Group-1-Report-Undertaking-the-Nature-of-Instructional-Software.pdf

REPORTING

1. Undertaking theUndertaking the
Nature ofNature of
Instructional SoftwareInstructional Software
Presented by: Group 1

2. What is
Instructional
Software?

3. Instructional Software
Is a computer program designed to
assist in the delivery of
instruction.
Its primary purpose is to support
teaching and learning.
(Roblyer & Doering, 2012)

4. was first used as a tutoring tool for
students in the 60s and 70s, but over the
past 30 years, it has evolved into software
that incorporates some or all of the five
functions for helping students learn
including drill and practice, tutorial,
simulation, instructional games, and
problem-solving.
Instructional Software

5. Instructional Software
Developed for
educational purposes
that blends two or more
of these five categories
of instructional
software.
Uses both objectivist
and constructivist
learning concepts in
its design, which
benefits the learner.

6. Objectivist View
Knowledge exists
outside of
individuals and can
be transferred from
teachers to students.
Students learn
what they hear and
what they read.
Learning is
successful when
students can
reapeat what was
taught.

7. Constructivist View
Knowledge has
personal meaning.
Learners construct
their own
knowledge by
looking for
meaning and order
Learning is
successful when
students can
demonstrate
conceptual
understanding.

8. Educational Software
Reasons why is it valuable to all ages of s tudents:
Making learning more fun
Motivating students
Helping with long-term memory of the material
Providing a thorough educational experience that
incorporates many proven learning concepts into the
curriculum.

9. Usage of
Educational Software
Best used to increase classroom
curriculums
A tool that helps teachers do a
better job of teaching their
students

10. System
Software
Application
Software
2 Types of Instructional Software

11. System Software
Consist of the programs that
control the operations of a
computer and its devices.
Operating Software - one of the
most important softwares
because it allows the different
components of the software.

12. Application Software
Consists of programs that
perform specific tasks for
users, such as word processing
program, e-mail program, or web
browser.

13. 5 Categories of
Instructional Software
Tutorials
Simulations
Drill and
Practice
Educational
Games
Exploratory
Environment
Software

14. It is designed as a stand-alone unit
software that provides an entire
instructional sequence similar to a
teacher’s classroom instruction on a
topic

15. 2. Simulation
Provides a controlled
learning environment that
replicates key elements of
real-world environment.

16. 3. Drill and Practice
Designed to reinforce mastery
of specific skills.
Some critics believe that
due to its limitations, this
software cannot develop
higher order thinking skill
among students.

17. 4. Educational Games
Are designed to activate
student’s prior knowledge,
challenge and excite them.

18. 5. Exploratory Environment
Software/Problem-Solving
Software
It is designed to provide manageable
and responsive computer-based worlds
for learners to explore and
manipulate.

19. Advantages of
Instructional Software
Promotes personalized learning
Increases students’ motivation and
creativity
Provides extended learning
opportunities and practices
Addresses different learning styles
Provides virtual and simulated real-
life learning experience

20. Advantages of
Instructional Software
Learners have direct control of their
learning
Develops problem-solving skills
Encourages active learning
Fosters metacognition skills

21. Undertaking theUndertaking the
Nature ofNature of
Instructional SoftwareInstructional Software
Undertaking Educational Media

22. What is
Educational Media?

23. Any means of communication between the
teacher and learner that allow interaction
and feedback between the two parties
(Angelo et. al, 1993).
Things used in the classroom to aid
teaching and training (Halverson, 1992).
Educational Media

24. It is intended to change a learner’s
behavior in a classroom setting sooner or
later and to enable him/her to interact
with the media.
Educational Media

25. Educational Media is used for the
purpose of attracting students’
attention, developing interest,
adjusting the learning climate, and
promoting acceptance (of an idea).
Educational Media

26. Examples of Educational Media
All books and their
illustrations
Magazine/Newspaper
Documents
Programmed Materials
Pictures
Films, Strips
Slides/Presentations
Projectors of all kinds

