GTS_Appendix_A_WS.pptx Geography Modes of transport

Geography Modes of transport

1. Methods in Transport Geography APPENDIX A Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

2. Usage Conditions DO NOT COPY, TRANSLATE OR REDISTRIBUTE THIS DOCUMENT. The contents of this document can be freely used for personal or classroom use ONLY. Although the material contained in this document is freely available, it is not public domain. Its contents, in whole or in part (including graphics and datasets), cannot be copied and published in ANY form (printed or electronic) without consent. If you have accessed this document through a third party (such as a content farm), keep in mind that this party is illegally redistributing this content. Please refer to the true source ( https://transportgeography.org/ ) instead of the third party. Permission to use any graphic material herein in any form of publication, such as an article, a book or a conference presentation, on any media must be requested prior to use. Information cited from this document should be referred as: Rodrigue, J-P et al. (2020) The Geography of Transport Systems, Hofstra University, Department of Global Studies & Geography, https://transportgeography.org/ . Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

3. Table of Contents Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

4. An Overview of Methods in Transport Geography Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

5. Models in Transport Geography Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Complexity Data Requirements Distance (Impedance) Accessibility / Connectivity Spatial Interactions / Routing Transportation / Land Use Models

6. Taxonomy of Transport Geography Methods Transport Related Multidisciplinary Geography Related Multidisciplinary Network Analysis (Graph Theory). Land Use / Transportation Interactions. Flow/Location Allocation Models. Cartography / Geographic Information Systems. Descriptive Statistics, (e.g. Gini Coefficient). The Four-Stage Urban Transportation Model. Travel / Traffic Surveys. Questionnaires / Interviews. Big data. Graphs and Charts. Inferential Statistics. Impact Assessment. Risk Assessment. Policy Analysis. Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

7. Graph Theory: Definition and Properties Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

8. Graph Representation of a Real Network Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Real Network Graph Representation

9. Basic Graph Representation of a Transport Network Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. 1 2 3 4 5 Vertex (Node) Edge (Link) Buckle

10. Planar and Non-Planar Graphs Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Planar Non-Planar A B

11. Simple and Multigraph Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Simple Graphs Multigraph Road Rail Road & Rail

12. Connections and Paths Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. 1 2 3 4 Link Connection 1 2 3 1 2 3 Path (1 to 3) A B C

13. Length of a Link, Connection or Path Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. 1 2 3 4 5 6 2 km 5 km 6 km 7 km 4 km 2 km 2 km 3 km

14. Cycles and Circuits Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Circuit Cycle Cycle

15. Ego Network Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

16. Nodal Region Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

17. Dual Graph Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

18. Connectivity in a Graph Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 A B

19. Complementary Graph Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 G X Y

20. Root Node Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. 2 3 4 5 6 8 7 Root 1

21. Tree Graph Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. 2 3 4 5 6 8 7 Root 1

22. Articulation Node Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. 1 2 3 5 1 5 (Connected) 3 4 (Unconnected) Removed Removed 4 4 1 2 2 3 5 A B C

23. Isthmus Connection Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. 1 2 4 5 Isthmus 3

24. Graph Theory: Indexes and Measures Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

25. Diameter of a Graph Shimbel Distance v 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 1 1 2 2 1 3 2 1 2 1 3 2 4 3 1 2 3 1 2 2 4 2 1 3 2 1 3 5 2 3 1 2 1 1 6 1 2 2 1 1 2 7 3 4 2 3 1 2 Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Diameter = 4

26. Changes in the Diameter of a Graph Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 d = 2 d = 3 d = 4 d = 3 A B C D

27. Number of Cycles in a Graph   e v p u A 3 5 2 B 5 5 1 1 C 5 4 1 2 D 7 6 1 2 Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. A B C D

28. Cost Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

29. Hierarchy Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

30. Transitivity Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

31. Order of a Node Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. 2 1 1 2 Order (o) 4 2 3 3 2 5 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 2 2 Perfect hub Perfect spoke A B C D

