GROUP presentation General PATHOLOGY.pptx

Presentation

1. GROUP 1:PATHOLOGY PRESENTATION OROMA FRANCIS VU-BPC-2307-0266-DAY AGABA MICHAEL VU-BPC-2307-0764-DAY NTEGE ABUDALLAH VU-BPC-2307-1132-DAY BWIRE FAIZO VU-BPC-2307-1005-DAY BEHANGANA ALLAN VU-BNS-2307-0052-DAY

2. Cardiovascular Pathology Definition, Causes, Predisposing Factors, and Management

3. Cardiovascular pathology Cardiovascular pathology refers to diseases affecting the heart and blood vessels, as well as the study, diagnosis, and treatment of these conditions.

4. CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE (CAD) Also known as ischemic heart disease and is primarily caused by atherosclerosis (buildup of plaques in the arteries) also spasms in the coronary arteries . Symptoms of CAD mainly arise from reduced blood flow to the heart Angina(chest pain) Shortness of breathe fatigue Predisposing Factors : Lifestyle : Smoking, poor diet, lack of physical activity. Medical Conditions : High blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes. Genetics : Family history of heart disease. Management : Lifestyle Changes : Heart-healthy diet, regular exercise, smoking cessation. Medications : Antihypertensives, statins, antiplatelet agents (like aspirin). Interventions : Angioplasty, stenting, or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) if sever

5. CAD presentation

6. HYPERTENSION (HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE) Is achronic medical condition characterized byconsistently elevated blood pressure levels in the arteries Causes : Often idiopathic (no known cause), but can be secondary to other conditions (e.g., kidney disease, hormonal disorders ) The condition can be categorized into different types based on its underlying causes forexample Primary hypertension , most common type of hypertension, it accounts for about 85% of the cases it has no identifiable cause and it develops over time and is related to lifestyle factors such as diet,physical inactivity and stress Secondary hypertension , a condition caused by an underlying medical condition such as kidney disese , sdrenal gland tumors, thyroid disoders , or congenital heart defects Predisposing Factors : Lifestyle : High salt intake, obesity, lack of physical activity, excessive alcohol consumption. Genetics : Family history of hypertension. Age : Risk increases with age. Management : Lifestyle Changes : Diet (DASH diet), weight management, physical activity. Medications : Diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, beta-blockers.

7. ATHEROSCLEROSIS This is aprogressive condition characterized with the build up of plaque within the arterial walls leading to the hardening and narrowing of arteries that can significantly impair blood flow and increase the risk other cardiovascular disorders such as heart attacks and strokes. It begins with the damage to the endothelium caused by factors like high cholesterol levels, hypertension and diabetes. The damage increases permeability of the endothelium allowing low density lipoproteins to penetrate the arterial wall and become oxidized that induces an inflamatory response leading to formation of foam cells and fatty streaks

8. Causes : Damage to the endothelium (inner lining of arteries) from factors like high cholesterol, smoking, and high blood pressure. Accumulation of lipids, inflammatory cells, and fibrous tissue in arterial walls. Predisposing Factors : Lifestyle : Poor diet, physical inactivity, smoking. Medical Conditions : Diabetes, high cholesterol, hypertension. Age and Gender : Increased risk with age, and more common in men. Management : Lifestyle Modifications : Healthy diet (low in saturated fats), exercise. Medications : Statins, antiplatelets , medications to control blood pressure and diabetes. Interventions : Angioplasty and stenting, bypass surgery for severe blockages.

9. Heart Failure Is a chronic heart condition in which its unable to pump blood effectively leading to inadequate blood flow to meet the body's need The condition can manifest as either systolic dysfunction , where the heart muscle is weakened and cannot contract effectively or diastolic dysfunction where the heart muscle becomes stiff and doesnot fill properly with the blood Causes : Often results from CAD, hypertension, or cardiomyopathy. Other causes include valvular heart disease and arrhythmias . Symptoms of heart failure may include Shortness of breath during activities Fatigue and weakness Swelling in the legs, ankles, abdomen due to fluid retention Rapid or irregular heartbeat

10. Predisposing Factors : Lifestyle : Poor diet, sedentary lifestyle, obesity. Medical Conditions : Previous heart attacks, high blood pressure, diabetes. Age : More common in older adults. Management : Lifestyle Changes : Sodium restriction, fluid management, weight control. Medications : Diuretics (to reduce fluid buildup), ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, aldosterone antagonists. Devices : Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs), cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT).

11. Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack ) this aheart condition that occurs when blood flow to apart of the heart muscle is severely reduced or blocked typically due to a blockage in one or more coronary arteries The condition can arise due to a sudden blockage of blood flow to a part of the heart muscle, typically due to a blood clot on atherosclerotic plaque. The most common symptoms may include chest pain often as pressure, squeezing or tightness that may radiate to the sholuders , arms(especially the left arm),neck Shortness of breath which may occur with or without chest discomfort

12. ARRHYTHMIAS, these are abnomalities in the hearts rhythm and can manifest as aheartbeat that’s too fast, slow or irregular Causes : Disruption in the heart's electrical conduction system; can be triggered by stress, heart disease, or electrolyte imbalances. The varioius types include Atrial Fibrillation (AF), the most common type, characterized by rapid and irregular heartbeats. It significantly increases the risk of stroke Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT), characterized with episodes of abnormally fast heart rates that occur while at rest. Bradycardia, A slower than normal heart rate, which can lead to dizziness and fainting. Ventricular Fibrillation, a rapid and chaotic heartbeat that can lead to sudden cardiac arrest if not treated immediately. Heart Block: A condition where the heart beats more slowly due to a disruption in the electrical signals.

13. Predisposing Factors: Medical Conditions like Heart disease, previous heart surgery, electrolyte disturbances (like potassium imbalance). Alcohol, caffeine consumption, drug use (like cocaine ). Management Avoidance of stimulants (caffeine, alcohol). Medications : Antiarrhythmics , beta-blockers, anticoagulants (for atrial fibrillation). Procedures: Cardioversion (electric shock), ablation therapy, implantation of pacemakers or ICDs .

14. CARDIOMYOPATHY, these are group of disease primarily affecting the heart muscle and are however different from cardiovascular disorders like coronary artery disease Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM ) This is the most common form, characterized by the dilation of the heart chambers and impaired contraction and often leads to heart failure and is frequently idiopathic( the exact cause is unknown). DCM is a leading reason for heart transplantation . Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy ( HCM ) This involves abnormal thickening of the heart muscle, which can obstruct blood flow and lead to arrhythmias. HCM is often inherited and is one of the most common causes of sudden cardiac death in young athletes . Restrictive Cardiomyopathy (RCM): RCM is marked by stiffening of the heart walls, which restricts the heart's ability to fill properly during diastole. Patients may present with symptoms of heart failure despite normal systolic function .

15. ARRHYTHMOGENIC CARDIOMYOPATHY (ACM) This type involves replacement of myocardial tissue with fibrofatty tissue, primarily affecting the right ventricle. It can lead to serious arrhythmias and is often genetic in nature. Causes Can be idiopathic or secondary to other conditions (like CAD, hypertension, or infections ). Types of Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (ARVC): This primarily affects the right ventricle and associated with significant arrhythmic risk . Biventricular Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy: Involves both ventricles and presents a more complex clinical picture increasing the risk of sudden cardiac death(SCD) Left-Dominant Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy : Primarily affects the left ventricle, which was less recognized in earlier classifications.

16. Predisposing Factors Genetics: Family history of cardiomyopathy. Lifestyle: Alcohol abuse, obesity. Medical Conditions: Previous heart attacks, chronic high blood pressure. Management: Lifestyle Changes: Diet, exercise, avoidance of alcohol. Medications: Diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers. Devices: ICDs for those at risk of arrhythmias, heart transplant in severe cases .

17. VALVULAR HEART DISEASE This involves arrange of conditions affecting one or more of the four valves ie aortic, mitral, pulmonary, and the tricuspid valves affecting blood flow through the heart and body causing conditions of heart failure and arrhythmias . It can be due to congenital defects, rheumatic fever, or age-related calcification. Types may include, Valvular Stenosis , this occurs when the valve leaflets become thickened or stiff, narrowing the valve opening and restricting blood flow. However aortic stenosis is the most common form, often resulting from age-related calcification or congenital anomalies such as a bicuspid aortic valve Valvular regurgitation , here the valve does not close properly, allowing blood to leak backward, the most common type is mitral regurgitation, where blood flows back into the left atrium during ventricular contraction However some patients may experience both stenosis and regurgitation in the same valve.

18. Predisposing Factors of VHD Medical Conditions : Previous rheumatic fever, endocarditis, hypertension. Age : Increased risk with age. Management Monitoring : Regular echocardiograms to assess severity. Medications : Manage heart failure symptoms with diuretics and ACE inhibitors. Surgery : Valve repair or replacement for significant cases.