27. Examples of Educational Media
Cameras
Videos
Televisions
Computers
Models, etc.
Charts/graphs/maps/
drawing
Writing boards and
board materials
Tape recorders
Radio

28. Undertaking theUndertaking the
Nature ofNature of
Instructional SoftwareInstructional Software
Integrated Learning System

29. Are systems that offer computer-based instruction and other
resources to support instruction.
Are generally associated with educational/academic
environments, but are also deployed within private
industry.
Are highly interactive and are designed to provide feedback
as to progress and grasp of the subject matter at hand.
Integrated Learning System

30. Network or online systems of instruction
Provide complete curricula on a topic area
Monitor and provide reports on student progress
Summarize data by student, class, or school
Characteristics of an
Integrated Learning System (ILS)

31. Good curriculum coverage
Good pedagogical strategies
Several different report formats
Easily read and interpret reports
Criteria for Effective ILSCriteria for Effective ILS

32. Can help provide educational services
Easier to access via network or online
Entire curriculum at one source
Personalized instruction matched to
student needs
Summary progress data help meet teacher
accountability requirements
Benefits of ILSBenefits of ILS

33. What is Multi-media Kit?
Multi-media KitMulti-media Kit
Multi-media kit is “a collection of teaching/learning materials involving
more than one type of medium and organized around a single topic”
(Samldino, Lowther, & Russell, 2012, p. 256). It allows a teacher to
incorporate many different types of media into a lesson seamlessly. It
could be traditional or modern.

34. Multi-media Kit
CD-ROMs
Slides/Presentations
Audio Tapes
Video Tapes
Still Pictures
Study Prints
Overhead Transparencies
Maps
Worksheets
Charts
Graphs
Booklets
Real Objects
Models

35. Is a computer-based information
retrieval system that enables a user to
gain or provide access to texts, audio,
and video recordings, photographs, and
computer graphics related to a
particular subject.
Is anything that allows the user to
gather information in a nonlinear way. A
term created by Ted Nelson in 1995.
Hypermedia

36. Examples of Hypermedia
Links that view audios
Links that view images
Links that view videos
Hypertext links to
other locations
The world wide web

37. Specific Components
HTML formatting that is interpreted by the
client’s/user’s browser.
Hypertext links to other locations within a document
or to other documents.
Interactive forms
Graphics

38. Advantages
Ability to quickly follow associations
and look up related material.
References can be traced both backwards
and forward and the user can annotate the
material and create new references.
Information can also be structured in
various ways.
The student can browse the material and
find new information as she/he explores a
subject area.
Usually considered as fun to use.

39. Disadvantages
Ease of browsing might increase the risk
that the learner skips through the
material, thus getting a shallow and
fragmented concept of the subject.
Risk of getting disoriented resulting to
confusion rather than understanding.
The user has to interact with the system
in order to accomplish anything.

40. Hypermedia systems are used in educational environment for
active participation of students.
Enables the students to explore and construct their own learning.
Breaks down the barriers of time and place, allowing maximum
flexibility for the learner.
Educational Use
It is used for effective education and help students achieve a wide
variety of goals in education such as:
- Develop higher-order thinking skills
- Develop group and interpersonal skills
- Learn content in a given discipline
- Develop technical skills

41. Interactive Media
Are products and services on computer-
based systems which respond to the user’s
actions by presenting content such as text,
graphics, animation, video, audio, games, etc.
Definition of terms:
Interactive Media is related to the concepts
interaction design, new media, interactivity,
human computer interaction, cyber culture,
digital culture, and includes specific cases.

42. Interactive Media
The integration of digital media including
combinations of electronic text, graphics, moving
images, and sound into a structured digital
computerized environment that allows people to
interact with the data for appropriate purposes.
Definition of terms:
Allows users to participate and edit content

43. Interactive Media
Examples:
Interactive Television
Interactive Narrative
Interactive Advertising
Algorithmic Art
Board games
Pop-up books
Game books
Video games
Social media
Virtual Reality
Augmented Reality
Other examples:
Printed Interactive Media
Flip books
Constellation wheels

44. Essential Characteristics
Retains some of the qualities
of both artistic media and
mass media.
As such and with the
relationship between old and
new interactive media in mind.
The interactive authoring and
interpretation of meaning.