32. Pi Index and the Shape of Transportation Networks Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. D(d) Highly developed (High Pi) Least developed (Low Pi) L(G)  

33. Eta Index Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. L(G) e Eta A 80 km 5 16.0 B 80 km 7 11.4   A B

34. Theta Index   Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Q(G) v Theta A 3,500 t 6 583.3 B 3,500 t 8 437.5 A B

35. Iota Index Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. 1 3 1 L(G) W(G) Iota A 80 23 3.47 B 80 22 3.63 1 3 1 3 1 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 Order (o)   A B

36. Beta Index Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. e v Beta A 2 4 0.5 B 3 4 0.75 C 4 4 1.0 D 5 4 1.25   A B C D

37. Alpha Index Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. u ( e-v+p ) 2v-5 Alpha A 3 0.0 B 1 3 0.33 C 2 3 0.66 D 3 3 1.0   A B C D

38. Gamma Index Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. e 3(v-2) Gamma A 4 9 0.44 B 6 9 0.66 C 8 9 0.88 D 9 9 1.0   A B C D

39. Under construction Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

40. Geographic Information Systems for Transportation (GIS-T) Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

41. Geographic Information Systems and Transportation Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Real World User Layers Transportation Network Flows Land Use Pattern Encoding Management Analysis Reporting Representation model (space and data) Spatial – Thematic - Temporal Query – Operations - Modeling Visualization and Cartography Feature Classes / Layers Components

42. GIS Data Models Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Real World Raster Vector

43. Space / Time GIS Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

44. GIS in the Value Chain Inbound Logistics Optimization of warehouse usage; logistics modeling Sales and Marketing GIS as a market analysis tool; simulation of dispersion of new products; target marketing and advertising Services Route planning; dealer network maintenance; customer complaints; dispatch; maintenance forecasting Operations Enhancing the spatial content of process or product Outbound Logistics Route planning; fleet management; delivery assessment Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

45. Transportation and Accessibility Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

46. Relationship between Distance and Opportunities Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Distance Opportunities Low density Medium density High density

47. Topological and Contiguous Accessibility Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. a b d c f g e Least Most Topological Contiguous

48. Accessibility and Spatial Structure Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. 1 2 2 1 Distance # of locations 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 A B C

49. Simple Connectivity Matrix Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. A B C D E A 1 1 1 B 1 1 C 1 1 1 1 D 1 1 E 1 Connectivity Matrix A B D C E Network

50. More Complex Connectivity Matrix Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. A B C D E F G A 1 1 1 B 1 C 1 D 1 1 1 E 1 1 F 1 G 1 Connectivity Matrix A B D C G E F Network

51. Total Accessibility Matrix (T-Matrix) Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. T A B C D E  A 3 2 3 2 1 11 B 2 2 2 2 1 9 C 3 2 4 2 1 12 D 2 2 2 2 1 9 E 1 1 1 1 1 5  11 9 12 9 5 46 A B C D E A 1 1 1 B 1 1 C 1 1 1 1 D 1 1 E 1 A B C D E A 1 1 1 B 1 1 C 1 1 1 1 D 1 1 E 1 = C1 C1 X C2 A B C D E A 3 1 2 1 1 B 1 2 1 2 1 C 2 1 4 1 D 1 2 1 2 1 E 1 1 1 1 A B C D E A 1 1 1 B 1 1 C 1 1 1 1 D 1 1 E 1 C1 + = C2 A B C D E A 3 1 2 1 1 B 1 2 1 2 1 C 2 1 4 1 D 1 2 1 2 1 E 1 1 1 1

