H.K. Patra sgcars l BTC hhahu jvbyj.pptx

extension education

1. Participatory Rural appraisal (PRA) techniques A process of Participatory Rural appraisal (PRA) is the process of involving local people in the analysis and interpretation of rural situation . This technique of data collection aims to incorporate the knowledge and opinions of rural people in the planning and management of development projects and programmes .

2. Definition of PRA Mukharjee1993 defined PRA as a methodology for interacting with villagers, understanding them and learning from them. It involve a set of principles, a process of communication and menu of methods for seeking villagers’ participation in putting forward their point of view about any issue and enabling them to do their own analysis.

3. Special features of PRA includes. Participatory in approach Flexibility in gathering data Adoptable to local condition Exploring data collection Empowering the participants

4. PRA PRA as a new approach and method in which rural people themselves do much of the investigation, presentation, analysis, planning and dissemination than has been normal past.

5. Objectives of PRA Stimulate the community to identify the causes of its problems and collective aspirations; Facilitate communication with the community; Help the community to identify resources, experiences, and potential improvement; Identify interests and conflicts; and Motivate communities to develop self reliance in project development and management

6. Key Principles of PRA Reversal of learning Learning rapidly and progressively Offsetting biases Triangulating Seeking complexity and diversity Facilitating- they do it Self critical awareness and analysis

7. Role clarity Establish rapport, convene Catalyze, facilitate, enquire Choose, adapt, improvise methods Handover the stick Sit, relax, watch and listen Map, model, diagram Score, quantify, rank Show, inform, explain Discuss, analyze, plan Act, Monitor, evaluate

8. Steps involved in PRA

9. Types of PRA Methods

10. 11 Space – related Social Map Resource Map Mobility Map Services and Opportunities Map Transect

11. 12 Time – related Time Line Trend Analysis Historical Transect Seasonal Diagram Daily Activity Schedule Dream Map

12. 13 Cause Effect Diagram Impact Diagram Well-being Ranking method Venn Diagram Matrix Scoring / Ranking method Force Field Analysis Livelihood Analysis Spider diagram Relation-related

13. SOCIAL MAP Village layout Infrastructure Population Social stratifications Chronic health cases Disability Malnourished children Family planning Vaccination Widows Destitute and so on

14. Procedures Find the members of the community Take a walk with the participants and establish compass direction. Explain the purpose of the exercise Watch the process alertly. Listen the discussions carefully Take notes in as much detail as possible

15. Do not rush things, Avoid chipping in. Observe who are actively involved. Once mapping is over ask them to identify their houses in the map Number the households and mark different households according to the need Triangulate the information generated with others in the locality

16. Social Map

17. Resource Map Land, water and tree resources Land used, land and soil types Cropping pattern Land and water management etc

18. Procedures Establish rapport Find out key informants Explain the purpose Select a place Hand over the stick Observe the discussion Do not make objection Observe if any of the member is excluded from discussion

19. Resource Map

20. TRANSECT WALK A across sectional walk in the village and its fields along with the team members and the villagers. The transect walk was started from the topmost place of the village towards the lower slope. This was done to know about the anatomy of the village and its socio-economic and cultural settings. The transect walk helps the team to observe the farming situation, prevailing land use pattern, soil conditions, crops, livestock and other micro-elements related to farming.

21. transect walk

22. Venn Diagram Designed to get an understanding of the organizations with which participants deal with and to see the relative importance of these in their lives Important in understanding the competitive environment of the operating area Participants prepare circles representing these organizations Circles are sized according to their importance

23. Mobility Map Mobility map is a PRA method to explore the movement pattern of an individual, a group or a community. The focus is on where people go and for what. Other aspect of movement like the frequency of visits. Distance and the importance of the places visited may also be studied

24. Service and Opportunity map It is used to explore the spatial realities of the local people with specific reference to local people’s perception of the services and opportunities available. A services and opportunities map may appear similar to a mobility map in many ways. The focus is on the availability of service and opportunities.

25. Services and opportunities Map

26. Time line Time line is an important PRA method quit commonly used to explore the temporal dimensions from a historical perspective. Time line capture the chronology of events as recalled by local people. It is drawn as a sequential aggregate of past events.

27. Time Line Analysis: Heeranar village, ( Dantewada ) was formed in the year 1878, electricity started in 1984, first tube well for agricultural purpose was started on 1976. The oldest pond in the village is in existence from 1850. The farmers are using sprayer since 1965.

28. ChangeTrend Analysis It is popular PRA method used to explore temporal dimensions with a focus on changes. It captures changes and trends related to certain variable over different spans of time. It is thus people’s account of the past and how things have changed and hence also provides a historical perspective.

29. Change Trend Analysis: Village Heeranar ( Dantewada ) during the year 1960-70 to 2000-08

30. Historical Transect Historical transect is another time related PRA method which with analysis. Historical transect has traditionally been used for depicting changes in different aspect of natural resources. It is on trends or changes over time on aspects related to natural resources.

31. Historical transect

32. Seasonal Diagram Seasonal diagram is also called seasonal calendar, seasonal activity profile and seasonal analysis. It has been popularly for temporal analysis across annual cycles with months or seasons as the basic unit of analysis. It reflects the perceptions of the local people regarding seasonal variations on a wide range of items.

33. Seasonality diagram

34. Daily Activity Schedule Daily activity schedule, also referred to as daily schedule. Daily activity profile, daily routine and 24-hour method, is a popular PRA method used to explore the activities of an individual, group or community on a daily basis

35. Daily activity schedule of migrant men and women

36. Cause Effect Diagram Cause effect diagram, also known as fishbone diagram. It is popular PRA method which focuses on the causal factors of a phenomenon, activity or problem and the effect thereof.

37. Cause effect diagram

38. Impact Diagram Impact diagram is used to identify and depict the impact of an activity, intervention or event. Impact diagram not only captures the planned changes but also takes into account other types of changes as perceived by the local people.

39. Wealth/ Well-being ranking method It is commonly used for ranking and grouping house-holds and communities on the basis of income, wealth and other perceivable well-being criteria. It is based on the perception of the local people. It helps to understand the local people’s conceptions of wealth well being and their views on socio-economic disparities between house-holds.

40. Matrix Ranking/Scoring Method Matrix ranking/scoring method is a popular PRA method which the comparison of various items on the basis of different criteria. It helps in arriving at a comparative understanding of the items based on certain characteristics or criteria and thereby making an informed choice

41. Force Field Analysis It is technique used to identify and analyse forces affecting a problem situation visually, so as to bring about a positive change. Kurt Lewin is credited with the development of FFA. According to him, any situation of performance can be viewed as a state of temporary equilibrium.

42. The two sets of opposing forces which cause this equilibrium are: Driving, facilitating or positive forces which brings about change. Restraining, resisting or negative forces which maintain a status -quo

43. Force field analysis: Building of latrines

44. Spider Diagram Spider diagram is also referred to as cobweb diagram, participation wheel or evaluation wheel. It is visual method, often used to show the relative performance of a group or individual on a range of dimensions which are components of an overall issue. This diagram is useful when we are interested in showing the performance of an individual, group or programme etc. on a number of indicators.

45. Spider diagram: Gender roles

46. L imitations of PRA Difficulty in getting exact information Difficulty in finding the right questions to ask Not enough time to spend in the village Danger of ‘rural development tourism’ Difficulty in finding the right interdisciplinary team Lack of experience of team members, particularly lack of skills in the field of communication, facilitation, and conflict negotiation Team members do not show the right attitude, fail to listen, and lack respect

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