Group-6 (1).pdfPhotosynthesis is the process plants, algae, and some bacteria use to convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of sugar.

Photosynthesis is the process plants, algae, and some bacteria use to convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of sugar.

1. 0






https://www.google.com/search?q=GEOLOGIC+TIME+SCALE&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ve
d=2ahUKEwjsq





Science
Quarter 1 – Module 14

2. 1





Science– Grade 11
Quarter 1 – Geologic Time Scale

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any
work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government
agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such
work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition
the payment of royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials
from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent
nor claim ownership over them.
Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad
Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin
Development Team of the Module

Writer: Joy C. Chavez

Editor: Emily B. Esmabe


Reviewer: Benjie L. Cadag


Illustrator: Frances C. Morales


Layout Artist: Christy R. Dawal

3. 2











Describe how Earth’s history can be
interpreted from the geologic time scale.
(S11/12ES-Ie-29)

4. 3









Dear Learners,

Scientists have put together the geologic time scale to describe the order and
duration of major events on Earth for the last 4
1
⁄2 billion years. Some examples of
events listed on the geologic time scale include the first appearance of plant life on
Earth, the first appearance of animals on Earth, the formation of Earth's mountains,
and the extinction of the dinosaurs. The geological history of the Earth is divided into
several Eras. These eras are further divided into Periods, which are sub-divided into
Epochs. Durations of each Period have been demarcated and the evolution of
vegetation and animals have explained accordingly.

In this module, you will learn about the system of chronological measurement
that relates stratigraphy to time used by geologists, paleontologists, and other
scientists to describe the timing and relationships between events that have occurred
throughout the Earth’s history.



After studying this module, you are expected to describe how Earth’s history
can be interpreted from the geologic time scale. (S1/12ES-I-e-29)

Specifically, you will be able to:
a. explain the geologic time scale;
b. describe how Earth’s history can be interpreted from the geologic time
scale;
c. Interpret the history of the Earth based from the geologic time scale;
d. differentiate eons, eras, periods, and epochs; and
e. value the importance of geologic time scale.

5. 4








o Geologic Time Scale is a timeline that illustrates Earth's history based on
geologic events and life forms.

o Extinction is the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of kinds
(taxon), usually a species.

o Fossils are the remains of past life, such as bones, shells, or other hard
parts; they may also include evidence of past life such as footprints or leaf
impressions.

o Eon is the largest division of geologic time scale.

o Era is the second-largest division of geologic time scale includes two or
more periods.

o Period is the third-largest division of the geologic time scale.

o Epoch is the smallest division of the geologic time scale.

o Cenozoic Era means recent life (Age of Mammals).

o Paleozoic era means ancient life (Age of Amphibians).

o Mesozoic Era means middle life (Age of Reptiles).




Let us see what you already know about the geologic time
scale by answering the test below.

Direction: Read carefully the question below and choose the letter of the correct
answer that best fits the question. Write the answer in your notebook.

1. What is a geologic time scale?
a. Used to find when important events in time occurred
b. A record of lifeforms and geologic events in Earth's history

6. 5





Sedimentary Rocks Radioactive
Isotope Fossils
Absolute Dating Half-Life
Faults Folds


c. Gives details on life in oceans, early plants
d. Tells about the Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic time

2. Which geological period did the earth become oxygen-rich?
a. Orosian period
b. Ediacaran period
c. Devonian period
d. Octovician period

3. What period did birds and lizards appear on Earth for the first time?
a. Jurassic period
b. Carboniferous period
c. Pleistocene period
d. Cretaceous

4. What are the divisions of the geologic time scale?
a. Eons into eras, period into epochs
b. Periods into era, epochs into periods
c. Era into epochs, epochs into division.
d. Period into division, epochs into Precambrian

5. Which of the following subdivisions of the geologic time scale represents the
longest time span?
a. epoch
b. era
c. period
d. stag







To assess your prior understanding of the rock and fossil record, use the
following terms to complete the concept map below:

7. 6































For you to have more understanding of the lesson, perform the
different activities of how geologists use geologic time scale in interpreting the
Earth’s history.

