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1. Science
Quarter 1 – Module 15
Different Hazards Caused by
Geologic Processes

2. Science– Grade 11
Quarter 1 – Different Hazards Caused by Geologic Processes

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work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government
agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such
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the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials
from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent
nor claim ownership over them.

Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad
Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Mary Ann P. Lait
Editors: Emily B. Esmabe
Reviewers: Benjie O. Cadag
Illustrator: Frances C. Morales
Layout Artist: Christy R. Dawal

3. Describe the various hazards that may
happen in the event of earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions, and landslides
(S11/12ES-If-30)

4. Everyone is aware of the natural disasters like earthquake, volcanic eruptions
and landslides have the possibilities of bringing hazards not only to an individual and
to entire community as well even to the entire nation. What is the reason for all of
these natural disasters? Our country, the Philippines, being located along the Pacific
Ring of Fire, is considered to be one of the most earthquake and volcanic eruption-
exposed countries on Earth!

In this module, you learn about various hazards caused by geologic processes.



After finishing this module, you are expected to describe the various hazards
that may happen in the event of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides
(S11/12ES-If-30).
Specifically, you will be able to
a. identify the different geologic phenomena;
b. determine the hazards from the geologic phenomena;
c. value the importance of being familiar with the different hazards caused
by geologic processes.




Creep - it is the very slow and downward movement usually caused by too much
materials for slopes to cope.
Debris avalanche - extremely rapid debris flow.
Debris flow - it is a rapid downslope movement of mass.
Deforestation – is the permanent removal of the trees to make room for something
besides the forest.

5. Destabilization – the process of upsetting stability of a region
Geologic Hazard – extreme natural events in the crust of the earth that pose a
threat to life and property
Earthflow - the slope materials become liquid-like and runs out, which gives a
depression at the head.
Earthquake - is the result of a sudden release of stored energy in the Earth's crust
that creates seismic waves.
Falls - falls are movement of geological materials, such as rocks, that fall from steep
slopes due to gravity.
Flows - it is a continuous movement which will clear the surface in a short period.
Hazards -is any source of potential damage, harm or adverse health effects on
something or someone.
Landslide - the movement of a mass of rock, debris, or earth down a slope.
Lateral Spreading - the ground tears, opening surface cracks and fissures across
the slope.
Mudflow - it is an earthflow but with more wet such that it runs more rapidly and
easily.
Overgrazing - is the process by which animals (livestock) feed at one place (bush,
forest, etc) for a very long time without growing new ones.
Pacific Ring of Fire - is a major area in the basin of the Pacific Ocean where many
earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur
Pyroclastic flow - contain a high-density mix of hot lava blocks, pumice, ash and
volcanic gas
Soil Liquefaction – occurs when a saturated or partially saturated soil substantially
losses strength and stiffness in response to an applied stress such as shaking during
an earthquake or other sudden change in stress condition, in which material that is
ordinarily a solid behaves like a liquid.
Slides – a down-slope movement of material that occurs along distinctive surface.
Spreads – is the complex lateral movement of relatively coherent earth materials
resting on a weaker substrate that is subject to liquefaction or plastic flow.
Subsidence -gradual settling or sudden sinking of the Earth's surface.
Tectonic plate boundary - are the edges where two plates meet.
Topples - topple failures usually involve the forward rotation and movement of a
mass of rock about an axis (or pivotal point) at or near the base of the block of rock
Tsunami - a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large
volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake.
Volcanic eruption - occurs when magma is released from a volcano.

