GROUP 7_JAPANESE OCCUPATION_PACO_PALOMANIA_REGIS_BEED 1A.pptx

Japanese Occupation

1. JAPANESE OCCUPATION IN THE PHILIPPINES (1942-1946)

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS -01- Japanese Martial Law -02- Life During the Wartime Years -03- Reforming the Philippine Government -04- The Second Republic of the Philippines -05- Resistance and Restoration -06- Promise of Independence

3. OBJECTIVES At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to: recognize the important events of the Japanese Occupation in the Philippines; describe the Filipinos’ life and situation during World War II; and identify the creation of the Second Republic of the Philippines.

4. ACTIVITY: Guess My Name! G _ N _ _ A _ D _ U _ L _ S M _ C A _ _ H _ R

5. ACTIVITY: Guess My Name! GENERAL DOUGLAS MACARTHUR

6. ACTIVITY: Guess My Name! J _ S _ P. L _ U _ _ L

7. ACTIVITY: Guess My Name! JOSE P. LAUREL

8. INTRODUCTION In 1941, the commonwealth government was interrupted with Japan's bombing of the US Naval Base at Harbor in Hawaii that started the Second World War. Following the attack of Pearl Harbor, Japanese bombed Manila and Suburbs. In order to save Manila from destruction, General Douglas MacArthur declared it as an “ Open City”. However, the bombing continued resulting in the destruction of Manila and other place in the Philippines. Shortly after the occupation of Manila, the Japanese forces established their government in the country that lasted until 1945. Japan occupied the Philippines for over three years, until the surrender of Japan. A highly effective Guerrilla campaign by Philippine resistance forces-controlled sixty percent of the islands, mostly jungle and mountain areas. MacArthur supplied them by submarine and sent reinforcements and officers. Filipinos remained loyal to the United States, partly because the Japanese had pressed large numbers of Filipinos into work details and even put young Filipino women into brothel.

9. I. JAPANESE MARTIAL LAW By early 1942, the Philippines, Burma, Singapore, the Dutch East Indies, French Indochina, and other territories in southeastern Asia and the Pacific were placed under the Japanese rule. After conquering the lands, Japan claimed that it was creating an Asia for Asians. On January 3, 1942, a day after Manila became an occupied city. Jorge B. Vargas , who was then the mayor of greater Manila before the Japanese occupation of the city, had been instructed by President Quezon and General MacArthur to cooperate with the enemy .

10. I. JAPANESE MARTIAL LAW January 23, 1942, Vargas received an order from General Homma to assume the position of the Executive Commissioner of the Central Administrative Organization of Occupied Philippines. Arbitrary arrests and executions were done by the kempeitai (military police) any time of the day . Many were also executed on mere suspicion of being with the resistance movement. During the initial period of the Japanese occupation, no one could travel without a pass from its army.

11. I. JAPANESE MARTIAL LAW Taliba , La Vanguardia , Tribune , and Liwayiuay were allowed to continue publication but under rigid censorship by the government.

12. I. JAPANESE MARTIAL LAW January 14, 1942, Colonel Murosawa , head of the Religious Section of the Japanese Army, issued a Declaration to Christians in the Philippines . Japanese Premier Hideki Tojo said on January 21, 1942 before the Japanese Diet, Japan’s legislature, that the Philippines would be granted independence.

13. I. JAPANESE MARTIAL LAW JAPANESE RULES FOR FILIPINOS Salutation of Filipinos to the Japanese. Japanese flag should be displayed in every house's door. Everybody must put the sun-rise armband on the left arm. Everybody should have the certificate of residence. Don't escape Japanese every time you met them rather welcome them. Unless you do not tell false prices you will be paid reasonably.