The geologic time scale (GTS) is a system of chronological dating that
relates geological strata (stratigraphy) to time. It is used by geologists,
paleontologists, and other Earth scientists to describe the timing and
relationships of events that have occurred during Earth's history. The table
of geologic periods, presented here, agree with the nomenclature, dates and
standard color codes set forth by the International Commission on
Stratigraphy (ICS).
to find its
determines the age of
which are often found in
which may be disturbed by

8. 7




























Source:https://web.nmsu.edu/~dshearer/geology/09_Geotime/Geotimeinteract/GeoTimeScale/geotime-scale.htm

Activity 1: GTS in Earth’s history
Read and understand what geologic time scale is in the given data on the
events that have occurred in the Earth’s history. In your notebook, write your
answer to the following tasks:

A. Fill in the data table to show the number of millions of years each Era lasted:
**Note: All percent are rounded to the nearest .5%.

The Divisions of Geologic Time Percent Millions of years
The age of the Earth 100% 4,600 my
Cenozoic Era 1.5%
Mesozoic Era 4.0%
Paleozoic Era 6.5%
Precambrian Time 88.0%

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B. Create a pie chart to show the percentage of time each Era of geologic time
represents in the Geologic Time Scale:







C. Mark the following important events on your brace map next to the correct
period:

single-celled organisms: 3,500 million years ago ______________
Trilobites: 500 million years ago ______________
Early land plants: 430 million years ago ______________
Reptiles: 280 m.y.a. ______________
Fish: 395 m.y.a. ______________
Whales: 20 m.y.a. ______________
Dinosaurs: 225-65 m.y.a. ______________
Mammals: 65 m.y.a. ______________
Humans: 2.5 m.y.a. ______________
Birds: 120 m.y.a. ______________
Pangaea starts to separate: 225 m.y.a. ______________

D. Answer the following questions:
1. What is being measured by the Geologic Time Scale?
2. What are the 4 major divisions of the geologic time scale?
3. Which of the four major divisions of the GTS occupied the largest unit of
time in Earth history?
4. What significant event in the history of the earth happened during the
largest unit of time?
5. How important is the geologic time scale in the study of earth’s history?





You’re great!

10. 9





Activity 2: Explore my Segments!


A. Direction: Answer the questions in the spaces provided.

1. How will you differentiate eons, eras, periods, and epochs in the geologic time
scale?
2. How did scientists account for fossils and other geological evidence as they
developed the geologic time scale?

3. Describe what happened during Pangaea?
4. What helped scientists to develop a theory of plate tectonics?

B. Direction: Match the description with the appropriate subdivision of the
geologic time scale. Use each term once or twice.

Description Term
____ 1. Hadean, Archaean, and Proterozoic A. Paleozoic
____ 2. Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous B. Cenozoic
____ 3. Tertiary and Quaternary C. Precambrian
____ 4. Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, D. Mesozoic Devonian,
Carboniferous, and
Permian
____ 5. Sabre-toothed cats, cave bears, giant deer
woolly rhinoceroses











Geologic time is the extensive interval of time occupied by the geologic history
of Earth. Formal geologic time begins at the start of the Archean Eon (4.0 billion to 2.5
billion years ago) and continues to the present day. Modern geologic time scales
additionally often include the Hadean Eon, which is an informal interval that extends
from about 4.6 billion years ago (corresponding to Earth’s initial formation) to 4.0 billion
You’re really work hard today!

11. 10





years ago. Geologic time is, in effect, that segment of Earth history that is represented
by and recorded in the planet’s rock strata.

The geologic time scale subdivides all time into named units of abstract time
called in descending order of duration-eons, eras, periods, epochs, and ages. The
enumeration of those geologic time units is based on stratigraphy, which is the
correlation and classification of rock strata. The fossil forms that occur in the rocks,
however, provide the chief means of establishing a geologic time scale, with the timing
of the emergence and disappearance of widespread species from the fossil record
being used to delineate the beginnings and endings of ages, epochs, periods, and
other intervals. One of the most widely used standard charts showing the relationships
between the various intervals of geologic time is the International Chronostratigraphic
Chart, which is maintained by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS).

