GROUP 5 BCH 202 PRESENTATION SLIDE.pptx.

Bch presentation

1. BCH PRESENTATION. (BLOOD CHEMISTRY & DETOXIFICATION). DR. NOA IMAGA GROUP 5 19/04/2024

2. Topic:- HOW DOES THE LIVER DETOXIFY? WHAT IS THE ROLE OF CYTOCHROME P450 IN LIVER DETOXIFICATION?

3. Liver anatomy and function . Introduction to liver detoxification . Cytochrome P450(CYP) enzymes . Phase 1 Detoxification (CYP P450) . Phase 2 detoxification (CYP P450 ). Factors influencing detoxification efficiency. CONTENTS. 2 3 4 1 6 5

4. ANATOMY OF THE LIVER. 3. S URFACES OF THE LIVER: ▫️Diaphragmatic surface: - Faces the diaphragm and covered by visceral peritoneum, except at the porta hepatis ▫️Visceral surface: - Covered by visceral peritoneum and directly related to various anatomical structures. 4. BLOOD SUPPLY AND DRAINAGE: ▫️oxygenated blood flows in from the hepatic artery . ▫️Nut rie nt-rich blood enters via the hepatic portal vein . 1. POSITION AND LOCATION: The liver is a vital organ located in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen, just below the diaphragm. It plays a central role in metabolism, digestion, detoxification, and immune function. It approximately weighs 1.5kg and it is the largest gland in the body. 2. LOBES OF THE LIVER : Consists of 4 anatomical lobes namely: ▫️Right lobe ▫️Left lobe ▫️Caudate lobe ▫️Quadrate lobe

5. FUNCTIONS OF THE LIVER. The liver is a complex organ with multiple vital functions that are essential for maintaining overall health and homeostasis in the body. Some of its functions includes: 1. Metabolic Function 2. Detoxification 3. Bile Production and Secretion 4. Storage 5. Immune Function 6. Synthesis of Horones and Plasma Proteins 7. Bilirubin Excretion

6. INTRODUCTION TO LIVER DETOXIFICATION. Detoxification in the liver involves majorly three phases: Phase 1 : Enzymes modify the structure of toxins or waste products, often making them more water-soluble. Phase 2 : These modified molecules are then conjugated with other molecules like glutathione, further facilitating their elimination. Phase 3(Bile Production) : The liver produces bile, a yellowish fluid that helps digest fats and carries away waste products and toxins for excretion in the faeces.

7. PHASE 1 DETOXIFICATION USING CYTOCHROME P450 Cytochrome P450 enzymes play a vital role in the detoxification of xenobiotics which are foreign compounds which may be ingested as drugs or compounds produced in the body by bacterial metabolism. Cytochrome P450 enzymes are heme containing enzymes found and localized in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the liver which helps in detoxification of these foreign molecules. This detoxification process of foreign compounds are seen in phase 1 and phase 2 reactions, in which the foreign molecules which are lipophilic and hydrophobic are converted into hydrophilic molecules for easy excretion into the bile and elimination of less toxic produce.

8. PHASE II DETOXIFICATION USING CYTOCHROME P450 Phase II metabolism takes place if phase I is insufficient to clear a compound from circulation, or if phase 1 generates a reactive metabolite. A xenobiotic that has undergone a phase 1 reaction is now a new metabolite that contains a reactive chemical group, e.g hydroxyl (-OH). These metabolites must undergo additional biotransformation as a phase 2 reaction. Phase 2 reactions are conjugation reactions; a molecule present in the body is added to the reactive site of the phase 1 metabolite. Glucuronidation is the most common type of phase II reaction, and occurs in the microsomal enzyme system (found in the ER of hepatocytes) of the liver. This reaction increases the solubility of the drugs so that they can be secreted in the bile or urine. The glucuronic acid is added to xenobiotics by UDP-glucoronyl-transferases, present in the Endoplasmic Reticulum.

9. IMPORTANCE OF DETOXIFICATION IN THE LIVER. 1. Filtering harmful substances : Protects the body from potential damage caused by toxins. 2. Regulating Blood Sugar : Maintains blood sugar levels by storing and releasing glucose as needed. 3. Protein Synthesis : Produces important proteins like albumin, involved in blood volume maintenance and transporting substances. 4. Blood Clotting : Produces clotting factors essential for proper blood clotting.