52. Shimbel Distance (D-Matrix) Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. A B D C E A B C D E A 1 1 1 B 1 1 C 1 1 1 1 D 1 1 E 1 C1 A B C D E A 1 1 1 B 1 1 C 1 1 1 1 D 1 1 E 1 D1 C2 A B C D E A 3 1 2 1 1 B 1 2 1 2 1 C 2 1 4 1 D 1 2 1 2 1 E 1 1 1 1 A B C D E A 1 1 1 2 B 1 1 2 2 C 1 1 1 1 D 1 2 1 2 E 2 2 1 2 D2 D A B C D E  A 1 1 1 2 5 B 1 1 2 2 6 C 1 1 1 1 4 D 1 2 1 2 6 E 2 2 1 2 7  5 6 4 6 7 28 =1 =2 Network

53. Valued Graph (L-Matrix) Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. A B C D E A 10 7 12 ∞ B 10 5 ∞ ∞ C 7 5 11 7 D 12 ∞ 11 ∞ E ∞ ∞ 7 ∞ L1 L1 L1 L2 A B C D E  A 10 7 12 14 43 B 10 5 16 12 43 C 7 5 11 7 30 D 12 16 11 18 57 E 14 12 7 18 51  43 43 30 57 51 194 5 7 10 7 11 12 = A B C D E A 10 7 12 ∞ B 10 5 ∞ ∞ C 7 5 11 7 D 12 ∞ 11 ∞ E ∞ ∞ 7 ∞ A B C D E A 10 7 12 ∞ B 10 5 ∞ ∞ C 7 5 11 7 D 12 ∞ 11 ∞ E ∞ ∞ 7 ∞ + A B D C E Network

54. Geographic Accessibility Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. A B C D E A 8 4 9 15 B 8 7 12 18 C 4 7 5 11 D 9 12 5 6 E 15 18 11 6 L 5 6 4 7 8 A B C D E  /n A 8 4 9 15 7.2 B 8 7 12 18 9.0 C 4 7 5 11 5.4 D 9 12 5 6 6.4 E 15 18 11 6 10.0  /n 7.2 9.0 5.4 6.4 10.0 38.0 A(G) A B C E D

55. Potential Accessibility Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. A B C D E A 8 4 9 15 B 8 7 12 18 C 4 7 5 11 D 9 12 5 6 E 15 18 11 6 L i \j A B C D E ∑ i A 1200.0 150.0 300.0 133.3 80.0 1863.3 B 112.5 900.0 128.6 75.0 50.0 1266.1 C 375.0 214.3 1500.0 300.0 136.4 2525.7 D 66.6 50.0 120.0 600.0 100.0 936.6 E 53.3 44.4 72.7 133.3 800.0 1103.7 ∑j 1807.4 1358.7 2121.3 1241.6 1166.4 7695.4 P(G) A 1200 B 900 C 1500 D 600 E 800 P 1200 900 1500 600 800 5 6 4 7 8 A B C E D

56. The Route Selection Process Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

57. The Traveling Salesperson Problem Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 15 km 10 km 8 km 15 km 9 km 5 km Total = 62 km 8 km 9 km 5 km 10 km 8 km 8 km Total = 48 km A B

58. Effect of Topography on Route Selection Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. 1 3 Low elevation Medium elevation High elevation 2 a b c

59. Effect of Transport Costs on Route Selection Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Sea Land b a p1 b p1 p4 b p2 R {C(sea) = C(land)} R1 {C(sea) > C(land)} R2 {C(sea) < C(land)} p2 p3 p4 R (sea) R (land) R (sea) R (land) R2 (sea) R1 (sea) R1 (land) R2 (land) R {  C(land) >  C(sea)} 1 2 3 a a

60. Cost Minimization and Efficiency Maximization in Route Selection Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Low High Low High Costs Efficiency Compromise

