GROUP-2-NCM-107........................pdf

REPRODUCTIVE AND SEXUAL HEALTH

1. REPRODUCTIVE
AND
SEXUAL HEALTH

2. BY THE END OF THE PRESENTATION,
STUDENTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO: Define reproductive and sexual health and explain their importance.
Describe physical, emotional, and social changes during puberty.
Identify the basic anatomy of the male and female reproductive
systems.
Explain the importance of menstrual hygiene.
Demonstrate understanding of consent, boundaries, and respectful
relationships.
Recognize safe practices to prevent sexually transmitted infections
(STIs) and unplanned pregnancy.
Apply healthy habits and identify trusted sources of support and
information.

3. The reproductive system is the part of the human body
responsible for producing offspring. In males, it includes
organs like the testes and penis that produce and deliver
sperm. In females, it includes the ovaries, uterus, and
vagina, which produce eggs and provide a place for
pregnancy. Together, these systems make reproduction
possible and play a role in growth and development.
REPRODUCTIVE

4. encompasses the overall well-being related to the
reproductive system and its functions throughout all life
stages, including physical, mental, and social aspects. It
signifies the ability to have a fulfilling and safe sexual life, the
capacity to reproduce, and the freedom to decide when and
how often to do so. This includes access to information,
contraception, and healthcare services for safe pregnancies
and childbirth.
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH

5. refers to anything related to sex, the sexes, or sexual
activity. It can encompass physical characteristics,
sexual reproduction, and intimate relationships. More
broadly, "sexuality" encompasses a person's sexual
feelings, thoughts, attractions, and behaviors.
SEXUAL

6. According to World Health Organization:
Sexual health is a state of physical, emotional, mental and social well-
being related to sexuality; it is not merely the absence of disease,
dysfunction or infirmity. Sexual health requires a positive and
respectful approach to sexuality and sexual relationships, as well as
the possibility of having pleasurable and safe sexual experiences, free
of coercion, discrimination and violence. For sexual health to be
attained and maintained, the sexual rights of all persons must be
respected, protected and fulfilled. SEXUAL HEALTH

7. Reproductive health focuses on the ability to
have children and manage the reproductive
system, encompassing contraception, infertility,
maternal care, and pregnancy. Sexual health is
broader, focusing on physical, emotional, and
social well-being in relation to sexuality and
relationships.

8. is the stage of life when a child's body begins to develop and change into an
adult body capable of reproduction. It is triggered by hormones and usually starts
between ages 8–14.
is the stage of life when a child's body changes into an adult body capable of
reproduction. It includes physical, hormonal, and emotional changes.
Why it matters for both males and females?
Everyone experiences puberty, though in different ways. Understanding it
helps young people manage physical and emotional changes, support each
other, and reduce embarrassment or confusion. PUBERTY

9. FOR GIRLS

11. FOR boys

13. is the monthly process where the body sheds the
lining of the uterus, resulting in bleeding from
the vagina. It’s a sign that the body can
potentially become pregnant.
MENSTRUATION

14. Some people experience symptoms of menstruation and others
don’t. The intensity of these symptoms can also vary. The most
common symptom is cramps. The cramping you feel in your pelvic
area is your uterus contracting to release its lining.
Other signs you’re getting your period are:
Mood changes.
Trouble sleeping.
Headache.
Food cravings.
Bloating.
Breast tenderness.
Acne.

15. Fertility is the natural
ability to produce
offspring or reproduce. In
humans and animals, it
refers to the capacity to
conceive and bear
children or young.
Hygiene refers to the practices
and conditions that help maintain
health and prevent the spread of
diseases. It includes activities like
washing hands, bathing, cleaning,
and other measures to keep the
body and environment clean.

