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1. Gross Anatomy Cranium 1

2. Cranium Neurocranium Frontal bone Parietal bone 2X Occipital bone Temporal bone 2x Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone 2

3. Viscerocranium Maxilla 2x, fuse later Zygomatic bones 2x Nasal bones 2x Palatine bones 2x Lacrimal bones 2x Inferior concha 2x Mandible Vomer Hyoid Cranium 3

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9. Ethmoid and sphenoid bones Single (unpaired) midline, bilaterally symmetric bones. Contribute both to the neurocranium and viscerocranium. 9

10. Ethmoid Cribriform plate Crista galli Lateral plates Perpendicular plate 10

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14. Functions of ethmoid Cribriform plate - olfactory nerves pass through Crista Gali - attaches to falx cerebri Lateral plates - contains ethmoidal sinuses, superior & middle nasal conchae Perpendicular plate - superior part of nasal septum 14

15. Sphenoid ( wasp bone) Hollow body Greater wings Lesser wings Medial & lateral pterygoid plates 15

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18. Functions Hollow body - sphenoidal sinus and sella turcica Greater wings - lateral orbital wall and roof of infratemporal fossa. It contains three foramina: rotundum, ovale, spinosum (middle cranial fossa). Lesser wings - Optic canal, superior orbital fissue, anterior clinoid process wihich gives attachment to tentorium cerebelli Medial and lateral pterygoid plates - give attachment to medial and lateral pterygoid muscles 18

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21. Foramen spinosum: middle meningeal artery, middle meningeal vein, meningeal branch of mandibular nerve 21

22. Face and viscerocranium Bones of the Orbit Frontal Maxilla Zygoma Ethmoid Sphenoid Lacrimal Palatine 22

23. Zygoma The zygomatic bone is also referred to as the malar bone or cheekbone. Located in the upper and lateral part of the face. Prominence of the cheek. Part of the lateral wall and floor of the orbit. Parts of the temporal and infratemporal fossae. Articulates with the maxilla (anteriorly), temporal bone (posteriorly), and frontal bone (superiorly). 23

24. Zygomatic Arch Formed by temporal process of zygomatic bone and zygomatic process of temporal bone. Temporalis muscle passes deep to zygomatic arch. Masseter muscle originates from the zygoma and zygomatic arch. 24

25. Maxilla Upper jaw. Consists of a body and four processes: zygomatic, frontal, alveolar, and palatine. Forms boundaries of three cavities: Roof of the mouth (palate), Floor and lateral wall of the nose & Floor of the orbit. 25

26. Forms two fossae: Infratemporal & Pterygopalatine. Forms two fissures: Infraorbital & Pterygomaxillary. 26

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34. Infratemporal fossa Contents Temporalis and pterygoid muscles Maxillary artery (and branches, eg, middle meningeal) Pterygoid plexus of veins Mandibular nerve (V3) Chorda tympani (VII) Otic ganglion (IX) 34

35. Pterygopalatine fossa Contents Pterygopalatine part of maxillary artery and its branches Maxillary nerve (V2) Nerve of pterygoid canal, Pterygopalatine ganglion and branches 35

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38. Hard Palate The palate forms the roof of the oral cavity and the floor of the nasal cavity. Maxilla are palatal processes (anterior two-thirds). Palatine bones are horizontal palates (posterior one-third). Pterygoid plates of the sphenoid articulate with the maxillary tuberosit (posterior palate). 38

39. Palatal Foramen Incisive foramen (Scarpa, midline; Stenson, lateral)—descending palatine vessels and the nasopalatine nerves (of V2)—anterior palatal block. Greater and lesser palatine foramen—descending palatine vessels and ante- rior palatine nerve (of V2)—site of palatal anesthetic block. 39

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42. Mandible Largest and strongest bone of the face. Lower jaw: houses lower teeth. Consists of: Body (curved, horizontal), Rami (two perpendicular portions). Body and rami unite at angle (nearly 90 degrees). Coronoid process (attachment of temporalis muscle). Condyle. 42

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44. Muscles of Mastication Temporalis Masseter Medial pterygoid Lateral pterygoid 44

45. Temporalis muscle O: entirety of temporal fossa & deep surface of temporal fascia I: coronoid process & anterior surface of ramus Elevates the mandible responsible for closing mouth( anterior fibers) and retraction(posterior fibers) It’s also involved in side to side movement of the mandible Deep temporal branches of maxillary artery, temporal branches of superficial temporal artery and deep temporal nerves branches of mandibular nerve supply the muscle 45

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47. Masseter Quadrangular muscle that covers the lateral aspect of the ramus of the mandible Elevation of the mandible is major function and minor contribution in protrusion Superficial layer arises from the maxillary process of zygomatic bone and anterior two thirds of zygomatic arch and run inferiorly and posteriorly to attach to lateral surface of the angle and lower half of ramus Deep layer arises from the medial surface and inferior margin of the zygomatic arch and run vertically downwards to insert onto the upper part of the ramus and coronoid process 47

48. Masseteric nerve, a branch of mandibular nerve gives innervation Masseteric artery of the maxillary artery gives blood supply 48

49. Medial Pterygoid Quadrangular muscle lying in the infratemporal fossa The larger deep head arises from the lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone And the superficial head originates from the tuberosity of the maxilla Both heads converge and run posterolaterally in an oblique fashion to insert on the medial surface of the mandibular ramus Elevation and side to side movements of the mandible are major functions. Medial pterygoid branch of mandibular nerve and pterygoid branches of maxillary artery supply the muscle 49

50. Lateral pterygoid A triangular muscle situated in the infratemporal fossa The superior head, small, arises from the inferior surface of the greater wing and infratemporal crest of the sphenoid, which forms roof of infratemporal fossa The inferior head, large, arises from the lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid Both heads merge and run posterolaterally to insert on the anterior aspic neck of the mandibular condyle. Depression and protrusion of the mandible are major functions 50

51. The tongue The tongue is a mass of striated muscle covered with mucous membrane. The muscles attach the tongue to the styloid process and the soft palate above and to the mandible and the hyoid bone below. The tongue is divided into right and left halves by a median fibrous septum. In the midline anteriorly , the undersurface of the tongue is connected to the floor of the mouth by a fold of mucous membrane, the frenulum of the tongue.

52. Muscles of tongue Muscles of tongue are divided in to two: Extrinsic and Intrinsic muscles Extrinsic muscles : These muscles are attached to bones and the soft palate. They are the genioglossus , the hyoglossus , the styloglossus , and the palatoglossus . Nerve supply: Hypoglossal nerve except the palatoglossus which supplied by pharyngeal nerve plexus

53. Intrinsic Muscles : These muscles are confined to the tongue and are not attached to bone. They consist of longitudinal, transverse, and vertical fibers. Nerve supply: Hypoglossal nerve Action: Alter the shape of the tongue

54. Movements of a tongue : Protrusion: the genioglossus muscles Retraction: styloglossus and hyoglossus muscles Depression: hyoglossus muscles shape change: intrinsic muscles