GROUP 1 Yes, Make it per slide and the content must have three major attributes or characteristics of each culture.

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1. MICROBIAL METABOLISM:
CATABOLIC AND
ANABOLIC REACTIONS
GROUP 1

2. Microbial metabolism refers to all the
biochemical processes that occur
within microorganisms to maintain life.
These processes involve chemical
reactions that provide energy and
building materials for growth and
reproduction.
Importance: Understanding microbial metabolism is crucial for
applications in biotechnology, medicine, and environmental
science.

3. Basic Principle:
Metabolism involves two main processes:
Catabolism: The breakdown of larger,
complex molecules into smaller, simpler
ones, releasing energy.
1.
2. Anabolism: The building of complex
molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy.

4. Catabolism is referred to as a series of metabolic
pathways that are involved in the conversion of
macromolecules into simpler molecules or monomers.
Complex molecules are disintegrated into simpler
molecules that can be utilized as building blocks for
other molecules that are required by cells to function
such as glycogen, proteins, and triglycerides.
CATABOLIC REACTIONS:
ENERGY-RELEASING
1.

5. Few of these molecules are simply broken down into waste products
which is an alternate way to obtain usable energy. Some of the
catabolic processes are:
Citric acid cycle
Glycolysis
Lipolysis
Oxidative deamination
Muscle tissue breakdown
CATABOLIC REACTIONS:
ENERGY-RELEASING
1.

6. Anabolism is the sequence of enzyme-catalyzed reactions in which
nutrients are used to form comparatively complex molecules in the
living cells with moderately simpler structures.
The process of anabolism is also referred to as biosynthesis. The
process includes the production of components of cells such as
proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, which require energy in the form of
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) which are energy-rich compounds.
2. ANABOLIC REACTIONS:
ENERGY-CONSUMING

7. These compounds are synthesized during the
breakdown processes such as catabolism.
Anabolic processes in growing cells control
catabolic processes. The balance exists between
both in non-growing cells.
2. ANABOLIC REACTIONS:
ENERGY-CONSUMING

9. ENERGY PRODUCTION

10. it is how microbes generate ATP to power cellular functions, mainly
through respiration or fermentation pathways.
ENERGY PRODUCTION
Oxidation-Reduction
Oxidation : Removal of Electron
Reduction : Gain of Electron
Redox Reaction : an oxidation reaction paired with reduction
reaction

11. OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTION

12. ATP is generated by phosphorylation (addition of a phosphate
group) of ADP with the input of energy
THE GENERATION OF ATP

13. Substrate-Level Phosphorylation:1.
direct transfer of phosphate from phosphorylated compound to
ADP by enzyme
Simple process that does not require intact membranes.
Generates a small amount of energy during aerobic respiration.
3 DIFFERET MECHANISMS OF ATP
PHOSPHORYLATION

14. SUBSTRATE-LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION

15. 2. Oxidative Phosphorylation :
Involves electron transport chain (ETC), in which electrons are
transferred from organic compound to electron carrier (NAD+
or FAD) to a final electron acceptor (O2 or other inorganic
compund)
Occurs on membranes (plasma membrane of prokaryotes or
inner mitochondrial membran of eukaryotes)
ATP is generated through Chemiosmosis.
Generated most of the ATP in aerobic respiration
3 DIFFERET MECHANISMS OF ATP
PHOSPHORYLATION

16. OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

17. 3. Photophosphorylation :
Occurs in photosynthetic cell only
Convert solar energy into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH)
Also involves an electron transport chain
3 DIFFERET MECHANISMS OF ATP
PHOSPHORYLATION

18. PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION

19. CARBOHYDRATES
CATABOLISM

20. Carbohydrate catabolism is the process of breaking
down carbohydrates (like glucose) to release energy,
which cells can use for various functions. This process
is essential in microbial metabolism, as many
microorganisms rely on carbohydrates as a primary
energy source.
CARBOHYDATES CATABOLISM

21. Most microorganisms oxidize carbohydrates as their primary
source of cellular energy. Carbohydrate catabolism, the
breakdown of carbohydrate molecules to produce energy, is
therefore of great importance in cell metabolism. Glucose is the
most common carbohydrate energy source used by cells.
Microorganisms can also catabolize various lipids and proteins for
energy production
To produce energy from glucose, microorganisms use two general
processes: cellular respiration and fermentation. Both cellular
respiration and fermentation usually start with the same first step,
glycolysis, but follow different subsequent pathways
CARBOHYDRATES CATABOLISM

22. CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Cellular respiration is a chemical reaction that
occurs in all living cells to release energy from
glucose. It always begins with glycolysis, which
can occur with or without oxygen

23. CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Cellular respiration is a metabolic pathway that
breaks down glucose and produces ATP.
The stages of cellular respiration include:
glycolysis1.
pyruvate oxidation2.
the citric acid or Krebs cycle3.
oxidative phosphorylation.4.

24. Aerobic respiration
Occurs in the presence of oxygen and releases more energy but
more slowly than anaerobic respiration.
Anaerobic respiration
Occurs without oxygen and releases less energy but more quickly
than aerobic respiration.
TWO MAIN TYPES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION :

25. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC
Oxygen: Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, while anaerobic respiration
does not.
Energy release: Aerobic respiration releases more energy than anaerobic
respiration, but more slowly.
Products: Aerobic respiration produces carbon dioxide, water, and ATP,
while anaerobic respiration produces lactic acid, ethanol, and ATP.
Frequency: Aerobic respiration occurs more frequently than anaerobic
respiration.

26. Glycolysis, the oxidation of glucose to pyruvic
acid, is usually the first stage in carbohydrate
catabolism. Most microorganisms use this
pathway; in fact, it occurs in most living cells.
Glycolysis is also called the Embden-Meyerhof
pathway. The word glycolysis means splitting
of sugar, and this is exactly what happens. The
enzymes of glycolysis catalyze the splitting of
glucose, a six-carbon sugar, into two three-
carbon sugars. These sugars are then
oxidized, releasing energy, and their atoms are
rearranged to form two molecules of pyruvic
acid.
GLYCOLYSIS

27. During glycolysis NAD+ is reduced to
NADH, and there is a net production of
two ATP molecules by substrate-level
phosphorylation.
Glycolysis does not require oxygen; it can
occur whether oxygen is present or not.
This pathway is a series of ten chemical
reactions, each catalyzed by a different
enzyme.
GLYCOLYSIS

28. To summarize the process, glycolysis consists
of two basic stages, a preparatory stage and
an energy-conserving stage:
1. First, in the preparatory stage two molecules
of ATP are used as a six-carbon glucose molecule
is phosphorylated, restructured, and split into two
three-carbon compounds: glyceraldehyde 3-
phosphate (GP) and dihydroxyacetone
phosphate 1(DHAP). DHAP is readily converted
to GP. (The reverse reaction may also occur.) The
conversion of DHAP into GP means that from this
point on in glycolysis, two molecules of GP are fed
into the remaining chemical reactions.
GLYCOLYSIS

29. 2. In the energy-conserving , the two three
carbon molecules are oxidized in several
steps to two molecules of pyruvic acid. In
these reactions, two molecules of NAD+ are
reduced to NADH, and four molecules of
ATP are formed by substrate-level
phosphorylation.
Because two molecules of ATP were
needed to get glycolysis started and
four molecules of ATP are generated by
the process, there is a net gain of two
molecules of ATP for each molecule of
glucose that is oxidized.
GLYCOLYSIS

30. 1-Glucose enters the cell and is
phosphorylated. A molecule of ATP is invested.
The product is glucose 6 phosphate.
2-Glucose 6-phosphate is rearranged to form
fructose 6-phosphate.
3- Another ATP is used to produce fructose
1,6-diphosphate, still a sixcarbon compound.
(Note the total investment of two ATP
molecules up to this point.)
4-An enzyme cleaves (splits) the sugar into two
three-carbon molecules: dihydroxyacetone
phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde 3-
phosphate (GP).
5- DHAP is readily converted to GP (the
reverse action may also occur).
STEPS OF GLYCOLYSIS:

31. 6- The next enzyme converts each GP to another three-
carbon compound, 1,3-diphosphoglyceric acid.
Because each DHAP molecule can be converted to GP
and each GP to 1,3-diphosphoglyceric acid, the result
is two molecules of 1,3-diphosphoglyceric acid for
each initial molecule of glucose. GP is oxidized by the
transfer of two hydrogen atoms to NAD+ to form
NADH. The enzyme couples this reaction with the
creation of a high-energy bond between the sugar and
a P . The threecarbon sugar now has two P groups.
7-The high-energy is moved to ADP, forming ATP, the
first ATP production of glycolysis. (Since the sugar
splitting in step 4, all products are doubled. Therefore,
this step actually repays the earlier investment of two
ATP molecules.)
STEPS OF GLYCOLYSIS:

32. 8- An enzyme relocates the remaining of 3-
phosphoglyceric acid to form phosphoglyceric
acid in preparation for the next step.
9-By the loss of a water molecule, phosphoglyceric
acid is converted to phosphoenolpyruvic acid
(PEP). In the process, the phosphate bond is
upgraded to a high-energy bond.
10 - This high-energy P is transferred from PEP to
ADP, forming ATP. For each initial glucose
molecule, the result of this step is two molecules of
ATP and two molecules of a three-carbon
compound called pyruvic acid.
STEPS OF GLYCOLYSIS:

33. Many bacteria have another pathway in addition to glycolysis for
the oxidation of glucose. The most common alternative is the
pentose phosphate pathway; another alternative is the Entner-
Doudoroff pathway.
The Pentose Phosphate Pathway
The pentose phosphate pathway (or hexose monophosphate
shunt) operates simultaneously with glycolysis and provides a
means for the breakdown of fivecarbon sugars (pentoses) as well as
glucose.
ALTERNATIVE TO GLYCOLYSIS

34. A key feature of this pathway is that it produces important
intermediate pentoses used in the synthesis of:
(1) nucleic acids,
(2) glucose from carbon dioxide in photosynthesis
(3) certain amino acids.
The pathway is an important producer of the reduced coenzyme
NADPH from NADP+. The pentose phosphate pathway yields a net
gain of only one molecule of ATP for each molecule of glucose
oxidized. Bacteria that use the pentose phosphate pathway include
Bacillus subtilis, E. coli, Leuconostoc mesenteroides

35. Steps of
Pentose
Phosphate
Pathway

36. The Entner-Doudoroff Pathway
From each molecule of glucose, the Entner-Doudoroff pathway produces
two molecules of NADPH and one molecule of ATP for use in cellular
biosynthetic reactions. Bacteria that have the enzymes for the Entner-
Doudoroff pathway can metabolize glucose without either glycolysis or
the pentose phosphate pathway.
The Entner-Doudoroff pathway is found in some gram-negative bacteria,
including Rhizobium, Pseudomonas ,and Agrobacterium ,it is generally
not found among gram-positive bacteria. Tests for the ability to oxidize
glucose by this pathway are sometimes used to identify Pseudomonas in
the clinical laboratory.

37. Steps of
Entner-
Doudoroff
Pathway

38. Fermentation is an enzyme catalyzed, metabolic process whereby organisms
convert starch or sugar to alcohol or an acid anaerobically releasing energy.
Fermentation is an anaerobic biochemical process. In fermentation, the first
process is the same as cellular respiration, which is the formation of pyruvic
acid by glycolysis where net 2 ATP molecules are synthesized. In the next step,
pyruvate is reduced to lactic acid or ethanol. Here NAD+ is formed which is re-
utilized back in the glycolysis process.
Purpose: To regenerate NAD⁺ for glycolysis to continue ATP production.
Location: Cytoplasm.
ATP Yield: Only 2 ATP per glucose (from glycolysis).
Types:
Lactic Acid Fermentation: Produces lactic acid.
Alcoholic Fermentation: Produces ethanol and CO₂.
FERMENTATION

40. LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION

41. ALCOHOL FERMENTATION

42. KREBS CYCLE
also known as citric acid cycle, and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA).
is a series of biochemical reactions to release the energy stored in
nutrients through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from
carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and alcohol.
is the first step in the aerobic pathway.
central driver of cellular respiration.
discovered by Sir Hans Adolf Krebs FRS, a German biologist,
physician, and biochemist.
closed loop; the last part of the pathways reforms the molecules
used in the first step.
in eukaryotic cells it occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria, and in
cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells.
the cycle includes eight major steps.

