GT234 CADASTRAL SURVEYING gggggggggg.ppt

cadastral surveying

1. GT234 CADASTRAL SURVEYING (3 Units) gm284 Project i : Cadastral surveys (4 units) By Robert Sylvester

2. Objective: To enable students acquire knowledge and techniques necessary for executing cadastral survey tasks in accordance with the land survey regulations of Tanzania Delivery mode : Lecture, Practical (GT284) & Project (GM284) Contact time: GT234 : 3 hrs for lectures, 2 hrs for practical 9 weeks (12 th April – 11 th June) GM284 : 2 weeks for fieldwork (14 th – 28 th June) 2 weeks for office work Assessment : GT234 : CA (2Asgnts+2Tests) = 40%, Exam = 60% GM284 : CA (Group Oral Presnt – 10%, Individual Assmnt – 30%), Exam (Group Oral Presnt – 5%, Individual Assmnt – 15%, Written Report – 40%) 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 2

3. Topics: Part I Meaning and purpose of cadastral surveying Land parcel identifiers Boundary types, definition, delineation and restoration Cadastral surveying in urban areas Field techniques Accuracy specifications and standards The main characteristic of cadastral surveys in urban areas is “ Plot setting out from plan data ” i.e. block setting out and sub-division for plots. Data processing, presentation and reporting – survey records including Survey Plans & Standard Forms Cadastre and digital cadastral databases Laws governing cadastral surveys in Tanzania 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 3

4. Topics: Part II Cadastral surveying in in rural areas Field techniques Accuracy specifications and standards The main characteristic of cadastral surveys in rural areas is “ Adjudication ”  Sub-division surveys  Isolated surveys (….made easy by GPS today) 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 4

5. Reference Books Dale, P. F., (1976), Cadastral surveying within commonwealth , H. M. S. O., London. Silayo , E. H., (1997), Cadastral Surveying Practice in Tanzania , Dar es Salaam University Press, Dar es Salaam. Survey and Mapping Division (SMD), (1957), The Land Survey Ordinance (Cap. 390) & Tanzania Survey Regulations , Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development, Dar es Salaam. SMD Divisional Technical and Administrative Circulars Allan, A., (1993), Survey Practice and Computation , Oxford. Ewan W. Anderson, (2006), International Boundaries . 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 5

6. Background: Cadastral Surveying System in Tz Cadastral Surveying concept was introduced in Tanzania by the German colonial administration, which formed the Department of Surveying and Agriculture in 1893. British followed the footsteps of the German administration. Initially cadastral surveys were used for the alienation of land to European settlers. Currently, the cadastral surveying system is administratively placed in the Ministry of Lands as the other related disciplines (Land Use/Physical Planning, Land Registration & Titling, Management and Valuation) A ministerial organ that administers cadastral surveys in Tanzania is the Surveys and Mapping Division (SMD). 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 6

7. When public demand for plots emerges, Town-planners prepare TP drawings Geomaticians implement approved TP drawings & come up with Cadastral survey plans Land managers use the survey plan info to prepare titles & allocate plots to individuals Prior to acquisition of Survey Instructions, your role is to act and transfer the TP drawing dimensions to the ground to physically define boundaries of proposed plots, and ultimately come up with survey plans providing cadastral information, a prerequisite for acquisition of land ownership rights. 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 7

8. General meaning of Cadastral surveying … survey of land boundaries together with significant physical features existing on the land at the time of survey. The boundaries to survey include: land parcel boundaries to obtain surveyed plots ( cadastral surveys in urban areas) land administrative boundaries 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 8

9. Plot size categories High density (HD) plots – covers an area of up to 400m 2 (for people of low income) Medium density (MD) plots – covers an area from 401 up to 800m 2 Low density (LD) plots – covers an area from 801 up to 1600m 2 (for people of high income) A land parcel covering an area greater than 1600m 2 is treated as a Farm or a plot for special use e.g. open space, play ground, etc. In most cases, farms are found in rural areas (cadastral surveys in rural areas in which case TP drawings are not necessary). 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 9

10. Land administrative boundaries include Village boundaries District boundaries Regional boundaries National boundaries International boundaries 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 10

11. How land boundaries are realized on the ground? The surveyed boundaries are permanently marked on the ground using boundary markers called beacons . Beacons are numbered, coordinated, mapped on cadastral survey plans, approved and registered by the government through the Ministry of Lands, SMD. 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 11