10. CYTOCHROME P450(CYP) ENZYMES. What is cytochrome p450? Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) is a family of enzymes found primarily in the liver and other tissues in the body. These enzymes play a crucial role in metabolizing drugs, toxins, and other foreign compounds, making them more water-soluble and easier for the body to excrete. CYP450 enzymes are involved in the metabolism of a wide range of substances including medications, steroids, fatty acids, and environmental chemicals. They are essential for drug metabolism and can influence how quickly or slowly a drug is broken down in the body, affecting its efficacy and potential side effects. Cytochrome P450 Enzymes stands for: Cyto -They are bound to the membrane of cells. Chrome and P - contains heme pigment. 450 - These proteins produce a spectrum with wavelength 450nm

11. WHAT ORGANS ARE THE CYP450 ENZYMES FOUND? The cyp450 enzymes are found primarily in the liver, but they are also found in the kidneys, intestines, and lungs. The liver is the main site of drug metabolism, but the other organs can also play a role in metabolizing certain drugs. The level of cyp450 enzymes in each organ can vary from person to person, which can affect how a drug is metabolized and how it is distributed throughout the body.

12. FACTORS AFFECTING DETOXIFICATION EFFICIENCY. Detoxification Efficiency: Genes and Lifestyle . Our body's ability to detoxify depends on a complex interplay between genetics and lifestyle. Here's a breakdown of three key factors: 1. Genetic Polymorphisms and Epigenetic Changes in CYP Genes : CYP Genes Genetic Polymorphisms Epigenetic Changes 2. Lifestyle Choices and Detoxification: Diet Sle e p Exercse Gut He al th Toxins & Pollutants

13. 3. Interindividual Variations in Drug Response due to CYP-mediated Metabolism: The efficiency of CYP enzymes significantly impacts how individuals respond to medications. Here's how: Slow Metabolizers Fast Metabolizers

14. GROUP 5(MEMBERS). SUBGROUP A, 1. Ademuyiwa Eriifeoluwa Joy 2. Hameed Daniel Olanrewaju 3. Tadese Fatai Bamidele 4. Adeola Folarin-Williams 5. Adewunmi Samuel Olamilekan 6. Adewakun Oluwamayowa Oluwademilade 7. Muhammad Habeebullah Alada 8. Ajayi Elizabeth Oluwatobiloba 9. Bankole Busayo Okunola 10. Abiola Grace Evelyn SUBGROUP B, 11. Kolawole Bankole Andrew 12. Osiniyi Peter 13. Olalekan Adedamola Joshua 14. Akinsanya Oluwatimilehin Emmanuel 15. Ekpemiro Chiemeziem Ugochukwu

15. SUBGROUP C, 16. Ohaotu Chinonso Mary 17. Bejide Teniola Olanrenwaju 18. Lateef-Aminu Faridah Oluwaferanmi 19. Kaka Ayodamola Aishat 20. Ajani Nafisat 21. Olumide Mercy Oluwatobiloba 22. Godman Wisdom SUBGROUP D, 23.Olatunji Taiwo Deborah 24.Otori Deborah Ohunene 25.Olusheye OroOluwa Christianah 26.Niyi-Dare Oluwademilade Opeyemi 27.Samuel Omotayo 28.Arifayan Alexander Emmanuel 29.Grace Peter Adindu 30 .Saliu Kafayat 31.Ugbodaga Josephine Kehinde SUBGROUP E, 32. Oyibo Oghenemaro . 33.Joseph Adeyemo 34. Soyingbe Senami Ummu- Kulthum 35. Adeniyi Adesewa . 36. Ibitoye Eniola Racheal. 37. Amadedon Oloruntobiloba Oluseyi 38.Chukwu, Simone-Marie Afomachukwu . 39. Mustapha Zainab SUBGROUP F, 40 .oluwadare iyanu silvanus 41.Adeyemo Oluwafisayomi Adenike 42.Anoma Onyinyechukwu Daniella 43. Ajiboye Ibukunoluwa 44. Ntekop Inie -Abasi Danielle 45. Ojelade Mubarak Bolarinwa 46. Obakpolor Precious OLUWATOBI 47. Raji Arafat Ajedolapo . 48. Olowo Favor Ayoola 49. Chukwu Michael GROUP 5(MEMBERS).