19. STROKE(BRAIN ATTACK) The condition occurs when blood flow to the brain is disrupted, leading to brain cell damage due to lack of oxygen The condition is categorized into two Ischemic stroke , the most common type, happens when a blood vessel supplying blood to the brain becomes blocked by a clot or plaques. Hemorrhagic stroke , occurs when ablood vessel in the brain bursts, causing bleeding into or around the brain. Symptoms may include Sudden weakness or numbness on one side of the face, arm or leg Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes Dizziness,loss of balance or coordination problems Severe headache with no known cause

20. Predisposing Factors : Medical Conditions : Hypertension, diabetes, atrial fibrillation. Lifestyle : Smoking, poor diet, lack of exercise. Age : Higher risk in older adults. Management : Immediate Treatment : For ischemic strokes, thrombolytics to dissolve clots; for hemorrhagic strokes, surgery may be needed. Rehabilitation : Physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy post-stroke. Preventive Measures : Anticoagulants for those with atrial fibrillation, blood pressure control

21. Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD ) This is a condition characterized by the narrowing of peripheral arteries, primarily affecting blood flow to the legs. It is often caused by atherosclerosis, where fatty deposits (plaques) build up on artery walls narrowing arteries in the limbs leading to reduced blood flow and various symptoms. Predisposing Factors : Lifestyle : Smoking, obesity, sedentary lifestyle. Medical Conditions : Diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol. Age : Risk increases with age. Management : Lifestyle Changes : Smoking cessation, exercise programs (like supervised walking). Medications : Antiplatelet agents, statins, medications for managing blood pressure and diabetes. Interventions : Angioplasty, stenting, or bypass surgery in severe cases.

22. ANEURYSM This is an abnormal bulge or ballooning in the wall of a blood vessel, commonly occurring in arteries . Aneurysms can develop in various locations, including the brain (cerebral aneurysms), the aorta (thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms), and peripheral arteries . Causes : Weakening of the arterial wall, often due to atherosclerosis or genetic conditions (e.g., Marfan syndrome ). Types of Aneurysms Cerebral Aneurysm, Often referred to as a brain aneurysm, it occurs in the blood vessels of the brain. It can be life-threatening if it ruptures, leading to subarachnoid hemorrhage. Aortic Aneurysm, this occurs in the aorta and can be classified into Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm: Located in the chest. Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Located in the abdomen. Peripheral Aneurysm, These occur in arteries outside the brain and heart, such as in the legs or arms.

23. Predisposing Factors of aneurysm include Medical Conditions: Hypertension, high cholesterol. Lifestyle: Smoking, obesity. Family History: Genetic predisposition. Management Monitoring: Regular imaging to assess size and risk of rupture. Medications: Blood pressure control. Surgery: Repair or replacement of the affected artery if it reaches a significant size.

24. DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS (DVT) Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a condition characterized by the formation of a blood clot in a deep vein, most commonly in the legs and it can lead to serious complications, including pulmonary embolism (PE), where the clot dislodges and travels to the lungs. Causes : Formation of a blood clot in a deep vein, commonly due to prolonged immobility or surgery. .

25. Predisposing Factors : Lifestyle : Sedentary lifestyle, smoking, obesity. Medical Conditions : Cancer, hormonal therapies, previous DVT. Genetics : Conditions that affect blood clotting. Management : Immediate Treatment : Anticoagulants (blood thinners) like heparin or warfarin. Compression Stockings : To prevent swelling and reduce complications. Long-term Management : Continued anticoagulation therapy if necessary

26. Pulmonary Embolism, This is a condition characterized by the blockage of a pulmonary artery in the lungs, typically caused by blood clots that travel from the deep veins of the legs, a condition known as deep vein thrombosis (DVT ). This blockage can lead to significant complications, including impaired oxygenation of the blood, damage to lung tissue, and strain on the heart . The primary cause of pulmonary embolism is the formation of blood clots in the deep veins, which can break loose and travel through the bloodstream to the lungs . Symptoms of pulmonary embolism This can vary depending on the size of the clot and the extent of lung involvement . Sudden Shortness of Breath Chest p ain that may worsen with deep breathing or coughing and can mimic a heart attack. increased heart rate may occur due to decreased oxygen levels . Coughing

27. Predisposing Factors : Lifestyle : Sedentary lifestyle, obesity, smoking. Medical Conditions : Recent surgery, cancer, heart disease. Genetics : Clotting disorders. Management : Immediate Treatment : Anticoagulants to dissolve clots, thrombolytics in severe cases.