14. I. JAPANESE MARTIAL LAW JAPANESE RULES FOR FILIPINOS Prohibition to walk until the sun-set until the sun-rise without carrying lamps. Don't be fooled and bewildered by false propaganda, by communists, bandits and Chinese. The incendiarism accidental fire and robbery will be punished. The holding of arms is allowed by the army but the arms-holder must report to the mayor and get permission. The jobless people can find one's jobs in army. Be obedient to the orders of governors and mayors who are authorized.

15. II. LIFE DURING THE WARTIME YEARS Neighborhood and district associations were organized based in an executive order issued by Vargas on August 8, 1942. Each neighborhood association was to be composed of at least 10 families, their leader of which was to be appointed by their respective town or city mayor. The Sendenbu , the propaganda section of the Japanese army, and later the Hodobu , or Department of Information did its best to convince the people to collaborate with them. The schools were again made open to the public.

16. II. LIFE DURING THE WARTIME YEARS Tight restrictions on the movement of commodities by the Japanese had made the supply of rice, sugar, and other crops scarcer. The worsening food crisis reached a point where the populace started eating plain lugaw (rice porridge). The Japanese soldiers confiscated palay stocks stored in the kamalig (warehouse) of the farmers. They ransacked private backyard loading their trucks with chicken and hogs. Currency and banks were also closely monitored.

17. II. LIFE DURING THE WARTIME YEARS The new peso bills looked like a play money. Some Filipinos called it Mickey Mouse money. The Japanese realized the Filipinos were apathetic about the military money. Severe inflation set in as supplies ran low. The exorbitant price of meat resulted to the slaughtering of cows and carabaos in large numbers. The railroad train became a common vehicle of smuggling rice to the city at the Tutuban station.

18. II. LIFE DURING THE WARTIME YEARS Another trade that prospered during the era was the making of fakes and forgeries. Due to scarcity of food, medicine and basic services, thousands died of malaria, malnutrition, tuberculosis, and other diseases. Sulfathiazole , the wonder drug of the period, was sold at a very high price. Disheartened by their dismal situation in the country, a number of Filipinos did anything simply to survive in the wartime years.

19. BATAAN DEATH MARCH One of the most tragic that happened during the Japanese occupation. They were forced to march for about 65 miles in searing tropical heat with provisions of food, water, shelter or medicine. Those who can longer walk were bayoneted or beaten to death. It claimed 10,000 Filipino lives and 250 to 650 American troops died. Another 20,000 died inside the prison camp at Camp O'Donnell. The death march lasted for 8 days and started on April 9, 1942, to April 17, 1942. II. LIFE DURING THE WARTIME YEARS

20. Surrendering to the Japanese at Bataan in the Philippines in April 1942. 12,000 American troops were forced to march 55 miles to a prison camp along a road of crushed rock and loose sand. The nine-day trek claimed 1000 lives. Some prisoners who dropped along the way, either from exhaustion or manhandling by the Japanese, were carried in improvised stretchers. II. LIFE DURING THE WARTIME YEARS BATAAN DEATH MARCH

21. FALL OF CORREGIDOR In May 1942, Corregidor, a small rock island at the mouth of Manila Bay, remained one of the last Allied strongholds in the Philippines after the Japanese victory at Bataan. Constant aerial bombardment attacks by the Japanese ate away at the American and Filipino defenders. The Allied troops could not hold the Japanese off any longer, so General Jonathan Wainwright, commander of the U.S. Armed Forces in the Philippines, offered to surrender Corregidor to Japanese General Masaharu Homma, but Homma wanted the complete, unconditional capitulation of all American forces throughout the Philippines. II. LIFE DURING THE WARTIME YEARS

22. By February 27, the Americans had killed about 4,500 Japanese and captured 19. Corregidor was officially in American hands by early March, but not without loss. The Americans suffered more than 1,000 casualties by March 2, including 210 deaths. II. LIFE DURING THE WARTIME YEARS FALL OF CORREGIDOR

23. III. REFORMING THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT On December 2, 1942, the Japanese Military Administration announced that political parties had been dissolved "of their own free will." The Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas (KALIBAPI) , a non-political organization, was established. Jorge Vargas became the ex-officio president of the KALIBAPI. Benigno Aquino was appointed director-general of the said organization. At their June 18,1943 convention in Manila, the KALIBAPI members appointed a committee to nominate the members of the Preparatory Commission for Philippine Independence (PCPI).