61. Network Data Models Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

62. The ESRI Shapefile Model Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. a b c d Main file (*.shp) Index file (*.shx) dBase table (*. dbf ) a b c d id geom shp_len 101 102 103 104 105 ... 4507.4 3491.1 2321.8 682.9 1279.1 ... type 2 1 3 5 4 ... Predefined fields surface asphalt concrete asphalt gravel asphalt ... width 85.3 45.1 75.9 35.2 60.3 ... lanes 4 2 4 2 4 ... name I95 Route 4 Pinewood Ridge Main ... custom fields

63. Topology of a Network Data Model Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Node Bi-directional Link Directional Link Topology

64. Cartography of a Network Data Model Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. 74 Maple Blvd. East Ave. Oakway West Ave. Highway Main Street Street Central Park City Hall Campus One-way Traffic light Cartography

65. Geocoding in a Network Data Model Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Address 150 151 170 172 210 212 189 209 211 219 220 197 East Ave. 188 East Ave. 8 9 15 16 Matching link and address range 191 Geocoding

66. Routing in a Network Data Model Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Warehouse Pickup Delivery Route segment Turn penalty Start End Routing

67. Relational Database Representation of a Simple Network Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Nodes ID Lat Long A 40.42345 -75.1245 B 40.31021 -75.2510 C 40.41882 -74.9124 D 40.25908 -75.0031 E 40.28990 -74.7893 A B C D E 1 2 3 4 5 6 Links ID From To One_Way 1 A C Yes 2 B A Yes 3 D B Yes 4 D C No 5 D E No 6 C E No

68. Creation of a Connectivity Matrix with a Link Table Links ID From To One_Way 1 C A Yes 2 B A Yes 3 D B Yes 4 D C No 5 D E No 6 C E No Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Connectivity Matrix (C) A B C D E A B 1 C 1 1 1 D 1 1 1 E 1 1

69. Turn Penalties at an Intersection Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Turn Penalty Table – Node A From To Penalty 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 4 1 4 1 2 2 3 2 3 2 1 2 4 4 2 3 4 -1 4 3 1 A 1 2 3 4

70. Object-Oriented Network Model Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Transport Network Link Node ID Length Capacity … ID Capacity Impedance … Inheritance Connection Class Properties A B a

71. Symbolization of Transport Features in a GIS Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

72. Visual Resources Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Hue Texture Intensity Shape Size Orientation Color Geometry

73. Category Ranges Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Gray Scale Pattern Hue Intensity

74. Visual Resources and Geographical Features Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Location Direction Distance Movement Function Process Correlation

75. Visual Resources Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Cartographic Representation Point representation Line representation Area representation Volumetric representation Real World Phenomena Point objects Line objects Area objects Volumetric objects Tree Q X Airport Chemical spill ¥ Open-pit mine R Highway Tel. poles Phone line Right of way Animals Animal range Stream Watershed Administrative division Housing density Road density Forest cover Proportional symbol Mountain range Valley

76. Major Map Elements Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Scale Title Projection Credits Inset Locator Map Inset Frame North Arrow

77. Balancing the Importance of Graphic Elements Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Most important information Least important information Visual Center

78. Symbolization of Transport Features Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

79. Traffic Assignment Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

80. Traffic Assignment Problem Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Spatial Interaction Attraction Cost. Time. Number of connections Origin Destination Path Selection Generation

81. Spatial Interactions and Traffic Assignment Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. 36 28 50 i j k Origin / Destination Traffic in a Network i j k

82. Two Perspectives for Considering Traffic Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Demand Travel time Assignment Transport costs Traffic Maximization Cost Minimization 1 2

83. Heuristic Method for Traffic Maximization Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. A C B D E F 30 25 20 15 30 25 25 Possible paths between A and F A-B-D-F, A-B-E-F and A-C-E-F A-B-D-F path (maximum traffic assignment = 20) A C B D E F 10 5 15 30 25 25 20 A-B-E-F path (maximum traffic assignment = 10) A C B D E F 5 5 20 25 25 30 A-C-E-F path (maximum traffic assignment = 20) Maximum traffic between A and F = 50 units. A C B D E F 5 5 5 5 50 Maximum Possible Traffic between A and F Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4