6. Let’s see what you know about our lesson for today. Answer the questions
below. Choose and write the letter of the correct answer in your notebook.
1. The following are the possible hazards brought about by landslides EXCEPT:
a) ash and wild fire c) typhoon and lava flow
b) tsunami and liquefaction d) mining and quarrying

2. Which of the following is an earthquake hazard?
a) flash flood c) pyroclastic materials
b) tsunami d) mining

3. Which of these is caused by a geologic process?
a) typhoon c) tsunami
b) tornado d) earthquake

4. Which of the following is NOT a natural cause of landslides?
a) stream erosion c) burning
b) volcanic activity d) earthquake

5. Which of these happens when the stiff soil is loosened and sometimes combined
with ground water?
a) liquefaction c) ground shaking
b) subsidence d) lateral spreading





Let us first find out what you have learned from your previous lesson
Direction: Choose and write the letter of the correct answer in your notebook.
1. It determines the age of fossils by using numerical data.
a) Absolute Dating c) Mathematical Analysis
b) Relative Dating d) Geologic Time Scale

2. How did the geologists conduct relative dating?
a) by determining the number of electrons

7. b) by analysis through magnetism
c) by radioactive decay
d) by applying the principle of faunal succession

3. Which among the given animals are called index fossils?
a) fox and tiger c) horse and carabao
b) pigs and rodents d) eagle and hawk

4. What is geologic time?
a) A system of chronological dating that relates geological strata to time.
b) The earth’s history based on rock formation.
c) A scale that shows the characteristics of animals.
d) Carbon dating based on magnetism.

5. What is the first part of geologic time scale?
a) Mesozoic c. Archean
b) Cenozoic d. Jurassic





Let us explore the various hazards causes by geologic processes by performing
the succeeding activities.

ACTIVITY 1 – ANALYZE ME!
Direction: Answer the question by looking at what is being presented in the
picture.


1
What geologic hazard is shown by the
picture? What human activity caused
this hazard?

8. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1049935
https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-
sciences/what-is-the-most-dangerous-volcanic-hazard


https://www.tes.com/lessons/IndAymJ-frdAfA/tsunami

ACTIVITY 2 – BE AWARE!

Direction: Identify the different geological hazards represented by the figure.

http://clipart-library.com/landslide-cliparts.html


2


3
What geologic hazard is shown by the
picture? What will be the effect of this
to humans?
What geologic hazard is shown by the
picture? What will be the impact of this
to the lives and property of the people?
1
5
4
2
3
A

9. http://clipart-library.com/landslide-cliparts.html










http://clipart-library.com/landslide-cliparts.html


ACTIVITY 3 – WHO AM I?
Direction: Identify which geologic process caused the hazards identified in each
number. Write the letter of the answer in your notebook.
A. Earthquake
B. Volcanic eruption
C. Landslides

________ 1. Instantly kills and incapacitate large number of people.
________ 2. Formation of seismic sea waves and surges.
________ 3. Burning of vegetable and forest areas.
________ 4. Small hills disappear or are levelled to the ground.
________ 5. Gases are emitted.
________ 6. It can cause famine.
________ 7. Buildings and bridges collapsed
________ 8. Good fertilizer for the plants is produced.
2
6
1
5
3
4
7
2
1
3
C
B

10. ________ 9. It disrupts the aircraft travel.
_______ 10. Cars are crashed because of falling debris.





Yearly, natural disasters kill thousands of people worldwide like earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions, landslides, tsunamis hurricanes, floods, wildfires, heat waves and
droughts. They caused severe effects on human lives that result in physical,
biological, social, environmental and health problems to the affected people.
The Philippines has suffered from so many deadly typhoons, earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions and other natural disasters.

GEOLOGIC HAZARDS
Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and landslides are geologic hazards. Geologic
events are distinctive for their extremely rapid onset. The occurrence is sometimes
unpredictable except for volcanic eruption which tends to show some indications but
the actual eruption can never be determined. Geologic hazards also tend to have
impacts on large areas thus, zoning of the community is implemented. In the
Philippines, during volcanic eruption, Philippine Institute of Volcanology and
Seismology (PHILVOCS), designate permanent danger zone on the areas affected,
which may range up to several kilometers of radius.