The history of the Earth covers a vast expanse of time, so scientists divide it
into smaller sections that are associated with particular events that have occurred
in the past. The approximate time range of each time span is shown on the poster.
The largest time span of the geologic time scale is the eon. It is an indefinitely long
period of time that contains at least two eras. Geologic time is divided into two
eons.

o Precambrian Eon
Single-celled and simple multicelled organisms first developed during
the Precambrian eon. There are many fossils from this time because
the sea-dwelling creatures were trapped in sediments and preserved.
The Phanerozoic eon is subdivided into three eras- the Paleozoic
era, Mesozoic era, and the Cenozoic era. An era is often divided into
several smaller time spans called periods. For example, the
Paleozoic era is divided into the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian,
Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian periods.

o Paleozoic Era
The Mesozoic Era contains the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous
periods, as illustrated in Figure 3. It is often called the Age of the
Dinosaurs because of its famous inhabitants.

o Mesozoic Era
The two periods of the Cenozoic Era are the Tertiary and Quaternary.
A period is divided into an even smaller unit called an epoch. The

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Tertiary period of the Cenozoic era is comprised of the Paleocene,
Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, and Pliocene. The Quaternary period
of the Cenozoic era includes the Pleistocene and Holocene (Recent)
epochs.

o Cenozoic Era
A period which began about 65 million years ago and continues into the
present, is the third documented era in the history of Earth. The current
locations of the continents and their modern-day inhabitants, including
humans, can be traced to this period.

To assess your learning today, take action by
explaining your own words the following questions


1. Which principle of relative dating is the most important? Why are fossils
important in the development of the geologic time scale?
2. What can we learn from fossils?
3. How can paleontologists help us understand the past?

















Keep working on it. You’re good!

13. 12





Before you take the test, take some time to think
about all the new concepts that you have learned
from the lesson. Complete the records of the geologic
time scale below. Choose the answer from the word bank.
A. On a separate sheet of paper, complete a Brace Map showing the Geologic
Time Scale of Eras and Periods as shown on the Geologic Time Scale
Reference Chart.


B. Geologic Time Scale Chart

EONS ERAS PERIODS EPOCHS





Phanerozoic



1._____________

2.____________
Holocene
Pleistocene

Neogene
4.___________
5.___________

3.____________
Oligocene
6.___________

Mesozoic
Cretaceous -
7.____________ -
Triassic -
Permian -
8.____________ -
Devonian -
Silurian -
Ordovician -
9.____________ -
10. ____________ - - -
Archean - - -
Hadean - - -

Answer the following questions briefly:

1. What could be the reason why the geologic time scale was divided into 4-time
intervals?
2. From the four series of time intervals, which contributed to clearly understand
the history of the earth?
WORD BANK

Quaternary Cenozoic Paleogene Pilocene
Miocene Carboniferous Eocene Jurassic Proterozoic
Cambrian

14. 13










o The Earth is very old, and the study of Earth's past requires us to think about
times that were millions or even billions of years ago. Scientists use the
geologic time scale to illustrate the order in which events on Earth have
happened.

o The geologic time scale was developed after scientists observed changes in
the fossils going from oldest to youngest sedimentary rocks. They used relative
dating to divide Earth's past in several chunks of time when similar organisms
were on Earth.

o Scientists used absolute dating to determine the actual number of years ago
that events happened. The geologic time scale is divided into eons, eras,
periods, and epochs

o How do Geologists use the geologic time scale? To divide Earth’s long geologic
history:

 The geologic time scale divides Earth’s geologic history into intervals of
time defined by major events or changes on Earth.
 The largest unit of geologic time is an eon.
 Earth’s 4.6-billion-year history is divided into four eons: the Hadean,
Archean, Proterozoic, and Phanerozoic.
 The Hadean, Archean, and Proterozoic eons together are called
Precambrian time.
 Precambrian time makes up almost 90 percent of Earth’s history. f. Eons
may be divided into smaller units of time called eras.
 The Phanerozoic Eon, the present eon, is divided into three eras: the
Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic.
 Each era is subdivided into a number of periods.
 The periods of the Cenozoic, the present era, are further divided into
epochs.

o To mark major changes in the fossil record such as some divisions are based
entirely on the fossil record and at least five divisions of geologic time have
ended in large mass extinction events.