84. Heuristic Method for Costs Minimization Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. A C B D E F 30-1 25-2 20-2 15-1 30-1 25-2 25-1 Possible paths between A and B ordered by cost (least to most): 1) A-B-E-F, 2) A-C-E-F and 3) A-B-D-F Assignment on path 1 (A-B-E-F) = 15 units 35 Units at minimal cost 35 A C B D E F 15-1 (15) 25-2 20-2 0-1 (15) 15-1 (15) 25-2 25-1 15 20 Assignment on path 2 (A-C-E-F) = 15 units A C B D E F 15-1 (15) 25-2 20-2 0-1 (15) 0-1 (30) 10-2 (30) 10-1 (15) 30 5 Assignment on path 3 (A-B-D-F) = 5 units Minimal cost = 130. Average cost = 3.7 per unit. A C B D E F 10-1 (20) 20-2 (10) 15-2 (10) 0-1 (15) 0-1 (30) 10-2 (30) 10-1 (15) 35 Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4

85. Types of Traffic Costs Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Demand Global cost a b c d Marginal cost (a-b) Marginal cost (c-d)

86. Traffic Cost Functions Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Traffic Q(a,b) Cost g(Q(a,b)) c = 5 Linear cost function Non-linear cost function

87. Morphology, Urban Transportation and OR Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Traffic assignment g 2 (q ij ) Optimization Transport Costs g 1 ( q ij ) g 3 (q ij ) Transport strategies Spatial strategies

88. Technical Performance Indicators Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

89. Technical Performance Indicators Indicator Passenger Freight Description Passenger / freight density passenger-km / km ton-km / km A standard measure of transport efficiency. Mean distance traveled passenger-km / passenger ton-km / ton A measure of the ground covering capacity of networks and different transport modes. Mean per capita ton output (freight) Mean number of trips per capita (passenger) passengers / population tons / population Used to measure the relative performance of transport modes. Mean load factor number of passengers aboard / total carrying capacity (%) actual load (ton) / overall load capacity (ton) (%) Particularly useful with increasing complexity of logistics associated with containerization of freight (i.e. of empty returns). Can also be used to measure transit ridership. Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

90. Common Economic Impact Indicators Factors of production Scale-specific indicators   Micro Macro Output / Capital Transport sector income / Local income Output / GDP Output / Labor Output / Local income Capital / Labor Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

91. Continuous and Discontinuous Traffic Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Continuous Discontinuous

92. Levels of Service for Road Transportation (Vehicle per Lane per Hour) Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Speed Traffic 600 960 1440 1824 2200 Level of Service   Volume to Capacity Ratio 0.0 to 0.2 0.2 to 0.4 0.4 to 0.7 0.7 to 0.8 0.8 to 1.0 >1.0 A B C D E F

93. Causes of Road Transportation Bottlenecks Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Traffic interruption Lane reduction Merging Distraction

94. Critical Density and Critical Speed Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Capacity Critical density Critical speed Volume Speed Density

95. Under Construction Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

96. The Gini Coefficient Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

97. The Lorenz Curve Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. 100 100 50 50 Cumulative % of X Cumulative % of Y Perfect equality line Lorenz curve Perfect inequality line A B Gini = A/(A+B)

98. Traffic Concentration and Lorenz Curves Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. A B C Cumulative Traffic No concentration Some concentration Cumulative facilities High concentration Port LAND SEA

99. Lorenz Curves of the World’s 50 Largest Container Ports, Passenger Airports and Freight Airports, 2010 Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

100. Lorenz Curves of the World’s 50 Largest Container Ports, Passenger Airports and Freight Airports, 2010 (Greyscale) Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

101. World’s 50 Largest Container Ports, Passenger Airports and Freight Airports, 2010 Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

102. Lorenz and Perfect Inequality Differences Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

103. Calculation of the Index of Dissimilarity X (% of terminals) Y (% of traffic) |X – Y| 0.10 0.25 0.15 0.10 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.15 0.05 0.10 0.10 0.00 0.10 0.08 0.02 0.10 0.07 0.03 0.10 0.05 0.05 0.10 0.05 0.05 0.10 0.03 0.07 0.10 0.02 0.08 1.0 1.0 0.65 Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.  