Figure 1. The southern Philippines was jolted by a 7.0 magnitude earthquake on December 29, 2018.
Photo credit: mynation.com/world/philippines-hit-by-7-0-magnitude-earthquake

11. EARTHQUAKE
An earthquake is a weak to violent shaking of the ground produced by the sudden
movement of rock materials below the earth's surface. The earthquakes originate in
tectonic plate boundary. Inside the earth, earthquake starts at the focus point or
hypocenter. The point on the surface of the earth directly above the focus is called
the epicenter. There are two ways by which we can measure the strength of an
earthquake: magnitude and intensity. Magnitude is proportional to the energy
released by an earthquake at the focus. It is represented by Arabic Numbers (e.g.
4.8, 9.0).. The intensity is generally higher near the epicenter. It is represented by
Roman Numerals (e.g. II, IV, IX). Earthquakes ground vibrations and their intensities
are recorded and measured by an instrument called seismograph.


Effects of Earthquakes
People must be aware of earthquake’s danger. If an earthquake generates a
large enough shaking intensity, structures like buildings, bridges and dams can be
severely damaged, and cliffs and sloping ground destabilized (ground shaking).
Depending on the strength or intensity, earthquake can really be dangerous to
properties and human lives. It may also cause tsunamis which are sudden
displacement of seawater creating series of waves. Earthquake can cause landslide
and falling rocks, the movement will create destabilization in the soil. It can also
cause the soil to sink (subsidence) and to have cracks on the ground (lateral
spreading). Due to the changes in the soil structure because of the movement, the
stiffness of the soil is loosened and sometimes combined with ground water resulting
to liquefaction.
VOLCANIC ERUPTION
Another natural hazard is volcanic eruption. A volcano is a vent, hill or
mountain from which molten or hot rocks with gaseous material have been ejected.
The Philippines is prone to volcanism and earthquake activity for its unique tectonic
set-up. It is situated at the boundaries of the Philippine Sea Plate and the Eurasian
plate. These two tectonic plates are beneath the archipelago along the deep trenches
of the east and west seaboard.
Effects of Volcanic Eruption
Volcanic hazards occur before, during and after volcanic eruptions.
Earthquakes, ground fracturing, swelling of the ground, gas emissions and steam
explosions are signs that a volcano will erupt. Large explosive eruptions send columns
of volcanic ash, rocks and gas into the atmosphere, and if the ash column collapses,
pyroclastic materials flow down to the lowest part of the land which may cause
landslides.

12. Figure 2. On January 23, 2018, Mayon spewed 300 to 500 meter lava fountains and ash plumes with a 4 to 5
hour interval.
Source: https://www.britannica.com/place/Mayon-Volcano

After an eruption, heavy rainfall will continue to generate lahars as long as loose
volcanic debris and ash are on the ground. Generation of lahars can continue for
decades just like the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption in the Philippines.

















Figure 3. Ash and lahar accumulation in a river valley near the slopes of Mount Pinatubo following the
1991 eruption
Source: https://archive.felixfeatures.com/image/I0000X35OBceE4uU

13. LANDSLIDES
Landslide is the movement of a mass of rock, debris, or earth down a slope that
causes harm to the community. These are the factors that can initiate slope
movement like typhoon, snowmelt, changes in water level, stream erosion, changes
in ground water, earthquakes, volcanic activity, disappearance of vegetation by
wildfire, disturbance by human activities, or any combination of these factors. A
typical landslide travels at 10 miles per hour, but can exceed 35 miles per hour.











Figure 4. A view of debris and destroyed houses at the site of a landslide, after super typhoon
Mangkhut hit the country, at a mining camp in Itogon, Benguet, Philippines September 17,
2018.
Source: https://in.news.yahoo.com/praying-miracles-rescuers-seek-signs-life-philippine-typhoon

The term "landslide" has five modes of slope movement: falls, topples, slides,
spreads, and flows. There are five (5) different basic categories of flows: debris flow,
debris avalanche, earthflow, mudflow and creep.