12. Purpose of cadastral surveying … to provide geometric description, sizes and locations of land parcels for purposes of facilitating equitable access to land and registration of land rights. Based on this, an extract of the cadastral plan for one land parcel – called Deed Plan - is always annexed {Take illegally} to the Certificate of Title. Recently, the primary objective has developed into fiscal purposes whereby cadastral surveys are used as a basis for collection of land rent/property tax and for supporting land market. 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 12

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14. Cadastral surveying from legal perspective … is called legal survey as it provide crucial info for legalization of property ownership. To own a plot legally, a Land Title/Certificate (of which a deed plan showing the plot location, extent, shape & area size is part of) should be granted to an individual, by the government. 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 14

15. Cadastral survey vs development As land is a base for development, cadastral surveyors can make land development possible by just surveying land parcels … since sustainable developments take place on surveyed lands 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 15

16. Execution (carrying out) of Cadastral Surveying Intro to of Cadastral Surveying Execution Demarcation survey Coordination survey Cadastral surveying in Urban areas 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 16

17. Intro to Cadastral Surveying Execution The execution of all cadastral surveys in Tz is administered by the Surveys and Mapping Division (SMD), including: monitoring, regulating & supervising cadastral works undertaken by Government & Licensed Private Surveyors. So, SMD checks & ensures that all cadastral surveys in the country are executed in accordance with the laid down standards, approves cadastral tasks, keeps and maintains records of approved surveys, prepares or causes the preparation of deed plans needed for land titles, establishes & densify controls upon which cadastral (and other) surveys are connected/tied to. 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 17

18. The authority to execute cadastral surveys is vested with duly qualified land surveyors or survey assistants who discharge such mandate under the general directions of the Director of SMD The technical execution of cadastral surveys in Tanzania is governed by the provisions of the Land Survey Ordinance (cap. 390). … it provides for the making of subsidiary legislations (regulations) which must be followed in carrying out such surveys 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 18

19. The Land Survey Ordinance empowers the land surveyor to enter the land for the purpose of executing cadastral survey. But, before doing so the surveyor is supposed to give the land owner a reasonable notice of his/her intention to enter the land – why? … to avoid penalty against any damage to the property which may be happen in the due cause of executing the survey. 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 19

20. Demarcation survey A process of physically marking boundaries of blocks of land parcels on the ground to indicate their limits . It often involves: block setting out, and marking block corners & sometimes where the block boundary meets other features (river, shoreline, road, railway) by temporary boundary markers (wooden pegs/ pins) bush clearing along block boundary lines – to ensure inter-visibility between corner points. Caution: You are required to observe highest degree of carefulness, responsibility and judgment during fieldwork to avoid conflicts that may rise due to e.g. cutting down standing crops, valuable trees and shrubs unnecessarily replacing pegs with permanent boundary markers: Beacons & IPC So, a survey whose aim is to demarcate and record the position of boundaries of land is what we call cadastral survey 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 20

21. Coordination survey Following successful completion of demarcation, all block corner beacons are coordinated by traverse, bearing & distance fixation, on-line methods or other suitable methods The coordination survey is usually connected to a control framework that exists in the area of survey (but, if controls do not exist, it has to be established before embarking on cadastral survey execution as the surveys must be tied to a known & precise control framework) Results two things: beacons in the ground & the cadastral survey plan; the latter being a graphic description of the position of the former. 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 21

22. Land boundary descriptions Three systems of boundary descriptions used in Tanzania: Verbal boundary description Numerical boundary description Graphical boundary description A combination of verbal, numerical and graphical description is used in the delineation of the national, regional and district boundaries – making reference to suitable topographic maps. 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 22

23. Numerical boundary description system … widely used in cadastral surveys whereby coordinates of corners of blocks of land parcels are derived and plans made. Several classifications of numerical descriptions exist: Coordinate system – widely used in urban areas. Numerical (UTM coordinate) system is the boundary description system used in Tanzania which is backed by graphical description, the cadastral survey plan. The coordinates are derived from measurements obtained using land measurement systems e.g. Theodolite -tape (and/or EDM) or Total station Bearing & distance – used in the survey of farms and estates in rural areas. 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 23