104. Calculation of the Gini Coefficient Y σ X (Cumulative) σ Y (Cumulative) σ Y i-1 + σ Y i (A) σ X i-1 – σ X i (B) A*B 0.25 0.10 0.25 0.25 0.10 0.025 0.20 0.20 0.45 0.70 0.10 0.070 0.15 0.30 0.60 1.05 0.10 0.105 0.10 0.40 0.70 1.30 0.10 0.130 0.08 0.50 0.78 1.48 0.10 0.148 0.07 0.60 0.85 1.63 0.10 0.163 0.05 0.70 0.90 1.75 0.10 0.175 0.05 0.80 0.95 1.85 0.10 0.185 0.03 0.90 0.98 1.93 0.10 0.193 0.02 1.00 1.00 1.98 0.10 0.198 1.00 1.392 Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.  

105. Linear Programming Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

106. Basic Linear Programing Objective Function Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.  

107. Graphic Formulation of the Distribution Problem Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. A B C W X Y Z Factories (Unit Supply) Distributors (Demand) 400 1500 900 700 600 1000 500 20 40 70 50 100 60 90 80 10 110 30 200 Distribution Costs

108. Graphic Solution of the Distribution Problem Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. A B C W X Y Z Factories (Unit Supply) Distributors (Demand) 400 1500 900 700 600 1000 500 Assignment 400 600 400 500 300 600

109. Linear Inequalities Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

110. Optimal Solution Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

111. Spatial Interactions and the Gravity Model Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

112. Conditions for the Realization of a Spatial Interaction Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. B A Supply Demand Demand Supply B A C B A Complementarity Intervening Opportunity Transferability

113. Representation of a Movement as a Spatial Interaction Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. i Tij = 50 j Centroid Centroid Zone i Zone j i j Vector Movement Spatial Interaction

114. Constructing an O/D Matrix Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.   A B C D E Ti A 50 50 B 60 30 90 C 30 30 D 20 80 20 120 E 90 10 100 Tj 20 280 40 50 390 A C B E D 20 20 30 10 80 30 60 50 90 Spatial Interactions O/D Matrix

115. Relationship between Distance and Interactions Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Distance (friction of) Interaction A B A C A D A B C D T(B-A) T(C-A) T(D-A) 1 2 3 1 2 3

116. Three Basic Interaction Models   Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. i j V W T ij S ij i j 35 20 S ij = 8 T ij = 10.9 T ji = 10.9   i j k l 20 15 35 3 5 6 1.0 0.6 2.2 T i = 3.8   i j k 15 40 35 7 6 B ij = 4.9 B ik = 2.8   General Formulation Gravity Model Potential Model Retail Model

117. Application of an Elementary Spatial Interaction Equation Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.   W X Y Z Ti W   100,000     100,000 X 100,000   50,000 25,000 175,000 Y   50,000     50,000 Z   25,000     25,000 Tj 100,000 175,000 50,000 25,000 350,000 X 2,000,000 Y Z W 800 km 800 km 400 km 2,000,000 1,000,000 k = 0.00001 (people per week) 2,000,000 Weight (P) Distance (D) Constant (k) Centroid (i) Interaction (T) Elementary Formulation  