43. mitochondria for
eukaryotes
cytoplasm for
prokaryotes

44. The main substrate for the
tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle,
citric acid cycle, or Krebs cycle is
acetyl-CoA.
Step 1. Acetyl CoA joins with a four-
carbon molecule, oxaloacetate,
releasing the CoA group and forming a
six-carbon molecule called citrate.
Step 2. Citrate is converted into its
isomer, isocitrate.
STEPS OF KREBS CYCLE

45. Step 3. Isocitrate is oxidized and releases a
molecule of carbon dioxide, leaving behind a five-
carbon molecule—α-ketoglutarate. During this
step, NAD is reduced to form NADH. The enzyme
catalyzing this step, isocitrate dehydrogenase,
is important in regulating the speed of the citric
acid cycle.
STEPS OF KREBS CYCLE

46. Step 4. α-ketoglutarate is oxidized, reducing NAD to
NADH and releasing a molecule of carbon dioxide in
the process. The remaining four-carbon molecule
picks up Coenzyme A, forming the unstable
compound succinyl CoA. The enzyme catalyzing this
step is α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase.
STEPS OF KREBS CYCLE

47. Step 5. The CoA of succinyl CoA is replaced by a
phosphate group, which is then transferred to ADP to
make ATP. In some cells, GDP—guanosine diphosphate
—is used instead of ADP, forming GTP—guanosine
triphosphate—as a product. The four-carbon molecule
produced in this step is called succinate.
STEPS OF KREBS CYCLE

48. Step 6. Succinate is oxidized, forming another four-carbon
molecule called fumarate. In this reaction, two hydrogen
atoms—with their electrons—are transferred to FAD,
producing FADH2. The enzyme that carries out this step is
embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion, so
FADH2 can transfer its electrons directly into the electron
transport chain.
STEPS OF KREBS CYCLE
Step 7. Water (H20) is added to the four-
carbon molecule fumarate, catalyzed by the
enzyme fumarase, converting it into another
four-carbon molecule called malate.

49. Step 8. Oxaloacetate—the starting four-
carbon compound—is regenerated by
oxidation of malate. Another molecule of
NAD is reduced to NADH in the process.
STEPS OF KREBS CYCLE
The TCA cycle generates
two CO2s,
three NADHs,
one FADH2, and
one GTP
for each acetyl- CoA molecule
oxidized

50. Final Product of Krebs
Cycle (Each Cycle)
The TCA cycle
generates:
2 CO2,
3 NADH,
1 FADH2, and
1 GTP

51. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
The electron transport chain is a series of proteins and organic
molecules found in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Electrons are
passed from one member of the transport chain to another in a series of
redox reactions. Energy released in these reactions is captured as a
proton gradient, which is then used to make ATP in a process called
chemiosmosis. Together, the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
make up oxidative phosphorylation.
A series of four protein complexes that couple redox reactions, creating an
electrochemical gradient that leads to the creation of ATP in complete
system named Oxidative Phospholyration.

52. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

53. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
ETC COMPONENTS/ELECTRON CARRIERS
a. FMN( Flavin mononucleotide)
at the beginning of the electron transport chain, the electron from NADH are
transferred to the FMN reducing it to FMNH2.
b. Ubiquinone(Coenzyme-Q)
Ubiquinone is the only electron carriers in the respiratory chain that is not bound
attach to a protein. this allows the molecule to move between the flavoprotein
and the cytochromes.
c. Cytochromes
the next electron carriers are cytochromes that are red or brown colored protein
containing a heme group that carries the electrons in a sequence from
ubiquinone to the molecular oxygen.

54. ETC COMPLEXES

55. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
COMPLEX I: NADH
dehydrogenase
The first entry point for
electrons into the ETC.
It starts the process of energy
extraction from NADH, helping
establish the proton gradient
essential for ATP production
by ATP synthesis.
NADH + H+ + CoQ → NAD+ +
CoQH2

56. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

57. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
COMPLEX II: Succinate
dehydrogenase
it contain enzyme called succinate
dehydrogenase that was used by
citric acid cycle to transform
succinate into fumerate and the
process orm FADH2.
Succinate + FADH2 + CoQ →
Fumarate + FAD+ + CoQH2

58. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
COMPLEX III: Cytochrome reductase/ Cytochrome bc1 complex.
Complex III consists of cytochrome b, c, and a specific Fe-S center.
The enzyme complex, cytochrome reductase, catalyzes the transfer
of two electrons from reduced CoQH2 to two molecules of cytochrome c.
Meanwhile, the protons (H+) from the ubiquinone are release
across the membrane aiding to the proton gradient.
The CoQH2 is oxidized back to CoQ while the iron center (Fe3+) in
the cytochrome c is reduced to Fe2+
CoQH2 + 2 cytc c (Fe3+) → CoQ + 2 cytc c (Fe2+) + 4H+

59. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

60. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
COMPLEX IV: Cytochrome c oxidase
Complex IV consists of cytochrome a and a3, also
termed cytochrome oxidase.
This is the last complex of the chain and is involved in the
transfer of two electrons from cytochrome c to molecular
oxygen (O2) forming water.
In the meantime, four protons are translocated across the
membrane aiding the proton gradient.
4 cytc c (Fe 2+) + O2 → 4cytc c (Fe3+) + H2O

61. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

62. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

63. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

64. Chemiosmosis refers to the pumping of protons in the membranes of
mitochondria through special channels from the inner to the outer
compartment.
In the inner mitochondrial membrane, H+ ions have just one channel
available: a membrane-spanning protein known as ATP synthase.
Conceptually, ATP synthase is a lot like a turbine in a hydroelectric power
plant. Instead of being turned by water, it’s turned by the flow of H+ ions
moving down their electrochemical gradient. As ATP synthase turns, it
catalyzes the addition of a phosphate to ADP, capturing energy from the
proton gradient as ATP.

66. LIPID CATABOLISM

67. the process by which lipids (fats) are broken down
in the body to release energy. This involves the
breakdown of triglycerides into glycerol and free
fatty acids, which are then further processed
through pathways like beta-oxidation to produce
ATP, the energy currency of cells.
LIPID CATABOLISM
occurs in Mitochondria and Peroxisome.

68. The Primary purpose of lipid catabolism is to generate energy for the body.
PURPOSE OF THE LIPID CATABOLISM
When lipids breaks
down, they produce
acetyl-CoA, which
enters the citric acid
cycle to generate ATP,
the main energy
currency of cells.
Functions
The breakdown
products, such as
glycerol and fatty
acids, can be used
to synthesize other
important
molecules.
During periods of
fasting or intense
exercise, lipid
catabolism provides
an alternative energy
source when glucose
levels are low.
The acetyl-CoA produced
can also be used in the
synthesis of ketone bodies,
which serve as an energy
source for the brain and
other tissues during
prolonged fasting.
Energy
Production
Providing
Building Blocks
Maintaining
Energy Balance
Supporting
Metabolic Functions

69. Primary SourcePrimary Source
End ProductEnd Product
Triglycerides
Acetyl-CoA
Glycerol Free Fatty Acids
which enters the Krebs cycle to produce
ATP, and Ketone bodies in certain
conditions.

70. Acetyl-Coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA)
Plays variety of roles in cell history

71. Acetyl-Coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA)
Plays variety of roles in cell history

72. This is the main pathway for breaking
down fatty acids. It occurs in the
mitochondria and involves the
sequential removal of two-carbon units
from the fatty acid chain, producing
acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH2.
When carbohydrate availability is low,
such as during fasting or prolonged
exercise, acetyl-CoA produced from
beta-oxidation can be converted into
ketone bodies in the liver. These ketone
bodies can then be used as an
alternative energy source by various
tissues, including the brain.
PROCESS OF THE LIPID CATABOLISM
Lipid catabolism primarily
involves two key processes:
Beta-Oxidation Ketogenesis

73. Beta-oxidation

74. Beta-oxidation

75. Ketogenesis

76. PROTEIN CATABOLISM

77. process of breaking down proteins into their
constituent amino acids. These amino acids can
then be used for various purposes, such as energy
production, synthesis of new proteins, or
conversion into other molecules through pathways
like the urea cycle.
PROTEIN CATABOLISM
occurs in the stomach, small intestine, and cells.