24. III. REFORMING THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT With the approval of the Constitution by the members of the KALIBAPI and the election of Laurel as President of the Republic, Laurel, Aquino and Vargas flew to Tokyo on September 29, where they met with high-ranking Japanese officials to discuss Philippine independence . The Japanese worked for the enlistment of the Philippines into the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, a long-range economic plan for Japanese-conquered territories.

25. IV. THE SECOND REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES On October 14, 1943, Manila was in a holiday mood, despite the traces of war. Five hundred to eight hundred thousand people gathered in front of the Legislative Building that morning to witness the proclamation of Philippine Independence and the inauguration of the Republic of the Philippines. Then on October 18, Laurel announced the appointment of his cabinet. Claro M. Recto , minister of foreign affairs; Antonio de las Alas , minister of finance; Teofilo Sison , minister of justice; Quintin Paredes , minister of agriculture and commerce; Jose Yulo , chief justice of the Supreme Court, and Jose Villa , acting executive secretary.

26. IV. THE SECOND REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES The President of the Republic, elected by the majority of all members of the National Assembly, was given the highest executive power by the Constitution. With the inauguration of the Second Philippine Republic, President Laurel created the National Education Board to study curriculum changes and to develop a more suitable educational program for the country. To direct the educational thrust more thoroughly, the government was given more powers to supervise all schools, both public and private. President Laurel saw schools as complementary to the family and church in shaping morals and character. The government also sent selected young men to Japan as pensionados to study at Japanese schools. Members of the Japanese constabulary taught them Japanese methods of discipline.

27. IV. THE SECOND REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES A governor ran the provincial civil government. The governors and city mayors, in an ex-officio capacity became members of the 108-man National Assembly. The Constitution did not provide for a vice-president, however, the ranking minister in the order of precedence established by law could assume presidency in the event of a permanent disability of the President. The power to make laws was vested in the unicameral National Assembly, which was composed of provincial governor generals and city mayors as ex-officio members and of delegates to be elected every three years, one from each province and chartered city. The Assembly was to meet in regular session once every year. Judicial power was vested in a Supreme Court, composed of a chief justice and six associate justices who were appointed by the President with the advice of the Cabinet. The President with the advice of the Supreme Court appointed judges in the lower court.

28. IV. THE SECOND REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES Simultaneous with the restructuring of the educational system, control over media and culture was also emphasized by the Hodobu . Movies, stage shows, radio programs, and even letters at the post office were checked. Under the Laurel administration, the media was used to spread more Filipino propaganda line. Posters and leaflets called for the support of the republic. New periodicals such as Filipino, a monthly magazine, were also read not only in Manila but also in the provinces. On the anniversary of the Japanese-sponsored republic, a new newspaper was born ( The Republic ). Both periodicals tried to portray a more Filipino perspective rather than other publications. New stamps were also printed for the republic, showing the government's nationalist orientation.

29. IV. THE SECOND REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES In publications, the flag was highlighted. The Philippine national anthem was translated into Tagalog. It replaced the Japanese national anthem and Awit sa Paglikha ng Bagong Pilipinas . President Laurel went his way to Filipinize the Catholic Church. The Japanese Military Administration did closely supervise the affairs of the Church. Following the government's pro-Filipino line, the Kabataang Pangarap ni Rizal (The Youth of Rizal's Dreams) and Revtrufilnism (Revive True Filipinism ), were organized according to some historians.