118. Application of a Simple Spatial Interaction Equation Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. X 2,000,000 Y Z W 800 km 800 km 400 km 2,000,000 1,000,000 k = 0.00001 (people per week) 2,000,000 Weight (P) Distance (D) Constant (k) Centroid (i) Interaction (T)   W X Y Z Ti W   71,378     71,378 X 6,059   2,203 36 8,298 Y   19,420     19,420 Z   153,893     153,893 Tj 6,059 244,692 2,203 36 252,990 Simple Formulation Exponent  = 0.95  = 1.05  = 1.25  = 1.03  = 0.96  = 1.2  = 0.7  = 1.00  = 0.90  

119. Effects of beta, alpha and lambda on Spatial Interactions Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

120. Chicago’s Beta Values for Air Transportation , 1949-1989 Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

121. Transportation / Land Use Modeling Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

122. Modeling Transportation / Land Use Relationships (under construction) Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Static Modeling System Modeling P i D ij Accessibility Origin Destination Distance decay Spatial Interactions Modeling Interactions between Systems Spatial Interaction Land Use Transport Network Modeling in a Decision-taking Environment

123. Components of the Transportation / Land Use System Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Transportation Network Spatial Interactions Land Use Traffic assignment models Transport capacity Economic base theory Location theory Traffic generation and attraction models Spatial interaction models Distance decay parameters Modal split

124. Four-Stages Transportation / Land Use Model Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Trip Generation Trip Distribution Modal Split Traffic Assignment Feedback Land Use Data Travel Generation Factors Friction of Distance Factors Calibration Factors Transportation Networks

125. Measuring the Transportation / Land Use System Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. A i1 i2 i3 i4 i5 i6 B C T 6 T k 32 T k 23 , D I k a I k b W k ab I l c I l d W l cd L 1 L 2 L 3 L 4 I kl e Modal node Intermodal node Mode k Mode l Traffic Centroid Transportation Network Traffic (Spatial Interactions) Land Use Administrative Divisions

126. Lowry-Type Transportation / Land Use Model Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Location of industrial employment Location of industrial employees’ residences Location of service employment Location of service employees’ residences Friction of distance Friction of distance Economic forecast

127. Integrated Land Use and Transportation Package Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Trip Generation Trip Distribution Modal Split Traffic Assignment Employment location Economic forecast Friction of distance Household location DRAM EMPAL

128. MEPLAN Transportation / Land Use Model Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Employment and Residences Locations and Trips Trip Distribution Modal Choice Traffic Assignment Friction of Distance Exporting Industry Employment Forecast Non-Exporting Employment and Total Population Rents

129. The Lowry Model Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

130. The Lowry Model Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Is population density within allowable limits? Yes No Yes A. Basic employment by zone B. Residential attractor; travel cost matrix C. Population - employment ratios D. Service activity rates E. Service attractor weights; travel cost matrix 1. Population 2. Employment 3. Work trips 4. Service demands Calculate increment of residential population Calculate increment of population serving employment Allocate increment of employees to zones of residence Allocate increment of service employment to zones of workplace Are increments of service employment and population within limits? Convergence criterion met? Alter attractor weights No No Yes A B C D E Input Data Output Data Lowry Model Economic base submodel Spatial allocation submodel Constraints 1 2 3 4

131. Evaluating Urban Transportation Quality Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

132. Roadway Levels of Service Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

133. Maximum Traffic Volumes Per Level of Service (Passenger Cars Per Hour Per Lane) Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

134. Costs of Motor Vehicle Use in the U.S., 2000 Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

135. Components of the MOBILE Emission Model Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Fleet Characteristics Driving Characteristics Atmospheric Conditions Fuel Characteristics Emissions

136. Inputs and Outputs of the MOBILE Emission Model Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Volatility Class Temperature Reid Vapor Pressure Region Year Average Speed Operating Mode HC Emissions CO Emissions NOx Emissions 8 categories of vehicles Inputs Outputs

137. Market Areas Analysis Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

138. Market Threshold and Range Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Distance Market Threshold Range D(T) D(R) Customer 1 2 3