15. 14









Before you take the test, take some time to think about all the new
concepts that you have learned from the lesson. Read carefully the questions
below. In your notebook, write the letter of the best answer.

1. What era is sometimes called the "age of fish" or “ancient life”?
a. Precambrian
b. Paleozoic
c. Cenozoic
d. Mesozoic

2. Which series of time interval shows the order from the shortest to the longest?
a. era, period, epoch
b. epoch, period, era
c. period, epoch, era
d. eon, era, period, and epoch

3. Which type of dating method used the five principles to discern the nature,
sequence of geological events, and ages of rocks?
a. Relative dating
b. Absolute dating
c. Geologic time
d. Precambrian time

4. Which type of method used the actual age of rocks in measuring the ratio of a
radioactive isotope to their decay products?
a. Geologic time scale
b. Relative dating
c. Absolute dating
d. Paleozoic era

5. What is the age of the Earth?
a. 5.10 billion years
b. 4.6 billion years

16. 15





Amazing!
I’m proud of the way you worked today.

c. 14.6 billion years
d. 6.4 billion years

6. In what epoch do humans live?
a. Miocene
b. Oligocene
c. Halocene
d. Eocene

7. What was the first organism on Earth?
a. Plants
b. Alligators
c. Bacteria
d. Fish

8. Which era is also known as the age of the dinosaurs?
a. Precambrian
b. Paleozoic
c. Mesozoic
d. Cenozoic

9. When did mammals become the most dominant organisms?
a. Precambrian
b. Paleozoic
c. Mesozoic
d. Cenozoic

10. What era did flowering plants first appear?
a. Precambrian
b. Cenozoic
c. Mesozoic
d. Paleozoic

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Geologic Time Scale Plan

The Plan: You work for an advertising agency and you have just won a contract
with a very unusual client. Most travel agencies sell vacation packages to the tourist
spots during Christmas and summer vacations.

The Task: Your job is to develop a commercial in the form of an accordion book
showing a brief traditional presentation with the use of colored papers or recyclable
materials to present the itinerary of vacation destinations.

The Process. You have the option of accomplishing this travel accordion book
individually. Create and make your commercial to sell your trip to your clients. Use
illustrations, pictures/drawings, in your commercial poster. You will be assigned a
geologic time. Your accordion book must include the information found below: (see
attached Appendix A and B).

Page One and Two:
o Name of assigned time era, period, or epoch.
o When did it start?
o When did it end?
o What era and period is it part of (if applicable)?
o Picture (overview)
o What makes your period time unique (How will they know they are there)?

Page Three and Four:
o What major events in geologic history occurred during this time - formation
of mountains, oceans, continents, volcanic activity, erosion, etc. (major
attractions)?
o Picture (what did the earth or continents look like?)
o What was the climate like - temperatures, precipitation, ice ages, etc. (what
should the traveler pack)?

Page Slide Five and Six:
o What animals or life forms lived during this time (at least 4 organisms)? - Is
the visitor likely to eat or be eaten?
o What plant life lived during this time (at least 2 organisms)?
o Pictures of organisms

18. 17





o What organisms first appeared during this time?
o What organisms disappeared during this time?

ACCORDION BOOK TIMELINE RUBRIC


Indicators

9-10 Points

7-8 Points

1-6 Points



Title
Title can be read
from 6 ft.
away and is quite
creative.
Title can be read
from 4 ft. away and
describes the
content well.
The title is too
small and/or does
not describe the
content of the
poster well.


Labels
All items of
importance are
clearly labeled with
labels that can be
read from at least 3
ft. away.
Several items of
importance are
clearly labeled with
labels that can be
read from at least 3
ft. away.
Labels are too
small to view OR
no important items
were labeled.