45. Essential Characteristics
Intermedia
Multimedia
Hypermedia
Generative
Content
Creation
THE TECHNOLOGICAL
CONVERGENCE OF
MULTIPLE MEDIA

46. Essential Characteristics
Increased
Fidelity
Quality of
Representation
Non-linearity
Immediacy
THE DIGITIZATION,
ABSTRACTION AND
SIMULATION OF OLD
MEDIA

47. Means feeling the imaginary
(virtual) world rather than the
real one.
A term used for computer generated
3D environments that allow the user
to enter and interact with
alternate realities.
The definition of ‘virtual’ is
near, and ‘reality’ is what we
experience as human beings.
Virtual Reality

48. Types of Virtual Reality
Immersive Virtual Reality
Non-Immersive Virtual Reality
Window on World Virtual Reality

49. Immersive Virtual Reality
Immersion into virtual reality is
a perception of being physically
present in a non-physical world.

50. 1. Continuity of surroundings
2. Conformance to human vision
3. Freedom of movement
4. Physical interaction
5. Physical feedback
Elements of virtual environments that
increase the immersiveness of the experience:

51. Large display, but doesn’t surround
the user.
Refers to a virtual experience
through a computer where the user can
control some characters or activities
within the software, but the
environment is not directly
interacting with the user.

52. Desktop-based Virtual Reality
involves displaying a 3-dimensional
virtual on regular desktop display
without use of any specialized
movement tracking environment.
Window on World
Virtual Reality (WoW)

53. Input Devices
Output Devices
- Prio VR - Stem
- Razer Hydra - Magic Wand
- Leap Motion - Control VR
- Headset - Sensing Gloves
- 3D Audio - Helsinki
Hardware Devices

54. Creates a realistic world
Enables user to explore places
User can experiment with an
artificial environment
Makes the education more easily
and comfort
Advantages of
Virtual Reality

55. Disadvantages of
Virtual Reality
Equipment used in virtual
reality are very expensive
Consists of complex
technology
In VR environment we can’t
move by our own like in the
real world

56. Expert systems use a knowledge base and a set of rules to
provide a diagnosis or a recommended course of action.
Can be used to solve complex problems by reasoning, using
the knowledge base they are given.
Gather data by asking the user questions about the problem.
An initial set of questions can lead to further questions
depending on the user’s responses.
Reasons what questions it needs to ask, based on the
knowledge it is given. It will use the responses from the
user to rule out various possibilities that will allow it
to eventually reach a decision or diagnosis
What is an Expert System?

57. Introduction
Expert System
AI programs that achieve expert level competence
(ability) in solving problems in particular task area by
use of knowledge base.
Known as KNOWLEDGE-BASED or EXPERT SYSTEMS.
These are complex AI programs.
Expert systems are generally softwares.
These software helps us to provide an answer to a
problem.
Helps clarify uncertainties that comes in s ystem.

58. Task-Domain
The human intellectual (requiring the use of mind) trying
to be captured in an expert system is called TASK-DOMAIN.
Task - means some goal oriented, problem-solving activity
Domain - means area within which the task is being
performed.

59. Performance of the expert system is based on the following methods:
PerformancePerformance
Building an expert system is known as KNOWLEDGE ENGINEERING.
In this knowledge gathers from subject matter experts and then
codifying this knowledge according to the formalism.
Persons doing this are called KNOWLEDGE ENGINEERS.
Knowledge Engineering

60. Once the knowledge base is built, it can be used by the expert system
to inform the sets of questions to ask and assist in providing the
results.
Part of knowledge base is the rules base.
- The rules base is a set of rules that will be used to produce an output
or decision by the expert system.
- These rules are used by the inference engine as a base for reasoning,
to obtain a solution to a problem or a decision.
Knowledge BaseKnowledge Base