24. Surveyed land boundaries & boundary markers A boundary may be defined as a line, alone or together with others, which encloses or defines the limits of a land parcel. Such limits may be described: 1) in terms of numerical data (such as coordinate values or bearings & distances) = fixed boundary: a line whose position is precisely determined numerically, defined physically by boundary markers and recorded by a survey operation. Fixed boundary markers include single beacon, double beacon & iron pin in concrete (IPC). Merits? Demerits? 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 24

25. 2) by the locations of prominent physical features on the ground (such as rivers, lakes, roads, etc.) = general boundary: a line whose position is NOT precisely determined by a survey operation, but rather defined by prominent physical features. Merits? Demerits? Where a boundary is to be defined at the request of the land owner (i.e. to be not created from plan data, particularly in rural areas), the surveyor should always encourage the land owner together with his neighbors to walk along the bordering line in order to agree upon the precise position of the boundary – to avoid land disputes that rise due to encroachment. This process is called adjudication 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 25

26. Surveyed land - What is it? … any land whose boundaries have been surveyed by a duly authorized land surveyor. 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 26

27. Cadastral surveying in Urban areas When cadastral surveying process in urban areas begin? … when planners start preparing land use development proposals for provision of plots and approval of the same by the Director of physical planning at the ministry of lands. Urban cadastral surveys are executed in accordance with approved layout plans. The surveyor’s task is to translate these land use proposals into reality Survey regulations require surveyors to follow these proposals as far as possible, except where local conditions drastically dictate otherwise. Such drastic conditions are a common occurrence when setting out plots in already developed areas with buildings which have to be fitted into plots. 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 27

28. Steps: 1. Obtain and study the layout plan/TP drawing carefully and identify the location of the area to be surveyed. 2. Obtain and study the Survey instructions carefully 3. Data searching and Pre-computations . You need to do data search to obtain base/guiding data or information that may be required for planning the execution of the new survey. It could be Acquisition of information on adjacent surveys and geodetic control points. In case survey instructions do not say anything, you need to find out if there are adjacent (approved) surveys in the neighborhood of the area of interest. If there is any, then identify and obtain (a) plans, beacons/IPC coordinates and reports on such surveys, and (b) coordinates of geodetic controls existing within or close to the area of interest. Hence, prepare a sketch showing the location of the new survey area relative to the adjacent surveys and plot all the control points to realize their spatial distribution 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 28

29. Gathering information relating to pending or unsettled claims in land ownership –the so called “Third Party Interests”. The area which is to be surveyed might have property like buildings, crops, etc. that belong to the out-going owners. If such owners have not yet compensated or are not aware of the government plan to have their land surveyed for re-allocation, they may become obstacles to the surveying exercise. Occurrence of this situation freezes the fieldwork for unknown length of time waiting for clearance negotiation to allow the surveyor to enter the land, to commence the fieldwork. To guard against this problem, surveyors should develop a habit of finding out whether all land related claims have been cleared. 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 29

30. After collecting the base/guiding information, earmark datum points to base on or that will tie the survey work – they could be geodetic controls, coordinated beacons & IPC do preliminary computations (pre-comps) that you think will reveal useful information for the commencement of the survey work. Such computations may include join computations to obtain bearings & distances e.g. for datum checks, setting out, and scaling coordinates and sometimes angles & distances from the TP drawing. 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 30

31. 4. Reconnaissance Do reconnaissance survey: to evaluate nature of the terrain & have an overview of the area to assess the amount, types and magnitude of bush clearing if necessary, level of existing development if any, etc. to find out physically on the site, and recover on the ground, the location of datum points and check for their positional perfection. 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 31

32. Note: Datum points and checks are among other things that must be considered during reconnaissance as the new surveys starts from the these points. Once found on the ground, datum points must be checked by linear and/or angular measurements to prove their location properness (i.e. datum check to find out if they are in-situ) as they are sometimes disturbed by animals and/or human activities. A big variation between the measured distance ( Sm ) and computed distance (Sc), in any set of points, is a reason enough to suspect disturbance of any of or all the points. As accuracy specification for linear measurements for urban surveys is One part in Six Thousand (1/6000), datum points are proven to be in-situ if and only if ( Sm – Sc) / Sc ≤ 1/6000 (and therefore accepted as reference points for new surveys) This means that only a relative error of 1mm will be tolerated for a measured distance of 6 meters for surveys executed in urban areas, 20mm for 120m. To achieve this, lines should be measured to higher accuracy. It is thus clear that surveyors need to be more careful when measuring short distances. 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 32

