Groundnuts

Groundnuts

1. GROUNDNUTS Shah Fahad The University of Agriculture Peshawar (PAKISTAN) [email protected]

2. Peanuts/ Ground nut The peanut also known as Ground nut and moong phalli It is a legume crop grown in tropics and subtropics It is classified as both legume crop and oil crop, Because of its high oil content World annual production is 42 million tonnes in 2014 Peanut pods develop underground rather than above ground , linnaeus assigned the specific name hypogaea Which means under the earth

3. Groundnut belong to family fabaceae ( leguminosae ) Like other legumes peanuts harbor symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria in root nudules making it valuable in Crop rotation Peanuts are similar in taste and nutritional profile to Tree nuts like walnuts and almonds Nut is a fruit whose ovary becomes very hard at maturity there fore peanuts are not true nuts But rather a legume

4. History The oldest archeological remains of pods have been dated at about 7600 year old in Peru in early phase of Domestication Many pre Columbian cultures depicted peanuts in their art Cultivation was well established in meso America Before the Spanish arrived The pea nut was later spread worldwide by european Traders

5. History peanuts was only a garden crop in colonial period It was mostly used as animal feed stock until the 1930s Cultivated peanut ( A.hypogaea ) arose from hybrid Between two wild species of peanut,thought to be A.DURANNSIS and A. IPANSIS HYDRIDIZATION GAVE RISE to A. monticola (a wild form of peanut) The process of domestication in Argentina or southeastern Bolivia through artificial selection made A.hypogaea dramatically different from its wild relatives

6. In pakistan groundnut was first cultivated in 1949-1950 On 500 hac in rawalpindi area of Pothwar region. It gave the highest economic return per hac among Kharif crops in semi-arid barani area of the country It is now grown on an area of 9800 ha with an annual production of 104,000 tonnes in the country Ground nut occupies 14400 ha of the cropped area in kharif season in KPK It is mainly grown in SWABI district of the province

7. U ses Groundnut kernal is palatable and tasty .it is roasted And consumed directly like dry fruits. It contributes significant amount of fat ,protein ,mineral, and vitamin Ground nut oil is edible and serves as an exellent cooking oil it is free of toxic compound and contains no linolenic acid (which causes oxidative rancidity ) Peanuts are used to help fight malnutrition in developing countries by WHO, UNICEF PAINT VARNISH, lubricating oil leather dressing Furniture polish, insecticides are made from peanut oil

8. NOMENCLATURE Order Fabales Family Fabaceae Sub family faboideae Genus arachis bionomial name Arachis hypogaea

9. Characteristics self pollinated kharif day neutral dicot epigeal germination tap root system harbicious normally 30-50 cm tall annual Indeterminate

10. Flower small yellowish orange grow singly or in cluster (2 to 4) close to the ground 1.0 to 1.5 cm long born on axillary clusters on stem

11. Pegging peanut pods develop underground unusual feature known as Geocarpy after fertilization a short stalk ,at the base of ovary (pedicel) elongates to form a thread like structure known as peg. this peg containing ovary grows down into the soil and develops into a mature peanut pod.

12. Cultural practices loose soil Fertile ovule penetrate easily Land should be ploughed (15 _20) deep Grow best in light , sandy loam soil pH 5.9 _7

13. Fertilizer NPK ratio should be 1:4:2 Benifical fertilizer dose at sowing is 20 80 40 kg/ha adequate levels of P K Ca Mg and micro nutrients are also necessary for good yield

14. Time and method of sowing Sowing of ground nuts depends on rainfall Barani mid march to end of April Irrigated area April till may Seed rate for erect type 70 _75 kg/ha Spreading type 60_65 kg/ha R to R distance 75 cm P to P 30 cm Seed rate varies with type of cultivar to be grown Seed should be innoculated with Rhizobia

15. Thining Ground nuts need thining to keep the plant population of 150,000 per ha in case erect type . In case of spreading type 75000 per ha The weak and dry plants should be uprooted

16. Irrigation Groundnut is mostly grown in barani area they can be grown with as little as 350 mm. give best yeild at 500 mm however field should be irrigated with an interval of two weeks after seeding

17. Insect termites jassids white fly White grub Pod sucking bug

18. Diseases Leaf spot Seed rot Brown and damaged pods are susceptible to fungal attack which produce aflatoxins Aflatoxins may develop jaundice , allergy and cancer.

19. Harvesting and storage harvested when fully matured inderminate harvested in october hand pulling and machinary methods are used sun drying for 15 days till moisture content remain 8 to 10 % the dry pods are stored in clean bags and stored in fumigated and clean bins.

20. Yield and composition varies with cultivars average national yield ---- Kpk yield

21. Nutritional value Oil content 44- 56 % protein 22-23% essential fatty acid oleic acid 60 % linoleic acid 20 %

22. cultivars bari 189, bard -479, g- 17 spreading type runner type more productive bard -699 banki CG -527

23. Thanks