30. V. RESISTANCE AND RESTORATION What strongly nullified the Japanese policy of attraction was the series of atrocities ranging from confiscation of personal goods to wanton killing of people. Health and living conditions deteriorated throughout the Japanese occupation. Tuberculosis, malaria, and nutrition ailments became common illnesses. Many people died of starvation. There were others who thought that the war was about democracy and against fascism. The unprovoked attack of the Japanese in the Philippines led many Filipinos to resist in defense of the country.

31. V. RESISTANCE AND RESTORATION Thoughts in having recognition and a challenging experience did help in encouraging more volunteers for the army. The United States Army Forces in the Philippines (USAFIP), North Luzon, was one of the earliest guerrilla units to be organized after the fall of Bataan and Corregidor. Walter Cushing, an American mine operator in the Mountain Province, led the first ambush against the Japanese. Cushing organized some 200 Filipino guerrillas shortly after the enemy invasion.

32. V. RESISTANCE AND RESTORATION Volckmann's Northern Luzon guerrilla army was responsible for driving General Tomoyuki Yamashita's troops from the Mountain Province in the last days of the war in the Philippines. Marcos V. Agustin, a bus driver before the war, formed a guerrilla unit centered in Antipolo. The Hunters ROTC (Reserve Officers' Training Corps) guerrilla group, headed by two young cadets of the Philippine Military Academy, Eleuterio Adevoso (better known as Terry Magtanggol , during the war), and Miguel Ver, was formed at Ver's house in San Juan, Manila. After the surrender of Bataan, the group moved to Antipolo.

33. V. RESISTANCE AND RESTORATION Another guerrilla unit that confronted the Japanese forces was the communist-led Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon known as the Hukbalahap . The organization was founded on March 29, 1942 in a forest near the boundaries of Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, and Tarlac. Luis Taruc was chosen chairman of the committee. Casto Alejandrino (GY), became second in command. The guiding principles of the Huks were found in this document, The Fundamental Spirit . The duties and privileges of a Huk soldier were discussed in another document, The Iron Discipline . Katubusan ng Bayan (Redemption of the People) was the principal Huk publication, which started in mid-1942.

34. V. RESISTANCE AND RESTORATION The Huks fought guerrilla battles with the enemy forces. In mid- January, 1945 they liberated much of Tarlac and Pampanga. There were some Filipinos who chose to cooperate with the Japanese and aided them in apprehending the guerrillas and their supporters. These fanatical pro-Japanese included: the Ganaps , the Pulahanes , the Palaaks , the United Nippon , the Pampars , and the MAKAPILIs .

35. V. RESISTANCE AND RESTORATION The Gamps were the former pro-Japanese Sakdalistas who served as spies for the Japanese military authorities while the Pulahanes (from Samar, "pula" means red) acted as guides for the Japanese in their efforts to arrest people who supported the guerrilla cause. The Palaaks , armed with bamboo spears, worked as guards for the Japanese army while the United Nippon (U.N.) , armed with rifles, wore army uniforms as part of the Japanese military. The members were recruited from the Ganap Party . The Pampars ( Pambansang Pag- asa ng mga Anak ni Rizal) were also armed with rifles. The Japanese military authorities in Pililla , Rizal Province organized the group in 1943. The group members wore blue denim uniforms with short pants.

36. V. RESISTANCE AND RESTORATION The most dreadful one, the MAKAPILI (Makabayan: Katipunan ng mga Pilipino) was headed by General Artemio Ricarte, Benigno Ramos, and Pio Duran. This group was organized after the American liberation forces had already entered the Philippine territory. In June 1944, the Battle of the Philippine Sea began. The air raid strikes started in Guam to neutralize Japanese offensive. In desperation, Japanese suicide pilots known as kamikaze (meaning, divine wind in Japan) engaged in dog-fight air battles against American warplanes. On September 21, 1944, President Laurel proclaimed martial law in the country by virtue of Proclamation No. 29. News about General MacArthur's Pacific Forces nearing the Philippines through the newspaper, The Tribune, and short-wave radio broadcasts made the Japanese fiercer and more distrustful.