33. 5. Job planning On the basis of the assessment done during reconnaissance, the surveyor is now well set to plan, organize and expeditiously undertake the survey work efficiently and with confidence i.e. To conceive the most appropriate techniques to execute the survey and thus derive reasonable cost estimates for the survey work To workout a list of requirements including technical and non-technical personnel, equipment, material, transport, duration of the survey together with a time schedule plus any other relevant logistics 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 33

34. 6. Control survey (if necessary) If a control framework does not exist in the neighborhood of the area of survey, the surveyor must establish, densify, or extend new control points closer to the area of survey for locating the new survey blocks. Triangulation, resection, intersection and traversing techniques can do. 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 34

35. 7. Block demarcation Once datum checks have yielded acceptable results, setting out block boundaries from plan data can commence on the basis of pre-computations. Simple layouts are straight forward to set out on a relatively flat terrain. Complex layouts are more difficult to deal with, particularly on undulating terrain, as they require more care and involve setting up the machine at short distances. As short distances are involved in complex layouts, more regular check measurements have to be made to ensure that demarcation work is in order; otherwise the whole layout may swing in the undesired direction. 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 35

36. The speed of laying out the block corners, and hence the total time required for field work is affected by the type of layout plan in hand, nature of the terrain and weather Therefore these factors, except weather, should be taken into account when making cost (budgeting) and estimating project time. 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 36

37. Block demarcation methods Staking out Scaling Angle and distance Scaling coordinates 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 37

38. i) Scaling distances and angles ... from the layout plan, followed by setting out using a theodolite & tape. One block is set out after another i.e. each block is build onto the previous one – the same way a builder sets up a wall The surveyor’s task is to: Scale off block distances from the layout plan using a scale ruler. Scale off/measure angles at all block corners using a protractor Note: All scaled distances and angles must be recorded on the sketch (field diagram). Preparation of field diagrams before commencing the fieldwork is necessary - minimize chances of committing scaling errors in the filed, and speed up field operations Set out block corners on the ground using the scaled distances and angles, and mark them initially by wooden pegs. Use iron pins in areas where there is a lot of human activities going on. 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 38

39. Assuming that A, B, and C are among the datum points (adjacent survey monuments) to be used to tie the new (block) survey. How block corner1 is set out on the ground? … a straight forward task … mark it peg1   How block corner2 is set out on the ground? … not a straight forward task. Two options are possible – either by empirical method or road secant computational method   8/19/2012 MSOKWA 39

40. Empirical method Set out block corner2 from corner1 as usual and put peg2 at the scaled distance 1-2 from corner1 Check the position of peg2 with the road width (say, 20m) to determine the correct alignment/orientation for line 1-2. Why? Because the position of peg2 cannot be treated as the correct one - it is prone to scaling errors (when scaling distance 1-2 & angle1) and errors due to measurements taken on uneven ground Use the correct alignment and the scaled distance 1-2 to mark the correct position for peg2   What if line 1-2 is obstructed, say by a building or hill, how can block corner2 be set out? Go for …. 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 40

41. Road secant computational method Considering all possible cases e.g. when Two roads of equal width (e.g. W = 20m) are meeting at block corner2 How can block corner2 be set out? Two roads of different widths (e.g. W1 = 20m & W2 = 10m) are meeting at block corner2   How can block corner2 be set out? 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 41

42. ii) Scaling coordinates … from the layout plan for join computations to obtain bearings and distances. This is followed by setting out using a theodolite & tape. Tasks: (a) As part of pre-computations, Scale out coordinates of the block corners. Scaling error should be ≤ 0.2mm. This accuracy is attained only if scaling is done appropriately on a dimensionally stable layout plan paper Compute road width and parallelism. Note that parallel lines must have equal bearings. If this situation is not attained, check the scaled coordinates and re-compute accordingly. When OK, Plot the locating control/datum points on the layout plan to visualize their spatial distribution Join-comp between the control points and block corners to obtain bearings and distances for setting out 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 42