61. Building Blocks of Expert System:
Components of Expert SystemsComponents of Expert Systems
1. Knowledge Base
2. Reasoning or Inference Engine
3. User Interface

62. It is expert systems that contain both
factual and heuristic knowledge.
Factual knowledge is that knowledge of
task domain that is widely shared,
typically found in textbooks and journals.
Heuristic knowledge is less exhaustive,
more experiential, more judgmental
knowledge of performance.
Knowledge BaseKnowledge Base

63. Two Methods of Reasoning when Using Inference Engine
Reasoning or Inference EngineReasoning or Inference Engine
It starts with data available and then
concludes a desired goal.
It starts with list of goals and works backward
if there are data which will allow it to
conclude these goals.
Forward Chaining
Backward Chaining

64. Multi-media Kit
CD-ROMs
Slides/Presentations
Audio Tapes
Video Tapes
Still Pictures
Study Prints
Overhead Transparencies
Maps
Worksheets
Charts
Graphs
Booklets
Real Objects
Models
User InterfaceUser Interface
Is the way the user interacts with the
expert system.
They are often graphical in nature and
have a range of selection processes or
typing methods to allow the user to
provide responses.

65. Expert Systems ApplicationExpert Systems Application
1. Its application spread in a wide range
Ex. In industrial and commercial problems etc.
2. Diagnosis and troubleshooting of devices and system of all kinds
3. Planning and scheduling
4. Configuration of manufactured objects
5. Financial decision-making
6. Knowledge publishing
7. Process monitoring and control

66. AdvantagesAdvantages
Consistent - Provides consistent answer for repetitive
decisions, processes and tasks.
Maintains - It holds and maintains levels of information.
Clarify - Clarifies the logic of decision-making.
No Human Need - Works continuously without human
intervention
Multi-user - A multi-user expert system can serve more
users at a time.

67. DisadvantagesDisadvantages
Sense - Lacks common sense needed in decision-making.
Creativeness - Cannot respond creatively like a human
expert would in unusual circumstances.
Errors - Knowledge base errors may occur that leads to
wrong decisions.
Environments - If knowledge base is changed, it cannot
adapt changing environments.

68. Uses of Expert System
Medical Field Agricultural Education, etc.

69. ES in Medical Field
Contains the data of x-ray representation of various
stages of the disease.
Details the conclusion
Allow medical experts to add or change information in
the system.
For early cancer detection
Clinical data related to early cancer detection and to
cancer risk factors are collected and incorporated in
database
1. PXDES
2. CaDet

70. ES in Medical Field
Used for diagnosis
Data base contains approximately 4,500 suggestions for over
2,000 different diseases.
Used for infection control
Simple example of Expert system
Performs task normally done by a human expert
Attempts to recommend appropriate therapies for patient with
bacterial infection.
Uses LISP structures for writing internal rules
Uses these rules to reason backward to the clinical data
available from its goal of finding disease-causing organism
3. DXplain
4. Germwatcher
5. Mycin

71. Agricultural ES
Developed by National Institute of
Agricultural Extension Management.
Its main work is to diagnose pests and
diseases for rice crop and suggest
preventive measures.
Has knowledge about diseases and pests
for identification and suggests
preventive measures.
1. Rice Crop Doctor

72. Agricultural ES
Gives correct advice to farmers.
Topics of advice are fertilizer
application, crop protection, irrigation
scheduling, and diagnosis of diseases in
paddy and post harvest technology of
fruits and vegetables.
2. Agrex

73. Allow users to ask questions on some education problems
Education Expert Systems
Computer Animation
Computer Science
Engineering
Language (expert system teaches language)
Fields:

74. Group 1 Reporters
Bai Sittie Aisa Malao
Hanna Hasan
Diego C. Dela Cruz
Rhea Mae Hitalia
enj Lauro
Verly Losbañes
Maguin Tadoy
Kevin Hector Gardose
Phel V. Zonio
Resiel S. Eman
Zowella Marie B. Escabarte
Ronnie Parba

75. T h a n kT h a n k Y o uY o u