78. The Primary purpose of proteins catabolism is to break down proteins into
amino acids
Amino acids can be
converted into
intermediates that
enter the Krebs cycle,
producing ATP, which is
the energy currency of
the cell.
The amino acids released
from protein catabolism
can be reused to
synthesize new proteins
that the body needs for
growth, repair, and
maintenance.
Amino acids can be
converted into other
compounds, such as
glucose or fatty acids,
which can be used in
different metabolic
pathways.
Protein catabolism
helps in the
removal of excess
or damaged
proteins,
maintaining cellular
homeostasis.
PURPOSE OF THE PROTEIN CATABOLISM
Functions
Energy
Production
Synthesis of
New Proteins
Metabolic
Intermediates
Removal of
Excess Proteins

79. Primary SourcePrimary Source
End ProductEnd Product
Proteins ( initial substrates that
undergo catabolism.)
Amino Acids ( used for Protein
Synthesis, energy production, and
conversion to other compounds
Ammonia
Carbon Skeletons

80. PROCESS OF THE PROTEIN CATABOLISM
- 1. Digestion in the Stomach: proteins are broken down
into smaller polypeptides by the enzyme pepsin in the
acidic environment of the stomach.
- 2. Further Breakdown in the Small Intestine: enzymes
further break down polypeptides into smaller peptides and
amino acids.
- 3. Final Breakdown of the Polypeptides: enzymes further
break down smaller peptides into individual amino acids
by enzymes like aminopeptidase and dipeptidase, which
are located on the surface of the small intestine's
epithelial cells.

81. PROCESS OF THE PROTEIN CATABOLISM
- 4. Absorption into the Bloodstream: Amino acids are
absorbed through the intestinal lining into the bloodstream
and transported to various tissues.
- 5. Deamination in the Liver: In the Liver, amino acids undergo
deamination, where the amino acids are removed by the
enzyme aminotransferase, producing ammonia and a-keto
acid.
- 6. Conversion to Urea: Ammonia is converted into urea via
the urea cycle in the liver, which is then excreted by the
kidneys.
- 7. Utilization of Carbon Skeletons: The remaining Carbon
Skeletons of amino acids enter the Krebs cycle to be used for
energy production.

82. Deamination is the process by which an amino group (-NH2) is removed
from an amino acid.
- Occurs in the liver.
- 1. Removal of the Amino Group: The amino group (-NH2 ) is removed
from the amino acid, resulting in the formation of ammonia (NH3) and a
keto acid12.
- 2. Conversion to Ammonia: the removed amino group is converted into
ammonia, which is toxic to the body.
- 3. Formation of Urea: The liver converts ammonia into urea through the
urea cycle. Urea is much less toxic and can be safely transported in the
blood to the kidneys.
- 4. Excretion: Urea is excreted from the body through urine.

83. METABOLIC
DIVERSITY AMONG
ORGANISMS

84. METABOLIC DIVERSITY
refers to the various metabolic strategies organisms
use to obtain energy and adapt to their environment.
METABOLISM
refers to the chemical process where organisms convert
energy sources to fuel they need in order to survive.

85. TYPES OF
METABOLIC
STRATEGIES

86. TYPES OF METABOLIC STRATEGIES
refers to organisms that can produce their own energy
from non-organic sources, “self-feeders”
AUTOTROPHIC METABOLISM
Photoautotrophs- use light as their primary energy
source and convert it to energy through photosynthesis.
1.
Example: Green Plants, Algae, Cyanobacteria

87. TYPES OF METABOLIC STRATEGIES
AUTOTROPHIC METABOLISM
2. Chemoautotrophs- Use inorganic energy sources to
create organic compounds from carbon dioxide.
Example: Some deep-sea bacteria that use hydrogen
sulfide from hydrothermal vents to produce organic matter.

88. TYPES OF METABOLIC STRATEGIES
HETEROTROPHIC METABOLISM
refers to organisms that rely on consuming organic
matter (plants, animals, or other microbes) for energy.
Photoheterotrophs - use light for energy but rely on organic
compounds (from other organisms) for their carbon needs
1.
Example: non-sulfur bacteria

89. TYPES OF METABOLIC STRATEGIES
HETEROTROPHIC METABOLISM
2. Chemoheterotrophs- rely on the oxidation of organic
compounds (like glucose) to generate ATP and other
energy-rich molecules
Example: Humans, animals, fungi, and most bacteria that
consume organic matter for energy.

91. MEMBERS:
Salgado
Ramos, Queenzy
Hajar
So
Pag-ong
Libradilla

92. THANK YOU!!!