43. (b) Start setting out block corners using the computed bearings and distances  ************ Disadvantages of scaling techniques? Advantages of scaling techniques? 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 43

44. iii) Staking-out … using a total station The surveyor’s task is to: Scan the layout plan and digitize all the block corners Extract coordinates for digitized block corners onto a sheet of paper Key inn the Total station all digitized coordinates Start staking-out in the field Advantages? Disadvantages? 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 44

45. Checking the work For any technique you opt, always ensure the use of independent checks and self checking methods, both in the field as well as in the computations. It is important to provide self checks to your fixations by e.g. Comparing computed or measured and scaled distances to findout if they differ to an acceptable limit: (Ss-Sc)/Sc ≤ 1/6000 comparing a feature on the topographical map and on the ground 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 45

46. To complete demarcation survey, Replace all wooden pegs/pins (temporarily marking the block corners) with permanent boundary markers: beacons and IPCs (at the truncation points). Beacons should be sunk into the ground so that they protrude about 2 to 4cm above the ground level for ease of identification. Ensure that all beacons and IPCs are numbered serially. You may need to consult the district/municipal/township land surveyor for the starting beacon number – a number next to the last beacon number of the last survey work done in the council. The numbers must be recorded in the field diagram as soon as the beacons are emplaced into the ground. 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 46

47. 8. Block coordination Following successful completion of the demarcation work (including ensuring that beacons/IPCs are properly erected, checking and adjusting road width and parallelism), all major block corner beacons/IPCs are coordinated. Block coordination survey should commence on approved controls (part of the national control framework) existing in the neighborhood If the control framework does not exist in the neighborhood, control extension should be considered & implemented to bring controls close to the survey area. 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 47

48. When staking out technique is used for demarcation, there is no need of executing a coordination survey since block coordination is done simultaneously with demarcation. But when you employ scaling techniques for demarcation, it is vital to plan for coordination survey, and therefore you must decide on the right coordination methods to employ. The decision on which coordination method to opt is done dependant on the site situation as well as on the way blocks are laid down. Always apply self & independent checks to all points that you have fixed in the field as well as in the computations. 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 48

49. Block coordination methods Traverse method Polar methods On-line fixation method etc. 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 49

50. Traverse method A traverse route should pass through or close to all necessary block corner points need be coordinated & close to details to be surveyed. It should take the shortest and most convenient way. Orientation lines should be as longest as possible between the available datum points Traverse baseline should be long in length to make the traverse close, not loop. If the existing datum points give short baseline, then think of establishing others that will provide a long baseline Traverse legs should be as long as possible (100-300m) & of equal lengths. If shorter legs have to be used, great care & forced centering techniques should be adopted wherever possible. 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 50

51. Traverse stations should be located properly in a way that they are safe/stable, accessible & inter-visible Use at least two zeros/arcs & observe at least four rounds/sets of angles at a stn Measure each traverse leg twice i.e. to-and-fro & take the average value The traverse linear accuracy ( misclosure ) is quoted in terms of total error over the entire distance traversed. Thus the minimal acceptable traverse linear misclosure for boundary definition should be ≤ 1/6000 for urban surveys 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 51

52. Polar methods : Make use of bearings & distances to fix a new point (say C) relative to known points (say A & B) Two polar methods exist: i ) Single bearing and distance fixation Measure distance S from A to C Observe angle θ at A formed by the two lines originating from A to B and C Compute the bearing of C from A using angle θ Work out coordinates C( Xc,Yc ) using the computed bearing & S.   An independent check is necessary to check the accuracy of C( Xc,Yc ), as the method does not check by itself . This can be done by involving another datum point and comparing the measured & computed distances i.e. ( Sm -Sc)/Sc ≤ 1/6000, otherwise reject & repeat the check. Always use ‘single B&D fixation with a check’ 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 52

53. ii) Double bearing and distance fixation A more reliable polar method for coordinating unknown point (e.g. C) Point C is fixed from two independent datum points (say A & P) by computing its coordinates from both datum points If the difference between the two sets of coordinates is not exceeding ±0.03m, take the average to deduce the final coordinates for point C. This method checks by itself - self checking method 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 53

