Group testing.pptx

group & individual tests

1. Application of Psychological Assessment Topic: “Group Testing ” Presented by: Rabia Javed Iqbal

2. Group test are used primarily in the educational system, government system, industry, and the military services. World War 1- Mass testing began Development of the Army Alpha and Army Beta for use in the United States Army. Verbal test designed for general screening and placement purposes. Non-Verbal test are for illiterates. Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT) Multiple-aptitude classification batteries for assignment to occupational specialties. Provide single score based on an equal number of vocabulary, arithmetic, spatial relations, and mechanical ability item. Group Tests

3. Group V/S Individual Tests Individual Test Administered to only one person at a time. Some scales can require oral responses. Researcher takes test in face to face interaction. Individual intelligence tests are preferred by psychologist in clinics, hospitals and other settings where clinical diagnosis are made. Group Test Administered to a group of persons at a time. Must be written They use simplified written instruction. Administrator explains instructions to entire group. Open ended & Multiple Choice items. Items of similar content are arranged in increasing order of difficulty . Used in classrooms mostly

4. Advantages & Disadvantages of Individual Tests: Advantages Examiner can pay more attention to the examinee. Examiner can easily encourage the examinee and observe his behavior during the test more closely. Scores on individual tests are not as dependent on reading ability as scores in group test. Disadvantages It is very time consuming This type of tests requires a highly trained examiner. It costs more than the group test.

5. Advantages & Disadvantages of Group Tests: Advantages E xaminer can be administered to very large numbers simultaneously Simplified examiner role. Scoring typically more objective. Large, representative samples often used leading to better established norms 5. Can have a higher validity co-efficient than an individual test. Disadvantages Scores on the group test are generally dependent on the reading ability. Examiner has less opportunity to obtain cooperation and maintain interest. Couldn’t detected if examinee tired, anxious, unwell. Emotionally disturbed children do better on individual than group tests. Information obtained is less accurate than the individual tests

6. Adaptive Testing & Computer Based Administration Adaptive Testing: A testing technique designed to adjust to the response characteristics of individual examinees by presenting items of varying difficulty based on the examinee’s responses to previous items. The process continues until a stable estimate of the ability level of the examinee can be determined. CAT(Tailored Test) Scores are computed through IRT For example; GRE & GMAT ●

7. Advantages/ Disadvantages of Adaptive Testing Advantages Shorter Accurate Time Saving & Inexpensive Disadvantages Difficult in pilot testing Repitition of Content Can be tricky

8. Multilevel Batteries A group, series, or set of several tests designed to be administered as a unit in order to obtain a comprehensive assessment of a particular factor or phenomenon is a Battery. A series of overlapping tests where each group test is designed for a specific age or grade level, but adjacent test possess some common content is Multilevel Battery. • Multilevel batteries are especially suitable for used in the school, where comparability of score several years is desirable. Most Batteries yield separate verbal and quantitative, or linguistic and non linguistic, scores.

9. C on t … Multilevel Batteries Measures; • Intelligence General Ability Mental Ability Mental Maturity Academic potentials School Ability Are used to designate essentially the same type of test.

10. C on t i… Nine subtests grouped into 3 batteries: Verbal Battery Evaluate verbal skills & reasoning strategies needed for effective writing and reading Verbal Classification Sentence Completion Verbal Analogies Quantitative Battery Appraise quantitative skills important for math & other disciplines Qualitative Relations Number Series Equation Building Nonverbal Battery Used to estimate cognitive level of students with limited reading skills. poor English proficiency, or Inadequate educational exposure. Figure Classification Figure Analogies Figure Analysis

11. Educational Testing Educational testing is conducted to test how much an individual has progressed in learning a specific subject. It is used to evaluate student learning, skill level growth and academic achievements at the end of an instructional period, such as the end of a project, unit, course, semester, program or school year. Diagnostic Testing (start or new phase) Formative Testing (during lesson) Benchmark Testing (focuses on section of material) Summative Testing (at end & covers all units) ➔ PARCC (Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers) ➔ LTBS(Lowa Test of Basic Skills) ➔ PSAT/SAT ➔ Exam s

12. Achievement Testing Achievement tests are designed to measure accomplishment. Measures (formal)Learning experience Sometimes used to screen difficulties When they measure more than one academic area, it is, achievement battery and contains different sub tests. They can be administered individually or on groups.

