ® ll.¶ ® ¶¶

131. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶622. To form the plural of abbreviations
that end in a
capital letter, add s.
PLURALS
Slide 6-18
VIPsCEOs M.D.sPh.D.s

132. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶623. To form the plural of abbreviations
that end in a small
letter, add an apostrophe plus s.
PLURALS
Slide 6-19
received four c.o.d.’s
minding one’s p’s and q’s

133. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶630. To form the possessive of singular
nouns that do not end with an s sound,
add an apostrophe plus s.
SINGULAR POSSESSIVES
Slide 6-20
my attorney’s adviceIllinois’s highways
the committee’s voteArkansas’s lakes

134. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶631a. To form the possessive of singular
nouns that do end with an s sound, be guided by
your pronunciation. If you create a new syllable
when you pronounce the possessive, add an
apostrophe plus s.
SINGULAR POSSESSIVES
Slide 6-21
your boss’s approvalDallas’s parks
our coach’s strategyPhoenix’s suburbs

135. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶631b. To form the possessive of singular
nouns that do end with an s sound, be guided by
your pronunciation. If adding an extra syllable
makes the word hard to pronounce, add only an
apostrophe.
SINGULAR POSSESSIVES
Slide 6-22
for goodness’ sake New Orleans’ chefs
Massachusetts’ roadsLos Angeles’ freeways

136. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶634. To form the possessive of singular
compound nouns, add an apostrophe plus s to
the last element of the compound.
SINGULAR POSSESSIVES
Slide 6-23
an eyewitness’s storymy stockbroker’s advice
my son-in-law’s jobthe attorney general’s plan

137. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶632. To form the possessive of regular plural
nouns (those that end in s or es),
add only an apostrophe.
PLURAL POSSESSIVES
Slide 6-24
attorneys’ fees the witnesses’ testimony
ten dollars’ worth our bosses’ decisions

138. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶633. To form the possessive of irregular
plural nouns (those that do not end in s or es),
add an apostrophe plus s.
PLURAL POSSESSIVES
Slide 6-25
men’s ties children’s toys
women’s skirtsthe alumni’s contributions

139. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶635a. To form the possessive of plural
compound nouns that end in s,
add only an apostrophe.
PLURAL POSSESSIVES
Slide 6-26
the stockholders’ votes
the vice presidents’ jobs

140. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶635b. To form the possessive of plural
compound nouns that do not end in s,
add an apostrophe plus s.
PLURAL POSSESSIVES
Slide 6-27
the editors in chief’s judgments
my sons-in-law’s Internet start-up

141. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶636. To form the possessive of personal
pronouns, never use an apostrophe.
Use the special possessive forms.
POSSESSIVES—PRONOUNS
Slide 6-28
my idea your bills
the idea was mine these bills are yours

142. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶636. To form the possessive of personal
pronouns, never use an apostrophe.
Use the special possessive forms.
POSSESSIVES—PRONOUNS
Slide 6-29
his palmtop our CD collection
that palmtop is his those CDs are ours

143. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶636. To form the possessive of personal
pronouns, never use an apostrophe.
Use the special possessive forms.
POSSESSIVES—PRONOUNS
Slide 6-30
her e-mail their summer cottage
this e-mail is hers that cottage is theirs

144. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶636. To form the possessive of personal
pronouns, never use an apostrophe.
Use the special possessive forms.
POSSESSIVES—PRONOUNS
Slide 6-31
Each group uses its own forms. (NOT: it’s)
The decision has to be yours. (NOT: your’s)
The responsibility is theirs. (NOT: their’s)

145. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶637. To form the possessive of
singular indefinite pronouns,
add an apostrophe plus s.
POSSESSIVES—PRONOUNS
Slide 6-32
anybody’s guesssomeone else’s problem
no one’s fault one another’s children

146. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶637. To form the possessive of
singular indefinite pronouns, add
an apostrophe plus s.
POSSESSIVES—PRONOUNS
Slide 6-33
someone’s chanceeach other’s rights
BUT: the needs of each
(NOT: each’s needs)

147. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶615a. To form the plural of most
surnames, just add s.
SURNAMES—PLURAL FORMS
Slide 6-34
Mr. and Mrs. Carter ® the Carters
Mr. and Mrs. Shea ® the Sheas

148. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶615b. To form the plural of surnames
ending in s or x, add es.
SURNAMES—PLURAL FORMS
Slide 6-35
Mr. and Mrs. Bass®the Basses
Mr. and Mrs. Fox®the Foxes

149. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶615b. To form the plural of surnames
ending in ch, sh, or z, add es.
SURNAMES—PLURAL FORMS
Mr. and Mrs. French® the Frenches
Mr. and Mrs. Marsh ® the Marshes
Mr. and Mrs. Perez® the Perezes
Slide 6-36

150. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶615b. If adding es makes the plural surname
hard to pronounce, use the singular form for
the plural.
SURNAMES—PLURAL FORMS
Mr. and Mrs. Hastings ® the Hastings
(NOT: the Hastingses)
Slide 6-37

151. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶615c. When forming the plural of a
surname, do not change the spelling.
Simply add s or es.
SURNAMES—PLURAL FORMS
the Kennedys(NOT: the Kennedies)
the Wolfs (NOT: the Wolves)
the Fairchilds(NOT: the Fairchildren)
Slide 6-38

152. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶631a. To form the singular possessive of a
surname, add an apostrophe plus s.
SURNAMES—POSSESSIVE FORMS
Mrs. Jones’s articleMr. and Mrs. Marx’s house
Mr. Harris’s reportMr. and Mrs. Hertz’s car
Note that Mr. and Mrs. is followed by the singular
form of the possessive.
Slide 6-39

153. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶631b. To form the singular possessive of a
surname, add only an apostrophe if the
addition of an apostrophe plus s makes the
name hard to pronounce.
SURNAMES—POSSESSIVE FORMS
Mrs. Hodges’ fax
(NOT: Mrs. Hodges’s fax)
Mr. and Mrs. Hastings’ party
(NOT: Mr. and Mrs. Hastings’s party)
Slide 6-40

154. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶632a. To form the plural possessive of a
surname, add only an apostrophe.
SURNAMES—POSSESSIVE FORMS
the Joneses’ farmthe Marxes’ house
the Harrises’ sonthe Hertzes’ car
the Hodges’ condothe Hastings’ party
Slide 6-41

155. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶701. When a word of one syllable ends
with a single consonant (bag) preceded by a
single vowel (bag), double the final
consonant before a suffix beginning with a
vowel or before the suffix y.
SPELLING
baggagebaggedbaggingbaggy
Slide 7-1

156. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶702. When a word of two or more syllables
ends in a single consonant (refer) preceded by
a single vowel (refer), double the final
consonant before a suffix beginning with a
vowel (referred) if the accent falls on the last
syllable of the root word (reFERred or
reFERring).
SPELLING
forBIDden beGINning
ocCURred reGRETtable
Slide 7-2

157. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶703. When a word of one syllable ends
with a single consonant (bad) preceded by a
single vowel (bad), do not double the final
consonant before a suffix beginning with a
consonant (badly).
SPELLING
joyfuljoylessgladlygladness
Slide 7-3

158. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶704. When a word of two or more syllables
ends in a single consonant (total) preceded by a
single vowel (total), do not double the final
consonant before a suffix beginning with a
vowel (totaled) if the accent does not fall on the
last syllable of the root word.
SPELLING
CANceled DIFferent BENefiting
Exceptions: PROgrammed FORmatting
Slide 7-4

159. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶705. Do not double the final consonant of
the root word before a suffix if the
root word ends in a single consonant
preceded by two vowels.
SPELLING
gainfulchieflydreamingriotous
Slide 7-5

160. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶706. Do not double the final consonant of
the root word before a suffix if the root
word ends in two consonants.
SPELLING
climbingselfishbackwardwarmly
Slide 7-6

161. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶707. Words ending in a silent e usually
drop the e before a suffix beginning with
a vowel.
SPELLING
storage managing
BUT: mileage manageable
Slide 7-7

162. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶708. Words ending in a silent e usually
retain the e before a suffix beginning with a
consonant.
SPELLING
hopeful management
BUT: awful judgment
Slide 7-8

163. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶710. Words ending in y preceded by a
consonant change the y to i before most
suffixes.
SPELLING
happiness heavier
defiant fiftieth
BUT: countrywide shyly
Slide 7-9

164. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶710. Words ending in y preceded
by a consonant retain the y before
a suffix beginning with i.
SPELLING
tryingthirtyish lobbyist
BUT: academy ® academic
economy ® economic
Slide 7-10

165. Click the mouse button or press the
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¶712. The letter i usually comes before e.
SPELLING
believe field friend
relief yield view
BUT: either foreign
Slide 7-11

166. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶712. The letter e usually comes before i
when these letters follow c.
SPELLING
receive perceive conceit
deceitfulceiling receipt
BUT: ancient science
Slide 7-12

167. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶712. The letter e comes before i when these
two letters are pronounced like ay (as in
day).
SPELLING
freightneighboreight their
weightvein sleigh heir
Slide 7-13

168. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶715a. Most words that end with
the sound of eyes are spelled
with the ending ize.
SPELLING
authorizeemphasizerealize
specializecriticize organize
recognizevisualizeprize
Slide 7-14

169. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶715b. Some common words that
end with the sound of eyes are
spelled with the ending ise.
SPELLING
advertisecompromiseenterprise
superviseadvise devise
exercisesurprise televise
Slide 7-15

170. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶715c. A few words that end with the sound of
eyes are spelled with the ending yze.
SPELLING
analyzeparalyze
Slide 7-16

171. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶716c. When words end with the sound of
seed, they usually end with cede.
SPELLING
accedeintercederecede
concedeprecede secede
Slide 7-17

172. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶716b. Three words that end with the sound of
seed are spelled with the ending ceed.
SPELLING
exceedproceedsucceed
Slide 7-18

173. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶716a. Only one word that ends with
the sound of seed is spelled with
the ending sede.
SPELLING
supersede
Slide 7-19

174. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶801a. Some compound nouns are written
solid, some are spaced, and
some are hyphenated.
COMPOUND NOUNS
checklistcheck markcheck-in
goodwill good sensegood-bye
trademarktrade nametrade-in
Slide 8-1

175. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶802. Distinguish between compound
nouns that are solid or hyphenated and verb
phrases (which are always spaced).
COMPOUND NOUNS AND VERBS
COMPOUND NOUN VERB PHRASE
a follow-up on my memofollow up on my memo
a breakdown in the talkswhen talks break down
Slide 8-2

176. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶802. Distinguish between compound nouns
that are solid or hyphenated and verb phrases
(which are always spaced).
COMPOUND NOUNS AND VERBS
COMPOUND NOUN VERB PHRASE
plan a get-together plan to get together
to reduce staff turnoverto turn over the deed
Slide 8-3

177. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶811. Compound verbs are usually
hyphenated or solid. To be sure of the
spelling of compound verbs, check
your manual or a dictionary.
COMPOUND VERBS
to air-conditionto download
to double-click to highlight
to spot-check to proofread
Slide 8-4

178. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶809a. When referring generally to men and
women, avoid compound nouns ending in
man or men.
GENDER-FREE NOUNS
IN PLACE OF: USE:
laymen laypersons
businessmen business owners
business executives
business managers
business people
Slide 8-5

179. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶809a. When referring generally to men and
women, avoid compound nouns ending in
man or men.
GENDER-FREE NOUNS
IN PLACE OF: USE:
mankind people, humanity, human
beings
salesman salespeople, salespersons, sales
representatives
foremen supervisors
Slide 8-6

180. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶840. Avoid feminine suffixes
like ess and ette.
GENDER-FREE NOUNS
author (NOT: authoress)
flight attendant(NOT: stewardess)
Slide 8-7

181. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶840. A few terms ending with feminine
suffixes like ess and ette
are still widely used.
GENDER-FREE NOUNS
hostessheroinefiancéewaitress
Slide 8-8

182. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶813. A compound adjective consists of two
or more words that function as a unit and
express a single thought. They are derived
from adjective phrases or clauses.
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
ADJECTIVE PHRASE COMPOUND
OR CLAUSE ADJECTIVE
loans made for a long termlong-term loans
an actor who is well known a well-known actor
a sale exempt from taxes a tax-exempt sale
Slide 8-9

183. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶813. A compound adjective consists of two
or more words that function as a unit and
express a single thought. They are derived
from adjective phrases and clauses.
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
ADJECTIVE PHRASE COMPOUND
OR CLAUSE ADJECTIVE
a vacation for two weeksa two-week vacation
a woman who speaks softlya soft-spoken woman
Slide 8-10

184. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶814. Hyphenate a compound adjective
when it comes before a noun.
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
long-range plansan eye-catching display
a 40-hour week an old-fashioned gown
Slide 8-11

185. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶815a. When the elements that make up a
compound adjective come elsewhere
in a sentence, do not hyphenate them
if they occur in a normal form and in
a normal word order.
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
an all-day seminara seminar that lasts all day
a part-time job I work part of the time.
BUT: I work part-time.
Slide 8-12

186. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶815b. When the elements that make up a
compound adjective come elsewhere
in a sentence, retain the hyphen if these
elements are in an inverted word order
or an altered form.
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
high-priced These items are high-priced.
items BUT: They carry a high price.
state-ownedThese lands are state-owned.
lands BUT: They are owned by the state.
Slide 8-13

187. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶816. Adjective + Noun. Hyphenate before
but not after.
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
a high-speed printerIt runs at high speed.
red-carpet treatmentRoll out the red carpet.
Slide 8-14

188. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶817. Compound With Number or Letter.
Hyphenate before but not after.
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
a three-hour job a job that took three hours
a 20-year mortgagea mortgage running for 20 years
Slide 8-15

189. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶818. Compound Nouns as Adjectives.
Do not hyphenate before or after.
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
a life insurance policyword processing software
a real estate agent income tax payments
Slide 8-16

190. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶819. Proper Names as Adjectives.
Do not hyphenate before or after.
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
a Park Avenue addressa Supreme Court decision
an L. L. Bean catalogMickey Mouse procedures
Slide 8-17

191. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶820. Noun + Adjective. Hyphenate before
and after. (Some words follow-
ing this pattern are written solid.)
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
a toll-free call You can call toll-free.
a cost-effective plan must be cost-effective
BUT: worldwide, storewide
waterproof, fireproof
Slide 8-18

192. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶821. Noun + Participle. Hyphenate before
and after.
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
market-tested productsThis has been market-tested.
mind-boggling detailsThe report was mind-boggling.
Slide 8-19

193. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶822. Adjective + Participle. Hyphenate
before and after.
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
half-baked ideas All his ideas are half-baked.
a friendly-looking dogThat dog is friendly-looking.
Slide 8-20

194. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶823. Adjective + Noun + ed. Hyphenate
before and after.
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
a quick-witted driverShe was quick-witted.
deep-seated problemsThese problems are deep-seated.
Slide 8-21

195. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶826. Participle + Adverb. Hyphenate
before but not after.
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
filled-in forms forms to be filled in
a cooling-off perioda time for cooling off
Slide 8-22

196. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶831. Phrasal Compounds. Hyphenate
before but not after.
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
up-to-date figures figures that are up to date
down-to-earth ideasneeds to come down to earth
on-the-job trainingwas trained on the job
Slide 8-23

197. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶831. Phrasal Compounds. Hyphenate
before but not after.
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
off-the-shelf softwarebought it off the shelf
before-tax earningsearnings before taxes
after-dinner speechesspeeches after dinner
Slide 8-24

198. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶833. As a rule, do not use a hyphen to set
off a prefix from the root word.
PREFIXES
aftereffectsmisspell prerequisite
antitrust multipurposeretroactive
hypersensitivenonessentialsemiannual
Slide 8-25

199. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶833. As a rule, do not use a hyphen to set
off a suffix from the root word.
SUFFIXES
freedom trustful happiness
fivefoldlikelihoodhardship
Slide 8-26

200. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶835a. In most words beginning with re,
pre, or de, the hyphen is omitted.
PREFIXES
reeducate preeminentdefraud
reelect preempt deregulate
reemphasizepreexistingBUT: de-emphasize
Slide 8-27

201. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶835b. In most words beginning
with co, the hyphen is omitted.
PREFIXES
coauthor copartner BUT: co-op
cooperate cosigner co-opt
coordinatecoworker co-owner
Slide 8-28

202. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶836. Use a hyphen when self is a prefix but
not when self is the root word.
PREFIXES
self-addressedself-pacedBUT: selfish
self-confidentself-study selfless
self-evidentself-supportingselfsame
Slide 8-29

203. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶¶901-902. Divide only between syllables. Do
not divide a one-syllable word.
WORD DIVISION
plannedthroughstraightrhythm
Slide 9-1

204. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶903a. Do not set off a one-letter syllable at
the beginning or at the end of a word.
WORD DIVISION
ideal (NOT: i- deal)
media (NOT: medi- a)
Slide 9-2

205. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶904. Do not divide a word unless
you can leave at least two letters
and a hyphen on the upper line.
WORD DIVISION
re- newun- derad- mitin- ert
Slide 9-3

206. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶904. Do not divide a word unless you
can carry a syllable of at least three
characters to the next line. (The last
may be a punctuation mark.)
WORD DIVISION
de- terad- mitset- up,happi- ly.
Slide 9-4

207. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶¶905-906. Do not divide an
abbreviation or a contraction.
WORD DIVISION
UNICEF approx.haven’tshouldn’t
Slide 9-5

208. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶¶907-908. Try to divide compound words
between elements (not within).
WORD DIVISION
eye-witness (NOT: eyewit-ness)
cross-reference (NOT: cross-ref-erence)
Slide 9-6

209. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶913. Divide after a one-letter syllable
within a word (not before it).
WORD DIVISION
nega- tive (NOT: neg- ative)
congratu- late (NOT: congrat- ulate)
Slide 9-7

210. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶914. Divide between two vowels when
they are pronounced separately (but
not when they represent one sound).
WORD DIVISION
patri- oticsitu- ated
BUT: trea- sureneu- tral
Slide 9-8

211. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶916. Try not to end more than two
consecutive lines with a hyphen.
WORD DIVISION
Slide 9-9

212. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶917. Try not to divide at the end
of the first line or at the end of the
last full line of a paragraph.
WORD DIVISION
Slide 9-10

213. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶918. Do not divide the
last word on a page.
WORD DIVISION
Slide 9-11

214. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶919. Do not divide between
certain types of word groups.
WORD DIVISION
page 191May 13 Ms. Raeburn
11:40 a.m.June 2003250 miles
Slide 9-12

215. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶920g. In an enumerated list,
divide before (not after) an introductory
number or letter.
WORD DIVISION
. . . these points:
(1) All cards should . . .
NOT: . . . these points: (1)
All cards should . . .
Slide 9-13

216. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶920h. Divide after a
dash (not before it).
WORD DIVISION
. . . Early next year—
say, in March—let’s . . .
NOT: . . . Early next year
—say, in March—let’s . . .
Slide 9-14

217. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON
REGULAR VERBS (¶1030a)
Slide 10-1
PAST PRESENT
PRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE
ask asked asked asking
confirmconfirmedconfirmed confirming
need needed needed needing
reveal revealedrevealed revealing

218. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON
REGULAR VERBS (¶1030a)
PAST PRESENT
PRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE
maintainmaintainedmaintainedmaintaining
taxi taxied taxied taxiing
plan planned planned planning
ship shipped shipped shipping
Slide 10-2

219. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON
REGULAR VERBS (¶1030a)
PAST PRESENT
PRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE
occur occurredoccurred occurring
compelcompelledcompelled compelling
offer offered offered offering
traveltraveledtraveled traveling
Slide 10-3

220. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON
REGULAR VERBS (¶1030a)
PAST PRESENT
PRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE
receivereceivedreceived receiving
agree agreedagreed agreeing
die died died dying
tie tied tied tying
Slide 10-4

221. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON
REGULAR VERBS (¶1030a)
PAST PRESENT
PRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE
carry carriedcarried carrying
hurry hurriedhurried hurrying
obey obeyed obeyed obeying
annoy annoyedannoyed annoying
Slide 10-5

222. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON
IRREGULAR VERBS (¶1030b)
PAST PRESENT
PRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE
am, is, arewas, werebeen being
become became become becoming
begin began begun beginning
break broke broken breaking
Slide 10-6

223. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON
IRREGULAR VERBS (¶1030b)
PAST PRESENT
PRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE
bring broughtbrought bringing
buy bought bought buying
catch caught caught catching
choose chose chosen choosing
Slide 10-7

224. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON
IRREGULAR VERBS (¶1030b)
PAST PRESENT
PRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE
come came come coming
do drew drawn drawing
draw did done doing
drink drank drunk drinking
Slide 10-8

225. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON
IRREGULAR VERBS (¶1030b)
PAST PRESENT
PRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE
drive drove driven driving
eat ate eaten eating
fall fell fallen falling
feel felt felt feeling
Slide 10-9

226. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON
IRREGULAR VERBS (¶1030b)
PAST PRESENT
PRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE
find found found finding
fly flew flown flying
forget forgotforgotten forgetting
forgive forgaveforgiven forgiving
Slide 10-10

227. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON
IRREGULAR VERBS (¶1030b)
PAST PRESENT
PRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE
get got got OR gottengetting
give gave given giving
go went gone going
grow grew grown growing
Slide 10-11

228. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON
IRREGULAR VERBS (¶1030b)
PAST PRESENT
PRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE
hear heard heard hearing
hold held held holding
keep kept kept keeping
know knew known knowing
Slide 10-12

229. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON
IRREGULAR VERBS (¶1030b)
PAST PRESENT
PRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE
lay (place)laid laid laying
lie (recline)lay lain lying
lie (fib)lied lied lying
lead led led leading
Slide 10-13

230. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON
IRREGULAR VERBS (¶1030b)
PAST PRESENT
PRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE
lend lent lent lending
lose lost lost losing
make made made making
mean meant meant meaning
Slide 10-14

231. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON
IRREGULAR VERBS (¶1030b)
PAST PRESENT
PRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE
pay paid paid paying
ring rang rung ringing
rise rose risen rising
run ran run running
Slide 10-15

232. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON
IRREGULAR VERBS (¶1030b)
PAST PRESENT
PRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE
say said said saying
see saw seen seeing
sell sold sold selling
send sent sent sending
Slide 10-16

233. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON
IRREGULAR VERBS (¶1030b)
PAST PRESENT
PRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE
set set set setting
shake shook shaken shaking
shrink shrankshrunk shrinking
sing sang sung singing
Slide 10-17

234. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON
IRREGULAR VERBS (¶1030b)
PAST PRESENT
PRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE
sit sat sat sitting
speak spoke spoken speaking
swim swam swum swimming
swing swung swung swinging
Slide 10-18

235. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON
IRREGULAR VERBS (¶1030b)
PAST PRESENT
PRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE
take took taken taking
teach taughttaught teaching
tell told told telling
think thoughtthought thinking
Slide 10-19

236. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON
IRREGULAR VERBS (¶1030b)
PAST PRESENT
PRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE
throw threw thrown throwing
understandunderstoodunderstoodunderstanding
wear wore worn wearing
write wrote written writing
Slide 10-20

237. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1001. A verb must agree with its
subject in number and person.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
I am as pleased with the outcome as you are.
She is not as competent as she thinks.
We do a lot more work than he does.
He has more experience than they have.
Slide 10-21

238. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1002a. If the subject consists of two
or more words connected by and, the subject
requires a plural verb.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
My brother and I are likely to get better test
scores than my mother and father expect.
Slide 10-22

239. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1002c. If the subject consists of two
or more words connected by and,
the subject requires a plural verb.
However, if the two subjects connected by and
are preceded by each, every, or many a, the
subjects require a singular verb.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
A copier and a fax machine are what I need.
Every copier and fax machine is on sale.
Slide 10-23

240. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1003. If the subject consists of two or more
words connected by or, either . . . or,
neither . . . nor, or not only . . . but also,
use a singular verb if the two subjects
are each singular.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
Either Fran or Bob has the Kellerman file.
Slide 10-24

241. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1004. If the subject consists of two or more
words connected by or, either . . . or, neither
. . . nor, or not only . . . but also, use a plural
verb if the two subjects
are each plural.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
Neither the Kellys nor the Bonos want our
tickets.
Slide 10-25

242. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1005. If the subject consists of two or more
words connected by or, either . . . or,
neither . . . nor, or not only . . . but also,
make the verb agree with the nearer subject
if one subject is singular and
the other is plural.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
Neither the office manager nor the assistants like the
new policy.
Neither the assistants nor the office manager likes the
new policy.
Slide 10-26

243. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1005. If the subject consists of two or more
words connected by or, either . . . or, neither
. . . nor, or not only . . . but also, make the
verb agree with the nearer subject if one
subject is singular and
the other is plural.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
Neither the assistants nor I am happy about the new
policy.
Neither I nor the assistants are happy about the new
policy.
Slide 10-27

244. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1006. When establishing agreement between
subject and verb, ignore intervening phrases
and clauses.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
The bill for these spreadsheet programs
seems high.
The prices shown in our catalog do not
include sales taxes.
Slide 10-28

245. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶¶1006-1007. When establishing agreement
between subject and verb, ignore intervening
phrases and clauses.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
This study, along with earlier reports, proves
that our high prices, rather than poor service,
are responsible for our falling sales.
Slide 10-29

246. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶¶1006-1008. When establishing agreement
between subject and verb, ignore intervening
phrases and clauses.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
Mrs. Swenson, together with her husband and
her daughter, is going to Arizona.
One of the reasons for falling sales is our high
prices.
Slide 10-30

247. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1009a. Use a singular verb when
the subject includes such words as
each, every, either, or neither.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
Every employee has been informed of the
new policy.
Each is now responsible for adhering to that
policy.
Slide 10-31

248. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1010. Use a singular verb when the subject
consists of such words as anyone, everybody,
something, or no one.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
Everyone is required to attend the seminar.
Nothing surprises me anymore.
Slide 10-32

249. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1012. Use a plural verb when the
subject includes such words as both,
few, many, others, or several.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
Both books are out of print, but
several other titles on the same
subject are still available.
Slide 10-33

250. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1013. Words like all, none, any, some,
more, or most may be singular or plural as
subjects, depending on what they refer to.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
All of the work has been completed.
None of the cartons were damaged.
Slide 10-34

251. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1018a. When the subject is a
noun with a foreign plural ending,
be sure to use a plural verb.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
The criteria that we use are out of date.
BUT: The criterion that we use is out of date.
Slide 10-35

252. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1018a. When the subject is a
noun with a foreign plural ending,
be sure to use a plural verb.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
The analyses of the research data do not agree.
BUT: The analysis of the data is incomplete.
Slide 10-36

253. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1019a. When the subject is a collective noun
(like jury or committee), use a singular verb if
the group is acting as a unit.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
The jury has agreed on a verdict.
Slide 10-37

254. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1019b. When the subject is a collective noun
(like jury or committee), use a
plural verb if the members of the
group are acting separately.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
The jury have not yet agreed on a verdict.
BETTER: The members of the jury have not yet
agreed on a verdict.
Slide 10-38

255. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1023. When the subject is the number,
use a singular verb. When the subject
is a number, use a plural verb.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
The number of accidents at the corner is
alarming.
A large number of accidents have occurred
there.
Slide 10-39

256. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1025a. When the subject includes a phrase
like one-half of, a percentage of, or the rest of,
use a singular verb if a singular noun follows
of or is implied.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
Two-thirds of the job has been completed; the
remaining third is scheduled for completion by
this Friday.
Slide 10-40

257. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1025b. When the subject includes a phrase
like one-half of, a percentage of, or the rest of,
use a plural verb if a plural noun follows of or
is implied.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
A large percentage of the voters support your
plan.
Slide 10-41

258. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1027. When the verb comes before the
subject, make sure that they agree.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
What procedures am I expected to follow?
Enclosed is a copy of the e-mail sent by Mr.
Polk.
Slide 10-42

259. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1028a. When a sentence begins with there is,
here are, or a similar phrase, the real subject
follows the verb. Use a singular verb if the
subject is singular.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
There is a vast difference between the two
plans.
Here is the first draft of my manuscript.
Slide 10-43

260. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1028a. When a sentence begins with
there is, here are, or a similar phrase,
the real subject follows the verb. Use a plural
verb if the subject is plural.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
There are over 50 applicants for this job.
Here are the budget analyses you asked for.
What are the criteria we should use?
Slide 10-44

261. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1029. When a sentence contains a linking
verb (such as become or some form of to
be), make sure that the verb agrees with the
subject.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
Bicycles are the only product we make.
The only product we make is bicycles.
The key issue is higher wages.
Higher wages are the key issue.
Slide 10-45

262. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1054a. Use one of the following
forms when a personal pronoun
is the subject of a verb.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
FIRST SECOND THIRD
PERSON PERSON PERSON
Singular:I you he, she, it
Plural:we you they
Marcia and I can do it. (NOT: Marcia and me.)
Slide 10-46

263. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1054a. Use one of the following
forms when a personal pronoun
is the subject of a verb.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
FIRST SECOND THIRD
PERSON PERSON PERSON
Singular:I you he, she, it
Plural:we you they
Ted and she did a fine job. (NOT: Ted and her.)
Slide 10-47

264. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1054a. Use one of the following
forms when a personal pronoun
is the subject of a verb.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
FIRST SECOND THIRD
PERSON PERSON PERSON
Singular:I you he, she, it
Plural:we you they
The Levys and we met yesterday.
(NOT: The Levys and us.)
Slide 10-48

265. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1055a. Use one of the following
forms when the personal pronoun
is the object of a verb.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
FIRST SECOND THIRD
PERSON PERSON PERSON
Singular:me you him, her, it
Plural:us you them
They invited my wife and me.
(NOT: my wife and I.)
Slide 10-49

266. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1055a. Use one of the following
forms when the personal pronoun
is the indirect object.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
FIRST SECOND THIRD
PERSON PERSON PERSON
Singular:me you him, her, it
Plural:us you them
They gave Jim and me free tickets.
(NOT: Jim and I.)
Slide 10-50

267. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1055b. Use one of the following
forms when the personal pronoun
is the object of the preposition.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
FIRST SECOND THIRD
PERSON PERSON PERSON
Singular:me you him, her, it
Plural:us you them
They gave free tickets to Jim and me.
(NOT: Jim and I.)
Slide 10-51

268. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1055c. Use one of the following
forms when the personal pronoun
is the subject of an infinitive.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
FIRST SECOND THIRD
PERSON PERSON PERSON
Singular:me you him, her, it
Plural:us you them
She asked Sue and me to help her.
(NOT: Sue and I.)
Slide 10-52

269. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1055c. Use one of the following
forms when the personal pronoun
is the object of an infinitive.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
FIRST SECOND THIRD
PERSON PERSON PERSON
Singular:me you him, her, it
Plural:us you them
Sam plans to invite the Kellys and me.
(NOT: the Kellys and I.)
Slide 10-53

270. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1056b. Use one of the following possessive
forms when the pronoun immediately
precedes the noun it modifies.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
FIRST SECOND THIRD
PERSON PERSON PERSON
Singular:my your his, her, its
Plural:our your their
my computer his daughter our children
Slide 10-54

271. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1056b. Use one of the following possessive
forms when the pronoun immediately
precedes the noun it modifies.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
FIRST SECOND THIRD
PERSON PERSON PERSON
Singular:my your his, her, its
Plural:our your their
your report her son their parents
Slide 10-55

272. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1056c. Use one of the following possessive
forms when the pronoun stands apart from
the noun it refers to.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
FIRST SECOND THIRD
PERSON PERSON PERSON
Singular:mine yours his, her, its
Plural:ours yours theirs
This computer is mine. Is this his or hers?
Slide 10-56

273. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1056c. Use one of the following possessive
forms when the pronoun stands apart from
the noun it refers to.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
FIRST SECOND THIRD
PERSON PERSON PERSON
Singular:mine yours his, hers, its
Plural:ours yours theirs
That car is ours. Is this car yours or theirs?
Slide 10-57

274. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1056e. Do not confuse certain posses-
sive forms with certain contractions
that sound like personal pronouns.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
POSSESSIVES CONTRACTIONS
its it’s (it is OR it has)
The firm is wasting It’s (It is) time to come
its time. to a decision.
Slide 10-58

275. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1056e. Do not confuse certain posses-
sive forms with certain contractions
that sound like personal pronouns.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
POSSESSIVES CONTRACTIONS
your you’re (you are)
Your approach You’re (You are) makes
sense. approaching the
problem wisely.
Slide 10-59

276. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1056e. Do not confuse certain posses-
sive forms with certain contractions
that sound like personal pronouns.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
POSSESSIVES CONTRACTIONS
their they’re (they are)
OR: there’re (there are)
What do you think They’re (They are) of their
plan? planning to close.
Slide 10-60

277. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1056e. Do not confuse certain posses-
sive forms with certain contractions
that sound like personal pronouns.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
POSSESSIVES CONTRACTIONS
theirs there’s (there is
OR there has)
Theirs is the car There’s (There has) been
I like best. a change in Ben.
Slide 10-61

278. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1049a. A pronoun must agree
with its antecedent (the word for
which the pronoun stands) in
number, gender, and person.
PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT
AGREEMENT
I have my reasons, just as you have yours.
The company needs to review its discount
policy.
Slide 10-62

279. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1049a. A pronoun must agree
with its antecedent (the word for
which the pronoun stands) in
number, gender, and person.
PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT
AGREEMENT
Amy says that she needs her own computer.
We must establish our position before they
release their report.
Slide 10-63

280. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1049b. Use a plural pronoun
when the antecedent consists
of two nouns joined by and.
PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT
AGREEMENT
Wendy and Sue say that they will make
their presentations next Monday.
Slide 10-64

281. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1049c. Use a singular pronoun
when the antecedent consists of
two singular nouns joined by or or nor.
PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT
AGREEMENT
Neither Wendy nor Sue will be ready to make
her presentation before next Monday.
Slide 10-65

282. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1049c. Use a plural pronoun when
the antecedent consists of two plural
nouns joined by or or nor.
PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT
AGREEMENT
Either the Foxes or the Ryans will bring their
VCR.
Slide 10-66

283. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶¶1049a, 1051, 1052a, 1053. When the
antecedent of a personal pronoun is a
singular noun or pronoun that could be
either masculine or feminine, use one
of the following forms as appropriate.
PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT
AGREEMENT
he or shehis or herhim or her
A manager needs to use much tact when
dealing with his or her subordinates.
Slide 10-67

284. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT
AGREEMENT
he or shehis or herhim or her
Everyone must submit his or her expense
report by noon.
Slide 10-68
¶¶1049a, 1051, 1052a, 1053. When the
antecedent of a personal pronoun is a
singular noun or pronoun that could be
either masculine or feminine, use one
of the following forms as appropriate.

285. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1052. If the use of he or she (or a
similar expression) produces an awk-
ward sentence, reword the sentence.
PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT
AGREEMENT
Managers need to use much tact when
dealing with their subordinates.
A manager needs to use much tact when
dealing with subordinates.
Slide 10-69

286. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1052. If the use of he or she (or a
similar expression) produces an awk-
ward sentence, reword the sentence.
PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT
AGREEMENT
All employees must submit their expense
reports by noon.
Everyone must submit an expense report by
noon.
Slide 10-70

287. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1060a. Use one of the following
forms to direct the action expressed
by the verb back to the subject.
COMPOUND PERSONAL PRONOUNS
FIRST SECOND THIRD
PERSON PERSON PERSON
Singular:myselfyourselfhimself,
herself, itself
Plural:ourselvesyourselvesthemselves
She bought herself a new VCR.
Slide 10-71

288. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1060a. Use one of the following
forms to direct the action expressed by
the verb back to the subject.
COMPOUND PERSONAL PRONOUNS
FIRST SECOND THIRD
PERSON PERSON PERSON
Singular:myselfyourselfhimself,
herself, itself
Plural:ourselvesyourselvesthemselves
They conducted themselves honorably.
Slide 10-72

289. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1060b. Use one of the following
forms to emphasize a noun or
pronoun already expressed.
COMPOUND PERSONAL PRONOUNS
FIRST SECOND THIRD
PERSON PERSON PERSON
Singular:myselfyourselfhimself,
herself, itself
Plural:ourselvesyourselvesthemselves
I myself will deal with the problem.
Slide 10-73

290. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1060b. Use one of the following
forms to emphasize a noun or
pronoun already expressed.
COMPOUND PERSONAL PRONOUNS
FIRST SECOND THIRD
PERSON PERSON PERSON
Singular:myselfyourselfhimself,
herself, itself
Plural:ourselvesyourselvesthemselves
We planned the party ourselves.
Slide 10-74

291. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1060d. Do not use a compound personal
pronoun unless the noun or pronoun to
which it refers is in the same sentence.
COMPOUND PERSONAL PRONOUNS
FIRST SECOND THIRD
PERSON PERSON PERSON
Singular:myselfyourselfhimself,
herself, itself
Plural:ourselvesyourselvesthemselves
These copies are for Hal and me. (NOT: myself)
Slide 10-75

292. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1060d. Do not use a compound personal
pronoun unless the noun or pronoun to
which it refers is in the same sentence.
COMPOUND PERSONAL PRONOUNS
FIRST SECOND THIRD
PERSON PERSON PERSON
Singular:myselfyourselfhimself,
herself, itself
Plural:ourselvesyourselvesthemselves
Kate and I (NOT: myself) can resolve our problem.
Slide 10-76

293. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1061a. Who, whom, whoever,
and whomever are:
•Interrogative pronouns, used in
asking questions.
•Relative pronouns, used to
introduce a clause referring to a
noun in the main clause.
INTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE
PRONOUNS
Slide 10-77

294. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1061c. Use who or whoever
as the subject of a verb.
INTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE
PRONOUNS
Slide 10-78
Who gave you that information?
Chris is the one who gave me
that information.

295. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1061d. Use whom or whomever as the
object of a verb or a preposition.
INTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE
PRONOUNS
Slide 10-79
To whom should I distribute these copies?
Send the copies to whomever you wish.

296. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1063. Use whose as the
possessive form of who.
INTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE
PRONOUNS
Slide 10-80
Whose wallet is this?
Here’s the phone number of the person
whose wallet you found.

297. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1061c. To decide when to use who or
whom and whoever or whomever,
mentally rearrange the sentence
(as shown in parentheses below).
INTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE
PRONOUNS
Slide 10-81
Who/Whom shall I say is calling?
(I shall say he is calling.)
Give this note to whoever/whomever asks for it.
(She asks for it.)

298. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1061c. To decide when to use who or
whom and whoever or whomever,
mentally rearrange the sentence
(as shown in parentheses below).
INTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE
PRONOUNS
Slide 10-82
Who/Whom are you going to vote for?
(You are going to vote for him.)
Vote for whoever/whomever you wish.
(You wish to vote for her.)

299. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1063. Do not confuse whose (the possessive
form of who) with who’s (a contraction
meaning who is or who has).
INTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE
PRONOUNS
Slide 10-83
Whose/Who’s book is this?
(This book is his.)
Whose/Who’s the author?
(She’s the author.)

300. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
An adjective is an expression that
answers questions like what kind,
how many, and which one.
ADJECTIVES
Slide 10-84
What kind: excellent results
How many: four laptops
Which one: the latest data

301. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
An adjective may be a single word, phrase,
clause, or compound modifier.
ADJECTIVES
Slide 10-85
Single word: a powerful man
Phrase: a man of great power
Clause: a man who hungers for power
Compound modifier: a power-hungry man

302. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
An adjective can modify
a noun or pronoun.
ADJECTIVES
Slide 10-86
Noun: Wonderful news!
The news is wonderful!
Pronoun: Unlucky me.
I seem to be unlucky.

303. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
An adverb is an expression that answers
questions like when, where, why, in
what manner, and to what extent.
ADVERBS
Slide 10-87
When: I’ll call you tomorrow.
Where: Let’s meet here or in your office.
Why: I can’t attend because of illness.
In what manner: Don’t speak so fast.
To what extent: He talked much too long.

304. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
An adverb may be a single
word, phrase, or clause.
ADVERBS
Slide 10-88
Single word: Speak clearly.
Phrase: Speak in a clear voice.
Clause: Speak as clearly as you can.

305. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
An adverb can modify a verb, an
adjective, or another adverb.
ADVERBS
Slide 10-89
A verb: We closed the deal quickly.
An adjective: Carole seemed genuinely
pleased.
Another adverb: The meeting went
surprisingly well.

306. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1065. Use an adverb (not an
adjective) to modify an adjective.
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
Slide 10-90
a really nice time
(NOT: a real nice time)

307. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1066. Use an adverb (not an adjective)
to modify a verb that expresses action.
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
Slide 10-91
I was hurt badly in the collision.
(NOT: hurt bad)

308. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1067. Use an adjective (not an adverb) to
modify the subject of a sentence when the
modifier follows a verb of the senses (feel
look, sound, taste, smell).
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
Slide 10-92
I feel bad. (NOT: badly)
She looked happy. (NOT: happily)

309. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1067. Use an adjective (not an adverb)
to modify the subject of a sentence when the
modifier follows a linking verb (some form
of be, seem, appear, and become).
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
Slide 10-93
Joe seemed friendly.
We became suspicious.

310. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1071. Adjectives and adverbs have
three forms: positive, com-
parative, and superlative.
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
Slide 10-94
ADJECTIVE
Positive: thin
Comparative: thinner
Superlative: thinnest

311. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1071a, e. Adjectives and adverbs of one
syllable (like soon below) form the com-parative
by adding er and the superlative by adding est. A
few form the comparative and the superlative
irregularly (like good below).
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
Slide 10-95
ADVERB ADJECTIVE
Positive: soon good
Comparative:sooner better
Superlative:soonest best

312. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1071b. Adjectives and adverbs of two
syllables usually form the comparative and
the superlative in one of two ways.
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
Slide 10-96
ADJECTIVES ADVERBS
happy famous earlyoften
happiermore famousearlierless often
happiestmost famousearliestleast often

313. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1071c. Adjectives and adverbs of three
syllables form the comparative and the
superlative as follows.
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
Slide 10-97
ADJECTIVES ADVERBS
competent carefully
less competentmore carefully
least competentmost carefully

314. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1071g. When referring to two persons,
places, or things, use the comparative form.
When referring to more than
two, use the superlative form.
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
Slide 10-98
Kate is the taller of my two daughters.
Jim is the tallest of my three sons.
Jim is taller than John or Chris.

315. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1071g. When referring to two persons,
places, or things, use the comparative form.
When referring to more than
two, use the superlative form.
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
Slide 10-99
Trudy is the most helpful person on the staff.
Trudy is more helpful than anyone else on the staff.
(NOT: . . . more helpful than anyone on the staff.)

316. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1071g. When referring to two persons,
places, or things, use the comparative
form. When referring to more than
two, use the superlative form.
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
Slide 10-100
Chicago is the largest city in Illinois.
Chicago is larger than any other city in Illinois.
(NOT: . . . larger than any city in Illinois.)

317. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1071i. When making comparisons,
be sure to compare like things.
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
Slide 10-101
This year’s sales are better than last year’s.
(NOT: This year’s sales are better than last
year.)

318. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
A preposition is a word that takes an ob-
ject (a noun or pronoun) and connects it
to some other word in the sentence. Here
are some common prepositions, followed
in each case by an appropriate object.
PREPOSITIONS
Slide 10-102
above the cloudsbefore noon up the river
below the surfaceafter the partydown the drain

319. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
A preposition is a word that takes an ob-
ject (a noun or pronoun) and connects it
to some other word in the sentence. Here are
some common prepositions, followed
in each case by an appropriate object.
PREPOSITIONS
Slide 10-103
from all of us for the last time
to the airport against my wishes
between you and meamong the three of us

320. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
A preposition is a word that takes an ob-
ject (a noun or pronoun) and connects it
to some other word in the sentence. Here are
some common prepositions, followed
in each case by an appropriate object.
PREPOSITIONS
Slide 10-104
under the circumstanceswith every order
over the hill without a doubt
through the years during the nineties

321. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
A preposition is a word that takes an ob-
ject (a noun or pronoun) and connects it
to some other word in the sentence. Here are
some common prepositions, followed
in each case by an appropriate object.
PREPOSITIONS
Slide 10-105
across the roomin the meantime
by all means out the door
behind the doorat your convenience

322. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
A preposition is a word that takes an ob-
ject (a noun or pronoun) and connects it
to some other word in the sentence. Here are
some common prepositions, followed
in each case by an appropriate object.
PREPOSITIONS
Slide 10-106
on one handuntil next yearof every kind
off the wallabout 6 p.m.since last week

323. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1078. Omit unnecessary prepositions.
PREPOSITIONS
Slide 10-107
Where is she [at]?
The carton fell off [of] the truck.
Let’s focus [in] on the real problem.
I couldn’t help [from] laughing.
The strike is now over [with].

324. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1079. Do not omit necessary prepositions.
PREPOSITIONS
Slide 10-108
I just bought a couple of CDs.
(NOT: a couple CDs.)
We don’t stock that type of filter.
(NOT: that type filter.)

325. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1079. Do not omit necessary prepositions.
PREPOSITIONS
Slide 10-109
She appears in movies, in plays, and on TV.
(NOT: She appears in movies, plays, and on TV.)

326. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1081a. Express parallel
ideas in parallel form.
SENTENCE CONSTRUCTION
Slide 10-110
Wrong: The program was stimulating and
a challenge.
Right: The program was stimulating and
challenging.

327. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1081a. Express parallel
ideas in parallel form.
SENTENCE CONSTRUCTION
Slide 10-111
Wrong: This scanner is easy to operate,
efficient, and it is relatively inexpensive.
Right: This scanner is easy to operate,
efficient, and relatively inexpensive.

328. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1081a. Express parallel
ideas in parallel form.
SENTENCE CONSTRUCTION
Slide 10-112
Poor: This article will discuss:
1. How to deal with corporate
politics.
2. Coping with stress.
3. What the manager’s role
should be.

329. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1081a. Express parallel
ideas in parallel form.
SENTENCE CONSTRUCTION
Slide 10-113
Better: This article will discuss:
1. Ways to deal with corporate
politics.
2. Techniques of coping with stress.
3. The role of the manager.

330. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1082a. When a sentence begins with a
participial phrase that expresses an action,
make sure that the subject of the sentence is the
doer of the action that is expressed
in the opening phrase. Otherwise, the
opening phrase will “dangle.”
DANGLING CONSTRUCTIONS
Slide 10-114
Wrong: Having studied your cost estimates, a few
questions have occurred to me.
Right: Having studied your cost estimates, I would
like to ask you a few questions.

331. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1082b. When a sentence begins with an
infinitive phrase that expresses an action, make
sure that the subject of the sentence is the doer
of the action that is expressed
in the opening phrase. Otherwise, the
opening phrase will “dangle.”
DANGLING CONSTRUCTIONS
Slide 10-115
Wrong: To obtain this free booklet, the enclosed
coupon should be mailed in.
Right: To obtain this free booklet, you should mail
in the enclosed coupon.

332. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1082c. When a sentence begins with a
prepositional-gerund phrase that expresses
an action, make sure that the subject of the
sentence is the doer of the action that is
expressed in the opening phrase. Other-
wise, the opening phrase will “dangle.”
DANGLING CONSTRUCTIONS
Slide 10-116
Wrong: In analyzing the data, a few errors
were found.
Right: In analyzing the data, I found a few
errors.

333. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1101. a lot–alot
USAGE
Slide 11-1
Thanks a lot.
(NOT: Thanks alot.)

334. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1101. a–of
USAGE
Slide 11-2
It’s been kind of cold.
(NOT: It’s been kinda cold.)
What sort of car did you buy?
(NOT: What sort a car. . . )

335. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1101. affect–effect
USAGE
Slide 11-3
His memo will not affect (change) my
decision.
His memo will have no effect (impact) on
my decision.
How can we effect (bring about) a change
in his decision?

336. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1101. amount–number
USAGE
Slide 11-4
a large amount of sugar (wood, steel, etc.;
things referred to in bulk)
a large number of people (orders, etc.;
things referred to as separate items)

337. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1101. awhile–a while
USAGE
Slide 11-5
wait awhile wait for a whilea while back

338. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1101. between–among
USAGE
Slide 11-6
divided between the two of us
divided among the three of us

339. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1101. farther–further
USAGE
Slide 11-7
We drove farther (in actual distance)
than we planned.
Let’s discuss your idea further (to a
greater extent).

340. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1101. fewer–less
USAGE
Slide 11-8
fewer accidents (or any other plural noun)
less energy (or any other singular noun)

341. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1101. of—have
USAGE
Slide 11-9
I could have helped you.
(NOT: I could of helped you.)
You should have let me.
(NOT: You should of let me.)

342. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1101. sometime–sometimes–some time
USAGE
Slide 11-10
Let’s get together sometime (at an unspecified
time) soon.
Sometimes (now and then) we go to Hawaii for
a month.
It will take some time (a period of time) to
finish the job.

343. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1101. supposed to
USAGE
Slide 11-11
What was I supposed to think?
(NOT: What was I suppose to think?)

344. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
¶1101. used to
USAGE
Slide 11-12
We used to go to Nova Scotia every summer.
(NOT: We use to go to Nova Scotia every
summer.)

345. Click the mouse button or press the
space bar to advance the presentation.
Click the question mark to make this information
screen appear.
Click Home to view the Contents listings. From
this point you can navigate to any section of the
presentation.
Click Left Arrow to move to the previous slide.
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INFORMATION