54. On-line fixation method A method for coordinating unknown points (e.g. P & Q) which lie on-line between two known points, say A & B Measure distances: AP, PQ, QB separately i.e. independently Check distances: APm + PQm + QBm = ABc or (ABm-ABc)/ABc ≤ 1/6000 Compute coordinates for point P(Xp,Yp) and Q(Xq,Yq) from point A & B 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 54

55. Booking & presentation of the block coordination lines At the end of the coordination survey, all lines of coordination (i.e. traverse routes, B&D fixation lines, on-line fixation lines, etc.) should be depicted diagrammatically using conventional lines and colour . Such a diagram is known as a working diagram. Traverse routes are shown on the working diagram using continuous red lines Bearing & distance fixation lines are shown using continuous and dotted red lines On-line fixation lines are shown using continuous blue lines Independent check lines are shown using dotted green lines 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 55

56. 9. Block Subdivision for Plots Set up the machine (e.g. Theodolite ) at the block corner orienting to another corner, measure truncation distances (5m) and plot sides using scaled distances by steel tape and ranging poles. However, the simplest method for plot side measurements is step chaining! All plot side measurements must be recorded on the field diagram to two decimal places of a meter, as soon as they are taken. To check against gross errors, the plot sides fronting onto a common line should be summed up and the sum compared with measured/computed distance between the block line terminals. This should give a relative error of 1/300 or better. All plot corners must be marked by pins, and later the pins for ( i ) HD plots be cemented to become IPCs defining the plot corners, (ii) MD and LD plots be replaced with beacons. It is important that plots appearing rectangular in shape on the TP drawing be set out as rectangular as possible i.e. observe rectangularity of plots intended to be rectangular notably HD plots. 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 56

57. 10. Detail survey Picking predominant man-made and natural features existing on the on the ground at the time of survey is an important activity as in one way or another may affect the use of, or influence the value of a plot. Accuracy specification for linear measurements to features during detail surveys is 1 / 1000 Note that a survey which give rise to a production of plan showing plot boundaries without positions and extents of predominant features existing on the ground at the time of survey is simply referred to as a boundary survey (as it does not fulfill the requirements of a Cadastre). Such requirements can only be met by a c adastral survey which embraces detail surveys and hence produce a plan showing both plot boundaries and predominant features – called the Cadastral Survey Plan. 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 57

58. 11. Compilation of the Cadastral survey work The cadastral survey work is usually compiled in the form of a plan known as Cadastral Survey Plan, and Job File containing a survey report with other survey data. Both the cadastral survey plan and the Job File are dispatched to the Director of Surveys and Mapping (SMD) for scrutiny and approval. 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 58

59. Job File Write a report on the survey work (Survey Report) and assemble it with other survey data in the Job (paper) file. The survey data is usually organized in Standard Survey Forms (SF) or Sheets and assembled in the job file. The arrangement starts from the back cover of the file (inside face) with: 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 59

60. 1. Field sheets Angle Sheets (SF1) - numbered AS1, AS2, AS3, etc. Measurement sheets (SF2) - numbered MS1, MS2, etc. Detail Sheets (SF3) – numbered DS1, DS2, DS3, etc. They must be tied together at the back file cover inside face, one above the other 2. Pre-computation sheets, if any – numbered i , ii, iii, etc. 3. Summary Sheet (SF4) – Record of type & standardization of the equipment used 4. Approved Layout proposal/TP drawing 5. Survey Instructions (SF37) 6. On-line Computations (SF7) 7. Bearing and distance fixes (SF6) 8. Traverse Computations (SF5) 9. Datum Join Computations & check distances (SF8) 10. Area Computations (from coordinates) (SF9) 11. Area Computations (from irregular plots) (SF10) 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 60

61. 12. Triangle Solutions, if any (SF11) 13. Scaled/digitized and Staked out coordinates 14. Data sheet (Coordinate list) (SF12) 15. Sketch/Field diagrams (SF14) 16. Certificate of Acceptance of Boundary Beacons - BC1 (SF32) - Signed by Land Officer 17. Certificate of Erection of Beacons - BC2 (SF34) - Signed by Surveyor 18. Certificate of Inspection of Boundary Beacons (BC3) 19. Cost sheet, if relevant 20. Survey Report (SF15,16,17,18) - Signed by the Licensed surveyor 21. Working Diagram 22. Covering Letter ( by the Licensed surveyor ) – 1 st page when you open the file 23. Index (a list of Job file content) – on top of the file cover 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 61