139. Market Size and Threshold Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. 1,000 10,000 100,000 5 10 50 Village Town City Threshold (population served) Range (in km)

140. Market Profitability Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Threshold Range Threshold Range A B R(A) R(B) p p

141. The Optimal Shape of a Market Area Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. 10 km 20 km 17 km A B C D E

142. Non-Isotropic Conditions and the Shape of Market Areas Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Low Average High Road Density Isotropic Condition Non-Isotropic Conditions Modified Market Areas

143. Supply, Demand and Equilibrium Price Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Price Demand Price Supply P1 P2 Q1 Q2 Q1 Q2 P1 P2 D S Price Quantity Pe Qe D S Demand Curve Supply Curve Equilibrium Price

144. Derivation of a Market Area from a Supply / Demand Equilibrium Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Quantity P1 Q1 P2 Q2 P3 Distance Quantity Q1 P1 Q2 P2 P3 P1 P2 P3 Distance A B C Price

145. Demand Cone Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Distance Quantity Q1 P1 Q2 P2 P3

146. Transport Costs and Market Areas Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Market Area Transport Costs C1 C2

147. Conventional Distance Decay Curves for Retail Activities Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Distance Customers Convenience Store Grocery Store Department Store / Superstore E-commerce

148. Hotelling’s Principle of Market Competition Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Price A B P1 P1 P2 F1 F2 Location

149. Reilly’s Law Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. a b 250,000 100,000 75 km 29.1 km 45.9 km M ab    

150. Reilly’s Law and Market Areas Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. 35 30 55 20 15 30 km 30 km 15 km 35 km km a b c d e a 21.4 19.7 9.4 17.3 b 14.6 c 10.3 d 5.6 e 12.7 a b c d e

151. Huff’s Law Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.     250,000 100,000 75 km P( C a )= 0.71 P( C b )= 0.29 37.5 km a b

152. Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. a b 250,000 100,000 75 km 29.1 km 45.9 km M ab     250,000 100,000 75 km P( C a )= 0.71 P( C b )= 0.29 35.5 km a b     Reilly’s Law Huff’s Law

153. Location of Distribution Centers and Market Areas According to Response Time Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. 7 days 5 days 3 days Next Day Distribution Center

154. GIS Methods to Estimate Market Areas Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. 5 10 15 min. Store 78% 53% 62% 67% 35% 41% 33% 31% 42% 25% 45% 39% 32% 49% 24% 5 min. 10 min. 15 min. 20 min. Concentric Circles Share by Polygon Star Map Spatial Smoothing Transport Distance Manual Polygon

155. Cost / Benefit Analysis Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

156. Inaccuracy of Transportation Project Cost Estimates by Type of Project Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. 38.4% 62.4% 29.9%

157. Cost and Benefit Overruns Ratios by Type of Infrastructure Project Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

158. Transportation Environmental Management Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

159. Environmental Practices Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Match activities with environmental components Link environmental components with regulations Assess risks, impacts and responsibilities Identify environmental issues to be addressed Develop commercial strategies Introduce best practices Undertake monitoring and auditing What are the environmental components the logistics activities of the firm? What is the regulatory standing of each environmental component? What are the risks of doing nothing? What are the rewards of improvements? What are the most important issues to be addressed and their priority? Which improvements can be implemented in management and operations? How improvements can be implemented? What is the effectiveness of the best practices and which adjustments are required?

160. The Implementation of an Environmental Management System Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Direct Environmental Aspects Indirect Environmental Aspects Air emissions Water emissions Waste Material use (resources and raw materials) Local emissions (noise, odors, vibrations) Land use Risks of environmental accidents Product life cycle Capital investments Insurance Management and planning process Environmental management of suppliers Environmental Review Process General requirements Environmental policy Planning Implementation and operation Internal Audit and Review Environmental Management System Environmental Statement Verification and Validation Registration

161. Environmental Management System for Ports and Maritime Shipping Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.