Required
Elements
Includes all
required elements
as well as
additional
information
All but 1 of the
required elements is
included.
Several required
elements were
missing.


Attractiveness
Exceptionally
attractive in terms
of design, layout,
and neatness.
Acceptably
attractive though it
may be a bit
messy.
The poster is
distractingly messy
or very poorly
designed. It is not
attractive.


Use of Class Time
Used time well
during each class
period. Focused
on getting the
project done.
Never distracted
others.
Used some of the
time well during
each class period.
Needed some
redirecting and
occasionally
distracted others.
Did not use class
time to focus
on the project
and/or often
distracted others.
Total Points
Source: file:///C:/Users/DAX/Desktop/posterrubric072418.pdf

19. 18







Bibliography
Bayo-Ang et. Al ( 2016). Earth and Life Science for Grade 11. Educational
Resources Corporation, Cubao, Quezon City, Metro Manila

Campbell, Neil A. and Reece, Jane B. ( 2002). Biology. Sixth Edition. Pearson
Education Inc. California, USA

Salandanan et. Al (2016). Earth and Life Science for Senior High School (Core
Subject). Lorimar Publishing, Inc. , Cubao, Quezon City, Metro Manila

Electronic Sources
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/help/timeform.html
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/Geologictime.html
http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/prehistoric-world/prehistoric-time-line/
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/evolution/brief-history-life.html
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/education/explorations/tours/geotime/gtpage1.html
http://www.extinctions.com/
http://www.geo.msu.edu/geogmich/Precambrian.html

20. 19





Absolute
Dating
Radioactive
Isotopes
Hal-life
Fossils
Sedimentary
Rocks





Try This:
1. B
2. C
3. D
4. A
5. B



Do This:























to find its
determines the age of
which are often found in
which may be disturbed by

21. 20





Folds
Faults





Explore:
Activity 1: GTS in Earth’s History
A. Fill in the data table to show the number of millions of years each Era lasted:
**Note: Round percents to nearest .5% to make sure they add up to 100%.
The Divisions of Geologic
Time
Percent Millions of years
The age of the Earth 100% 4,600 my
Cenozoic Era 1.5% 66 my
Mesozoic Era 4% 185 my
Paleozoic Era 6.5% 291 my
Precambrian Time 88% 4,058 my

B. Create a pie chart to show the percentage of time each Era of geologic time
represents in the Geologic Time Scale:

C. Mark the following important events on your brace map next to the correct
period:
single-celled organisms: 3,500 million years ago precambrian
Trilobites: 500 million years ago cambrian
Early land plants: 430 million years ago Silurian Period
Reptiles: 280 m.y.a. Permian Period
Fish: 395 m.y.a. Devonian Period
Whales: 20 m.y.a. Neogene Period

22. 21





Dinosaurs: 225-65 m.y.a. Jurassic, Triassic, and Cretacious Period
Mammals: 65 m.y.a. Paleogene Period
Humans: 2.5 m.y.a. Quaternary Period
Birds: 120 m.y.a. Cretaceous Period
Pangaea starts to separate: 225 m.y.a. Triassic Period

D. Answer the following questions:
1. What is being measured by the Geologic Time Scale?
-The geologic time scale (GTS) is a system of chronological dating that relates
geological strata (stratigraphy) to time. It is used by geologists, paleontologists,
and other Earth scientists to describe the timing and relationships of events that
have occurred during Earth's history.

2. What are the 4 major divisions of the geologic time scale?
-The largest unit of geologic time is an eon. Earth's 4.6-billion-year history is
divided into four eons: the Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic, and Phanerozoic.
The Hadean, Archean, and Proterozoic eons together are called
Precambrian time.

3. Which of the four major divisions of the GTS occupied the largest unit of time
in Earth history?
-The first principal subdivision is called the eon. An eon, the largest division of
the geologic time scale, spans hundreds to thousands of millions of years.
Geologists generally agree that there are two major eons: the Precambrian eon
and the Phanerozoic eon.