62. NB: Send the job file to any professional surveyor to ink-check the work (in green ) before you dispatch it to the Director SMD for scrutiny & approval. 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 62

63. Cadastral Survey Plan (i) Scale selection Consideration should be given to the choice of a suitable scale as it determines the amount of mapping space, & hence the amount of information which can be portrayed on the plan. While choosing a scale, ensure that there will be enough space on the mapping plane for writing all the descriptive plot/marginal information 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 63

64. Considerations for selection of a suitable scale Size & shape of the plot(s) to be plotted R elative sizes of the shortest & longest boundary lines Density of information vs clarity & legibility/readability, Size of grid interval Size of drafting & reproduction material available (taking into consideration that the minimum size of a plan should not be less than 20cm x 30cm) Size of reproduction equipment available e.g. printer, plotter Storage & handling convenience of the resulting plans and copies made from them 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 64

65. Scale specifications Regulation No.53 sets out general scales to be used for cadastral survey plans: Scales for urban surveys: 1:500, 1:1,000, 1:2,000, 1:2,500 & 1:5,000 Scales for rural surveys: 1:5,000 for 10-40 hectares, 1:10,000 for 41-400 hectares, 1:50,000 for 401-2,000 hectares, 1:100,000 for 2,001-4,000 hectares NB: The SMD has recently directed that all cadastral surveys in urban areas should be drawn at a scale of 1:1000. The chosen scale must be indicated at the bottom of the plan 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 65

66. (ii) Plan drawing/plotting After choosing the suitable scale, a plan is plotted Regulation No.54 directs that all plans be plotted by rectangular coordinates Plotting is done either manually using conventional cartographic tools or digitally using spatial software which include GIS (e.g. ArcGIS) and CAD (e.g. AutoCAD Land Development) The original (drawn) cadastral survey plan is normally rolled and dispatched separately to the Director SMD for scrutiny and approval. 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 66

67. Typical information presented on the plan Information that may facilitate identification of the physical location of the surveyed area which include heading (title), North arrow & locality sketch (for rural surveys as an inset map) Boundary information which include location, dimensions & direction of the surveyed plot(s). The location of a plot is often defined by coordinated boundary makers. A table below shows conventional symbols for boundary makers used on plans 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 67

68. Feature Symbol Colour Remarks Iron Pin in concrete (IPC) ● IPC22 Black Placed at the truncation and on-line points Single Concrete Beacon ○ KAF88 Black Double Concrete Beacon (DCB) ○ KAF89(DCB) Black Water Beacon ○ KAF90(WB) Black Placed at the high water mark level of the coastline or at the flood level of river banks 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 68

69. Plot & estate (farm) size/area - computed in squire meters  Details (Regulation No. 56) Adjacent Boundaries shown on the plan by dotted lines (Regulation No. 57) NB: At this stage, the plan is complete. It must be signed by the cartographer & licensed surveyor before sending it to the Director SMD for further checking and approval. 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 69

70. At SMD: Officials make amendments to the plan (in red) … such as inserting: (i) Plot Numbers every surveyed plot is given a number by which it is registered and known The name & date of the official who inserted plot numbers must be indicated in the space provided for this purpose at the bottom of the plan. 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 70

71. (ii) Plan Numbers The cadastral survey plan is always identified by two unique numbers namely the registration number , which is serial and the plan number . These numbers are written on the plan, at the bottom. The plan number is alphanumeric and appears in two forms, either preceded by letter D or E . Letter D is used for urban area surveys , while letter E is used for rural area surveys E.g. An urban plan number would be D 19 483/6 , in which the superscript (denote regional/district headquarters) i.e. 19 is a number for Kigoma / Ujiji Township, 483 is the Block number i.e. 483 rd block in Ujiji township and 6 is the serial number of the plan in block 483 i.e. 6 th plan in block 483. A rural plan number would be E 1 14/5 , in which the superscript 1 is a number for Dar es Salaam region (denote rural area), 14 is the fourteenth Block number and 5 is the fifth plan in Block 14. 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 71

72. Cadastral information Upon approval by the Director of Surveys and Mapping, the original plan + the job file information (= cadastral information) are kept in the Director’s office thereby become government property. The government has full control over the cadastral information 8/19/2012 MSOKWA 72