37. V. RESISTANCE AND RESTORATION October 20, 1944, the return of General Douglas MacArthur. He delivered his famous “I Have Returned” speech upon landing on Leyte Island. October 23-26, 1944, Americans engaged Japanese forces in Battle of Leyte Gulf. They almost destroyed the entire Japanese fleet. They signaled the beginning of the Philippine Liberation from Japanese. On December 21, 1944, President Laurel and his Cabinet moved to Baguio. The Japanese forces retreated to the "Yamashita Line," a battlefront stretching along the jungle of Sierra Madre from Antipolo to Aparri .

38. V. RESISTANCE AND RESTORATION After four months in its Northern Luzon drive, the Buenavista Regiment's task finally ended. Japan formally announced through radio broadcast its final surrender on August 14 after the bombing of Hiroshima and later Nagasaki on August 6 and August 9, respectively. Negotiations for the surrender of General Yamashita and his troops began after a Filipino officer 2nd Lt. Macario A. Abarillo , leading a patrol of the 15th Infantry Combat Company had penetrated into enemy lines northwest of Kiangan . From Baguio, Yamashita and his staff were brought to the National Bilibid Prison in Muntinlupa. Yamashita went on trial in October 1945 before U.S. War Crimes Commission and was convicted of war atrocities on December 7.

39. V. RESISTANCE AND RESTORATION On the early morning of February 23, 1946, Yamashita was hanged on a tree on top of a hill overlooking the U.P. College of Agriculture in Los Banos , Laguna. U.S. Army police unit headed by Col. Charles Haldermann carried the execution order. On March 7, 1945, President Osmena signed an Executive Order providing for the restoration of the executive departments of the government as they existed prior to Japanese occupation. On March 8, the President sworn into office the new members of the Cabinet. He also outlined the principles of his government.

40. V. RESISTANCE AND RESTORATION In the early months of reoccupation, the United States attended to the needs of the local populace. The Philippine Civil Affairs Unit of the United States Army (PCAU) became the principal agency for relief distribution in Manila and the provinces. General MacArthur known to be a man of action, at that time made important decisions for the President. He advised President Osmena to immediately convoke the Congress, for it was part of the policy of the American government to restore constitutional government in the Philippines as soon as law and order had been established. On June 9, 1945, the First Congress of the Philippines convened for the first time since the election of its members on November 11, 1941 with Senator Manuel A. Roxas chosen as President of the Senate. By July 4, 1945, the Commonwealth was reestablished in Manila.

41. V. RESISTANCE AND RESTORATION President Osmena offered Roxas beforehand to go to Washington as Philippine Resident Commissioner but the latter refused. The election of April 23, 1946 resulted in the victory of the Liberal Party with Roxas and Quirino as the elected President and Vice-President, respectively. Their party won nine out of 16 contested senatorial seats. On May 6, 1946, Roxas was inaugurated as the last President of the Philippine Commonwealth. The inaugural ceremonies were held on the grounds of the Legislative Building.

42. VI. PROMISE OF INDEPENDENCE On July 4, 1946, the Philippine granted the independence. Bell Trade Act was passed. US still has access of the Philippines resources. US bases still remain in the Philippines. Philippine independence was eventually achieved on July 4, 1946. The 1935 Constitution which featured a political system virtually identical to the American one became operative. The system called for a president to be elected at large for a 4-year term (subject to one re-election), a bicameral and an independent judiciary.

43. REFERENCES https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s72GKbtLDlM https://www.asomf.org/what-happened-during-the-battle-of-corregidor/#:~:text=The%20Outcome,March%202%2C%20including%20210%20deaths . Book: Philippine History By Maria Christine N. Halili

44. GROUP 7 ARN FRANZ MICHAEL PACO ANGEL MARCH PALOMANIA PHILJOHN REGIS