16. TIPS FOR MANAGING PERIODS:
Boost Iron Intake: Eat foods rich in iron, like lean meats, beans, spinach ,and lentils, to replace
iron lost during bleeding and prevent anemia.
Increase Vitamin C: Consume Vitamin-C rich foods, such as strawberries, citrus fruits, tomatoes,
and bell peppers, to improve iron absorption and potentially strengthen blood vessels.
Apply Heat: Use hot water bottle or heating pad on lower abdomen to relax muscles and
relieve pain.
Stay Hydrated: Drink plenty of water to help maintain blood volume, which can decrease with
heavy blood loss.
Get Enough Sleep: Adequate rest can reduce stress and hormonal imbalances that may
contribute to heavy periods.

17. REPRODUCTIVE ANATOMY

18. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
FUNCTIONS: Sperm Production: The testes (testicles) are the primary organs for producing sperm cells and the
hormone testosterone.
Hormone Production: Testosterone is crucial for developing male secondary sexual characteristics
and regulating sperm production.
Sperm Transport and Delivery: The epididymis, vas deferens, and urethra work together to transport
and deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract during intercourse.
Semen Production: Glands like seminal vesicles and prostate gland contribute fluids to semen,
which nourishes and protects sperm.

19. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
FUNCTIONS: Egg Production: The ovaries are responsible for producing eggs (ova) and the hormones estrogen
and progesterone.
Hormone Production: Estrogen and Progesterone are essential for regulating the mentrual cycle,
preparing the uterus for potential pregnancy, and developing female secondary sexual
characteristics
Egg Transport an Fertilization: The fallopian tubes transport the egg from the ovary to the uterus,
and Fertilization typically occurs in the fallopian tube.
Fetal Development: The uterus provides a safe and nourishing environment for the developing fetus
during pregnancy.
Birth: The cervix and vagina facilitate the birth process.

20. CONSENT AND RESPECT IN RELATIONSHIPS Sexual consent is a voluntary, clear, informed, and
enthusiastic agreement between all parties involved to
participate in a sexual activity. It is not the absence of a
"no," but the presence of an active "yes". Consent can be
given verbally or through affirmative actions and must be
obtained for each and every sexual act. It can also be
withdrawn at any time, and without it, sexual activity
constitutes sexual assault or rape.

21. FRIES MODEL
F- FREELY GIVEN: Consent must be genuine choice made without pressure,
coercion, manipulation, or while under the influence of drugs or alcohol.
R- REVERSIBLE: anyone can change their mind at any time about any sexual act, even
if they’ve previously agreed to it.
I- INFORMED: To give informed consent, all parties must understand what they are
agreeing to.
E- ENTHUSIASTIC: Consent isn’t just about not saying “NO”; it’s about actively and
enthusiastically wanting to participate in the sexual act.

22. RESPECT
Respect Autonomy- Consent respects a person’s right to make their own
choices about their body and sexuality.
Ask Clearly- Ask if your partner wants to engage in a specific sexual activity.
Respect Boundaries- If someone says “NO” to a particular activity or
expresses discomfort, respect their decision and stop it.

23. PREVENTING STI’S AND
UNPLANNED PREGNANCYWhat is Sexually Transmitted Infection?
A sexually transmitted infection (sexually transmitted disease) is a serious
condition that can develop after you have sex. Common STI symptoms
include itching and burning around your genital area. The good news is that
most STI treatments can cure the infection, but not all types. You can get an
STI again, even after treatment to cure it.

24. PREVENTION STEPS:
Abstaining from vaginal, anal, or oral sex. This is the only way to
completely avoid STIs.
Getting vaccinated. Vaccines are recommended for some people to
prevent hepatitis B and HPV.
Reducing your number of sex partners.
Regular testing. You and your partner should get tested and share your
results.
Being in a mutually monogamous relationship with a partner who has
been tested and does not have an STI.
Using condoms the right way every time you have sex.

25. CONTRACEPTION METHODS: Condoms:
A barrier that prevents sperm from reaching the egg. They are
the only method that also protects against STIs.
The Pill:
Hormonal birth control that you take daily. It works by stopping
the body from releasing an egg and thickening cervical mucus.

Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptives (LARCs):
These include:
IUDs (Intrauterine Devices): Small devices placed in the
uterus.(3 to 10 years)
Implants: A tiny rod placed under the skin of the upper arm
that releases hormones to prevent pregnancy.(3 to 5 years)

26. HOW TO STAY HEALTHY?Specific Tips for Women
Genital Hygiene: Wash the external genital area daily with warm water,
using fragrance-free, gentle products if desired.
Menstrual Hygiene: Change tampons or sanitary pads regularly.
Wiping Technique: After using the toilet, always wipe from front to
back to prevent the spread of bacteria.
Specific Tips for Men
Genital Hygiene: Keep the pubic area clean and trim pubic hair as
needed.
Facial and Beard Hygiene: If you have a mustache or beard, keep it
clean and trimmed to prevent dirt from accumulating.

27. THANK YOU!

28. EVIDENCE-
BASED
PRACTICE IN
MATERNAL AND
CHILD HEALTH

29. The careful use of
current best evidence in
making decisions about
patient care. EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE
(EBP)

30. KEY PRINCIPLE OF EVIDENCE-
BASED PRACTICED Best Available Evidence- using research findings, guidelines,
and systematic reviews.
Clinical Expertise- knowledge, skills, and past experience of
healthcare providers.
Patient Values and Preference- respecting cultural beliefs,
choices, and individuals needs.
Continuous Evaluation- assessing effectiveness and
updating practice.

31. IMPROVES SAFE CHILDBIRTH PRACTICES.
REDUCES MARENAL MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY.
PROMOTES RESPECTFUL MATERNITY CARE AND
PATIENT-CENTERED DECISIONS.
EXAMPLES: EVIDENCE-BASED PROTOCOLS FOR
MANAGING PREECLAMPSIA, POSTPARTUM HEMORRAGE
PREVENTION, AND CESAREAN SECTION INFIDCATIONS.
IMPORTANCE IN
MATERNAL HEALTH

32. Guides early detection
and Management of
growth and
development delays.
IMPORTANCE IN CHILD HEALTH
Ensures safe and
effective
immunization
schedules.
Improves child
survival rates by
reducing
preventable
deaths.Promotes optimal
nutrition and
exclusive
breastfeeding.

33. Skin-to-skin contact immediately after birth → stabilizes
temperature, improves bonding, enhances breastfeeding.
Delayed cord clamping (1–3 minutes after birth) → improves infant
iron stores, reduces anemia risk.
Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months → supports immunity, growth,
and development.
WHO Growth Charts → standardized monitoring of child growth and
development.
Antenatal corticosteroids for preterm labor → improves newborn
survival.
EXAMPLES OF EBP IN PRACTICE

34. BARRIERS TO
IMPLEMENTATIONLimited access to updated research and
guidelines.
Lack of training in EBP among healthcare
workers.
Resource constraints (staff, equipment,
medicines).
Cultural beliefs and resistance to change. Time
pressures in busy clinical environments.

35. Provide training and workshops for healthcare providers.
Improve access to online databases, journals, and WHO
guidelines.
Encourage policy support at national and institutional levels.
Strengthen team-based approaches (nurses, midwives,
doctors).
Promote a culture of continuous learning and quality
improvement.STRATEGIES TO ENHANCE EBP

36. Active Management of Third Stage of Labor (AMTSL):
Involves controlled cord traction, uterotonic drug
administration, and uterine massage.
Proven to significantly reduce risk of postpartum
hemorrhage (PPH).
Adopted in many countries → maternal mortality rates
decreased.
Highlights how EBP can save lives and set global
standards of care. CASE STUDY/SUCCESS STORY

37. REMINDER EBP ensures safe, effective, and high-quality care
in maternal and child health.
Reduces risks, prevents complications, and
promotes healthy outcomes.
Requires commitment from healthcare
providers, institutions, and policymakers.
“Better Evidence = Better Care = Better Outcomes.”

38. THANK
YOU VERY
MUCH!