4. What significant event in the history of the earth happened during the largest
unit of time?
-During the Precambrian (Phanerozoic Eon which includes the Paleozoic,
Mesozoic, and Cenozoic Eras)., the most important events in biological history
took place. Consider that the Earth formed, life arose, the first tectonic
plates arose and began to move, eukaryotic cells evolved, the atmosphere
became enriched in oxygen — and just before the end of the Precambrian,
complex multicellular organisms, including the first animals, evolved.

5. How important is the geologic time scale in the study of earth history?

23. 22





-The geologic time scale is an important tool used to portray the history of the
Earth, a standard timeline used to describe the age of rocks and fossils, and
the events that formed them. It spans Earth's entire history and is separated
into four principle divisions.

Activity 2: EXPLORE MY SEGMENTS!
A.
1. How will you differentiate eons, eras, periods, and epochs in the geologic time
scale?
-Eons are the largest spans of time in the geologic time scale. Eons are
divided into smaller units called eras. Eras are subdivided into periods.
Periods are subdivided into even smaller time spans called epochs.

2. How did scientists account for fossils and other geological evidence as they
developed the geologic time scale?
-Scientists associated the subdivisions of the geologic time scale with
events that occurred in Earth’s past. Fossils and other geological evidence
were used to identify significant changes in the Earth, which some- times
caused mass extinctions.

3. Describe what happened during Pangaea?
- Pangaea was a supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic and early
Mesozoic eras. It assembled from earlier continental units approximately 335
million years ago, and it began to break apart about 175 million years ago.
4. Trace the changes in the physical features of the earth over a period of time
from 46 million to 4.6 billion years.
-Earth and all the planets of our solar system formed, 4.6 billion years ago, from
the accretion of gas and dust that was orbiting the newly forming Sun. For the
first 10-20 million years after the main period of planet formation, most of the
remaining debris in the solar system was swept up by the newly formed planets.

5. What helped scientists to develop a theory of plate tectonics?
-Scientists were able to gather pieces of evidence of Plate Tectonics. Modern
continents hold clues to their distant past. Evidence from fossils, glaciers, and
complementary coastlines helps reveal how the plates once fit together.

24. 23





B.
1. C
2. D
3. B
4. A
5. A

Apply What You Have Learned:

1. Which principle of relative dating is the most important? Why are fossils
important in the development of the geologic time scale?
-Fossils are fundamental to the geologic time scale. The names of most of the
eons and eras end in zoic because these time intervals are often recognized
based on animal life. Rocks formed during the Proterozoic Eon may
have fossils of relatively simple organisms, such as bacteria, algae, and
wormlike animals.

2. What can we learn from fossils?
-By studying the fossil record we can tell how long life has existed on Earth,
and how different plants and animals are related to each other. Often we
can work out how and where they lived, and use this information to find out
about ancient environments. Fossils can tell us a lot about the past.

4. How can paleontologists help us understand the past?
-Paleontologists use fossil remains to understand different aspects of extinct
and living organisms. Individual fossils may contain information about an
organism's life and environment. Studying oyster fossils can help
paleontologists discover how long the oyster lived, and in what conditions.

Reflect: Answers will vary.

Reinforcement: Answers will vary.

Assess What You Have Learned:

1. B 6. C
2. D 7. C
3. A 8. C

25. 24





4. C 9. D
5. B 10. C

Learn More:

A. Brace Map
















B. Geologic Time Scale chart
1. Cenozoic
2. Quaternary
3. Paleogene
4. Pilocene
5. Miocene
6. Eocene
7. Jurassic
8. Carboniferous
9. Cambrian
10. Proterozoic

1. What could be the reason why the geologic time scale was divided into 4-time
intervals?
-Geologists have divided Earth's history into a series of time intervals.
These time intervals are not equal in length like the hours in a day. Instead,
the time intervals are variable in length. This is because geologic
time is divided using significant events in the history of the Earth.

26. 25






2. From the four series of time intervals, which contributed to clearly understand
the history of the earth?
-Eons are the largest intervals of geologic time and are hundreds of millions of
years in duration. In the time scale, Phanerozoic Eon is the most recent and
began more than 500 million years ago. Eons are divided into smaller time
intervals known as eras.