14. Figure 5. Types of landslides
https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/f11400b49d814766ad9f4b418094e2a1

15. Identify a hazard that you have experienced or might experience during the
occurrence of geologic phenomena indicated below. Write down some possible
precautionary measures that would ensure your safety.























EARTHQUAKE
VOLCANIC
ERUPTION
LANDSLIDE
HAZARD

PREVENTION

16. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides are geologic processes that
caused hazards to living organisms and the environment.

HAZARDS OF AN EARTHQUAKE
 Ground Shaking
 Tsunami
 Landslides and rockfalls
 Subsidence and Lateral Spreading
 Liquefaction

HAZARDS OF A VOLCANIC ERUPTION
 ground fracturing
 selling of the ground
 gas emissions and steam explosions
 volcanic ash and gas
 pyroclastic flows
 ballistic rocks
 lahars

NATURAL FACTO RS THAT CAUSED LANDSLIDES
 Snowmelt
 changes in water level
 stream erosion
 changes in ground water
 earthquakes
 volcanic activity
 removal of vegetation by wildfire
 disturbance by human activities

TYPES OF LANDSLIDES
a. Rotational landslide f. Debris flow
b. Translational landslide g. Debris avalanche
c. Block slide h. Earthflow
d. Rockfall i. Creep
e. Topple j. Lateral Spread
f. Debris flow

17. I. Direction: Identify the geologic process being
described in the sentence. Write the answer in your
notebook.
_____________ 1. It causes the soil to sink.
_____________ 2. They are released into the atmosphere by a volcano
during eruption.
_____________ 3. The source of potential damage or harm on something or
someone.
_____________ 4. It is tearing of the grounds which may be caused by
eruption or earthquake.
_____________ 5. Generated by earthquake that can severely damaged
structures like buildings, bridges and dams.
_____________ 6. It is the movement of mass of rocks, debris and earth
down a slope.
_____________ 7. A series of waves in a water body caused by the
displacement of a large volume of water
_____________ 8. The result of a sudden release of stored energy in the
Earth's crust that creates seismic waves.
_____________ 9. It is a continuous movement which will clear the surface
in a short period.
_____________ 10. It occurs when magma is released from a volcano.

II. Matching Type. Match Column A with column B.
A B
1. volcanic eruption A. volcano
2. lahar B. kaingin
3. liquefaction C. ash
4. hazard D. natural calamity
5. earthquake E. subsidence
6. deforestation F. cracking of the soil
7. mining G. building collapsed
8. pyroclastic H. ruins the vegetation
9. Lateral spreading I. after the volcanic eruption
10. wildfire J. extracting
K. Water run-off

18. 1. Why do we need to avoid panicking when there is an earthquake?
2. Why do we need to take seriously the warnings and precautionary issued by
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHILVOCS)?
Select from any of the given geological phenomena and cite experiences that you
could hardly forget and insights you have gained from the situation.

Geological phenomena



Unforgettable experience





Insights









REFERENCES:
Klemetti, Erik (April 18, 2019 4:15 AM) What Is the Most Dangerous Volcanic
Hazard?. Rocky Planet https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/what-is-
the-most-dangerous-volcanic-hazard

Morales, Neil Jerome (17 September 2018). Praying for Miracles, Rescuers Seek
Signs of Life after Philippine typhoon landslides. Reuters
https://in.news.yahoo.com/praying-miracles-rescuers-seek-signs-life-philippine-
typhoon-083722445--finance.html
Wingard J, and Brandlin AS, Philippines: A country prone to natural disasters
https://www.dw.com/en/philippines-a-country-prone-to-natural-disasters/a-1721740
.