13. Wechsler Individual Achievement Test-Second Edition, WIAT-II (Age 4-16) Develop hypotheses about achievement versus ability. Contains 9 subsets; oral expression, listening comprehension, written expression, basic reading skill, reading comprehension, mathematics calculation, and mathematics reasoning. Wide Range Achievement Test Reading,Spelling, Arithmetic & Reading Comprehension STEP series (Comprehensive) Reading, vocabulary, mathematics, writing skills, study skills, science, and social studies; a behavior inventory; an educational environment questionnaire; and an activities inventory. SRA California Achievement Test (KG-Grade 12) Measures achievement and national comparison in reading, language, spelling, and mathematics. CBM Curriculum Based Measurement

14. Aptitude Testing An Aptitude Test is used to determine an individual's skill or propensity to succeed in a given activity. Focuses on informal learning Two tests containing the same or similar items can be labeled as an aptitude test or achievement test in two different situations. They also give predictions thus referred as prognostic tests. They are readiness tests when they assesses the child’s readiness for learning. Implied at different levels; Elementary School Level Secondary School Level College Level and Beyond

15. 1. Elementary School Level Metropolitan Tests (MRTs) Group-administered battery Level I(beginning to middle KG) Auditory Memory Rhyming Letter Recognition Visual Matching School Language and Listening Quantitative Language. Level II(middle KG to 1) Beginning Consonants Sound-Letter Correspondence Visual Matching Finding Patterns School Language Listening

16. 2. Secondary School Level 1. Scholastic Aptitude Test ( SAT ) It is collection of; SAT Reasoning Test critical reading mathematics writing SAT Subject Test Specific Subjects ACT Assessment American College Testing Program. Developed at the University of Iowa. Curriculum based. Highly correlated with general intelligence. Used for seating students

17. 3. College Level & Beyond 1. Graduate Record Examinations (GRE): Multiple-choice & Computer based test. Contains General test & Specific-subject test Predictor of graduate success 2. Miller Analogies Test (MAT): 100 items, multiple choice analogy test. Measure the examinee’s ability to perceive relationships, general intelligence, vocabulary, and academic learning. ● 3. MCAT

18. Learning Disabilities Neurological condition that interferes with an individual’s ability to store, process, or produce information. Specific learning disability is “a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written, which disorder may manifest itself in the imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or do mathematical calculations .” ● Does not include learning problems resulted from visual, hearing or motor disabilities; or intellectual disability, emotional disturbance, environmental cultural, or economic disadvantage. Not a sign of poor intelligence or laziness. Neurological disorder that causes their brains to process and interpret information differently .

19. Types of Learning Disabilities 1. Dyslexia : (reading based). Hinders reading, writing, spelling and sometimes even speaking; difficulty reading letters or words, reversing letters or numbers, difficulty understanding what was read. 2. Dysgraphia : (writing based) Lead to problems with spelling, poor handwriting and putting thoughts on paper. Might have trouble organizing letters, numbers and words on a line or page. Struggle with writing complete and grammatically correct sentences. 3. Dyscalculia : (math based) Trouble recognizing numbers, symbols and understanding basic math concepts. It affects people differently at different stages of life. Difficulty handling money, cannot retain patterns when adding, subtracting, multiplying or dividing .

20. 4. Expressive Language: ( language-based ) ) Hard time expressing thoughts verbally(finding the words when trying to express yourself) Poor reading comprehension Trouble labeling objects, talking and writing Receptive Language: Knowing meanings of words or concepts, but difficult to follow conversations. Visual Processing Disorder (visual-based): Cannot receive, process, sequence, recall or express information in an accurate and timely way. Misreads words, mistakes letters and numbers that look similar in shape. Audio Processing Difficulty: (auditory based) Difficulty in Telling the difference between sounds of letters or words, being able to remember what was heard, and having inability to filter out background noises. Misspells or mispronounces similar sounding words

21. Behavioral Symptoms of LD -Poor grades -Physical complaints (headaches, back aches, hand cramps, etc) -School absences -Getting removed from class or sometimes suspended from school -Complain about assignments or the school itself -Easily frustrated with assignments -Gets aggravated easily -Gets depressed -When someone calls them “dumb”

22. Evaluation of LD Common achievement tests used to diagnose a learning disability; Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement (WJ ), Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT ), Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT) Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement (KTEA).

23. Career Guidance The process of helping individuals (school/college students or professionals) in making adequate educational and occupational choices. Helping in taking career decisions based on the demand and requirements of the future of work. It helps individuals make a shift from the general understanding of life and work to a more specific understanding of the realistic and practical career options that are available to them. ➔ Matriculation Students ➔ Intermediate students ➔ Degree students ➔ Working Professionals

24. Features of Career Guidance