19. Yang, Baoer (November 30, 2019). Unveil WHY Landslides Occur
Storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/f11400b49d814766ad9f4b418094e2a1
British Geological Survey, Volcanic hazards and Impact
https://www.bgs.ac.uk/research/volcanoes/VolcanicHazards.html
Environmental health in emergencies
https://www.who.int/environmental_health_emergencies/natural_events/en/
Earthquake Hazards
https://www.gns.cri.nz/Home/Learning/Science-Topics/Earthquakes/Earthquake-
Hazards
National Disaster Education Coalition. "Landslide and Debris Flow (Mudslide)."
Disaster Center. (March 30, 2014) https://www.tes.com/lessons/IndAymJ-
frdAfA/tsunami
Philippines hit by 7.0 magnitude earthquake, tsunami warning in Indonesia, Palau for
brief while...
https://www.mynation.com/world/philippines-hit-by-7-0-magnitude-earthquake-
tsunami-warning-in-indonesia-and-palau-too-pkhjxp
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (2018) Introduction to
Earthquake. http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/earthquake/introduction-to-
earthquake#
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (2018) Introduction to
Volcanoes
http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/volcano-hazard/introduction-to-volcanoes
Primer on Natural Hazard Management in Integrated Regional Development
Planning. .(1991) Department of Regional Development and Environment
Executive Secretariat for Economic and Social Affairs Organization of
American States. Washington, D.C
https://www.oas.org/dsd/publications/Unit/oea66e/ch11.html
https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1049935
http://clipart-library.com/landslide-cliparts.html
https://e360.yale.edu/features/in-africas-oldest-park-seeking-solutions-to-a-
destructive-charcoal-trade
https://en.m.wikipedia.org
https://www.britannica.com
https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/90967/philippines-landslide-risk-
increasing
https://stats.oecd.org
https://www.livescience.com

20. TRY-OUT
1. a
2. b
3. b
4. c
5. a
LOOK BACK
1. a
2. d
3. b
4. a
5. b
WORK-IT-OUT
ACTIVITY 1 - Picture Analysis
 Landslide. Human activities that can cause the landslides are as follows:
overgrazing or agricultural activities, loading of slopes with piles of rock , ore
mining, quarrying, deforestation by logging and “kaingin”, overloading due to
construction and dumping of waste.
 Volcanic eruption. It is very dangerous to humans because of the emission of the
pyroclastic materials which may cause respiratory and skin diseases and flow of
lava can kill humans and damage properties.
 Tsunami. It will have tremendous effect on human lives and damage to
properties.
Activity 2 - BE AWARE!
A.
1. Ground Shaking
2. Tsunami
3. Landslides and rockfalls
4. Subsidence and Lateral Spreading
5. Liquefaction
B.
1. ground fracturing
2. selling of the ground
3. gas emissions and steam explosions
4. volcanic ash and gas
5. pyroclastic flows
6. ballistic rocks
7. lahars

21. C. 1. Falling of rocks
2. Falling of debris
3. Falling of earth
Activity 3 - WHO AM I?
1. A
2. A
3. B
4. A
5. B
6. B
7. A
8. B
9. B
10. C
Buzz Up
I need to be calm so that I can think of better decision of where to exit and be
safe.
(Answers may vary.)
Do Again
(Answers may vary.)
















EARTHQUAKE LANDSLIDE
HAZARD

PREVENTION

VOLCANIC
ERUPTION
Ground
shaking
. Apply the
drop, cover
and hold
Pyroclastic
materials
flow
Vacate
the area
and look
for safer
place
Falling of
debris
and rocks
Avoid
living near
a cliff

22. Check-Up
Test I. Identification
1. subsidence
2. pyroclastic materials
3. hazard
4. lateral spreading
5. ground shaking
6. landslides
7. tsunami
8. earthquake
9. flow
10. eruption

Test II. Matching Type
1. D
2. I
3. G
4. K
5. E
6. B
7. J
8. C
9. F
10. H

Think Over (Answers may vary)
1. We need to be calm when there is an earthquake. Accidents usually
happen when a person is out-of-focus. Presence of mind is needed so
that you can follow the guidelines given by the agencies of the government
to be safe.
2. The precautionary measures given by Philvolcs are given to avoid human
lost and minimized accidents. They must be memorized by the people so
that they can do them wholeheartedly.

Learn More
(Answers may vary.)