Habitats of algae.pptx

HABITATS OF ALGAE-Aquatic, terrestrial, algae of remarkable habitat
M.sc Botany

1. JAI NARAIN VYAS UNIVERSITY, JODHPUR DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY PAPER- 103 Seminar Topic - Habitats Of Algae Submitted to : Dr. Kamna Sharma Submitted by : Anmol Mertiya M.sc Previous 1st Sem

2. Based on habitat the algae may be categorized as: 1. Aquatic algae 2. Terrestrial algae 3. Algae of remarkable habitat HABITATS OF ALGAE

3. Aquatic algae Aquatic algae may be FRESH WATER — when salinity is as low-as 10 ppm MARINE — when salinity is 33-40% Fresh water algae may be termed PLANKTONIC — grow & remain suspended on the upper part of water. Volvox (planktonic algae) diatoms

4. Benthic algae -bottom-dwellers. benthic algae may be:- Epilithic — that grow on stones Epipelic — attached to sand or mud Epiphytic — growing on plants Epizoic — growing on animal body surface Epilithic Epipelic Epiphytic Epizoic

5. MARINE ALGAE The marine algae may be :- SUPRALITTORAL /SUB-AERIAL — they grow above the water level and in the spray zone . INTERTIDAL ALGAE — grow in depth so that they are exposed periodically due to tides. SUB-LITTORAL — constantly submerged at depths as great as 30-60 metres (100-200 ft). supralittoral algae may be :- Edaphic — that grow in and on the soil, Epilithic — growing on stones, Epi­phytic — growing on plants, Epizoic — growing on animal body surface, Corticolous — growing on tree barks Parasitic — on plants and animals. Endozoically — in various protozoa, coelenterates, molasses etc.

6. Supralittoral or Sub-aerial Algae Sub-littoral algae Intertidal Algae

7. Saphophytes — algae that grow on the surface of the soil Cryptophytes — grow under the surface of the soil Endedaphic — algae growing in the desert soil (living in soil) Hypolithic — grow on the lower surface of the stones on soil Chasmolithic — living in rock fissures Endolithic — algae which are rock penetrating The common terrestrial members are :- Oscillatoria sancta, Vaucheria geminata , Chlorella lichina , Euglena sp., Fritschiella sp. and Phormidium sp. TERRESTRIAL ALGAE

8. Algae of Remarkable Habitats Halophytic Algae (or Eurhaline) Symbiotic Algae Cryophytic Algae Thermophytes/ Thermal Algae Lithophytic Algae Epiphytic Algae Epizoic Algae Endozoic Algae Parasitic Algae Psammon Calcific Algae Algae in Lichens

9. Halophytic Algae (Eurhaline) They grow in the highly concentrated salt lakes Example- Chlamydomonas ehrenbergli , Dunaliella and Spartina sp. Dunaliella salina Spartina alterniflora

10. Symbiotic Algae They grow in association with fungi , bryophytes , gymnosperms or angiosperms . Nostoc → In thallus of Anthoceros (Bryophyta) Anthoceros thallus containing mucilage cavity inhibited by Nostoc

11. Anabaena cycadearum → In coralloid roots of Cycas(gymnosperms) Cycas T.s. of coralloid root where algae Anabaena cycadearum is present

12. Anabaena azollae→ In Azolla (water fern pteridophyte)

13. Nostoc pruniforme→ In stem & petiole of Gunnera (angiosperms) Gunnera-Nostoc symbiosis in vitro

14. Coleochaetae nitellarum→ within walls of Nitella

15. CRYOPHYTIC ALGAE Algae occurimg on snow/ice. (Cryoflora) Red snow - Haematococcus nivalis, Ulothrix flaccida ( in Antartica)

16. Black Snow — by Raphidonema

17. Yellow- Green snow Chlamydomonas yellowstensis (Yellowstone National Park ,USA

18. Green snow Raphidonema in Europe mountains

19. Purple- Brown snow By- Ancylonema nordenskioldii

20. Permanent Snow Field Of Mountains By- Chlorella sp., Hormodium sp. collection samples and light microscopy of dividing cells of Chlorella sp. (exponential growth phase). Sampling (a), thawed samples on darkness (b). Living cells were observed under bright field © blue-violet light showing red autofluorescence of chlorophyll (d). The photograph shows two cells after division (e)

21. Thermophytes or Thermal Algae Very hot water bodies(85°C) Plant life is not possible Mostly cyanobacteria They survive due to- primitive morphology, peculiar organisation of protoplasm Definite nucleus absent Mitochondria absent HYPOTHERMAE— Below 18°C HILAROTHERMAE— Above 70°C Reproduce by cell division , fragmentation , rarely by spores

22. Oscillatoria brevis Synechococcus elongatus

23. LITHOPHYTIC ALGAE Attach to moist surface of stones,rocks It is of 2 types- EPILITHIC - on rock surfaces. Eg. Calothrix, Rivularia,Ectocarpus, Polysiphonia ENDOLITHIC- living inside rocks. Eg. Podocapsa, Dalmatella Scytonema - on moist walls during rainy season. Calothrix on rock surface Podocapsa inside the rock

24. EPIPHYTIC ALGAE Algae occurring on other members of plant kingdom for support and growth. Laminaria — Has 106 sp. Of epiphytic algae Epiphytes on stipes of Laminaria hyperborea.

25. Needle shaped diatoms — Synedra, Archnanthes, Eunotia Present with mucilagenous surface Filamentous algae— Spirogyra, Oedogonium Cyanophyta— Oscillatoria, Dermocarpa Cladophora sp. Oedogonium On Hydrilla On

26. Aquatic angiosperms grow along rivers coated with epiphytic algae DIATOMS ( Achnanthes, Tabellaria) DESMIDS ( Cosmarium) CYANOBACTERIA ( Nostoc, Oscillatoria) Chaetophora On leaves of Vallisneria & Nelumbo

27. ENDOZOIC ALGAE They grow in the tissues of organisms. Stigeoclonium — noses of fishes. Chlorella zoochlorellae — Hydra viridis 15 sp. Of Oscillatoria —respiratory and digestive tracts of vertebrate animals Euglenomorpha — intestine of tadpole of Rana Zooxanthellae— live intimately within Corals Chlorella- like algae— within Paramaecium, Molluscs

28. EPIZOIC ALGAE The algae growing on animals like fish, snail etc. are called as epizoic algae. Stigeoclonium— on gills of fishes. Characium— on legs of Branchiopus Cladophora— on shells of molluscs Stigeoclonium Characium Cladophora

29. PARASITIC ALGAE Algae grow parasitically on different plants & animals for food. Cephaleuros- grows on leaves of angiosperms like tea, Ficus, Psidium, Hexandra C.virescens- causes red rust in tea. Phyllosiphon- on Armadillidium vulgare Rhodochytrium- on leaves of rageweed Ceratocolax- on thalli of Phyllophora P.sphagnicolum- on leaves of Sphagnum

30. Cephaleuros causing red rust of tea P.sphagnicolum on leaves of Sphagnum Rhodochytrium on leaves of rageweed

31. PSAMMON The algae which grow in sandy beaches. Vaucheria Phormodium

32. CALCIFILIC ALGAE Algae that are able to bore shells of molluscs. Gomnotia

33. ALGAE IN LICHENS Members of Chlorophyta and Cyanophyta Form a common association with fungi in form of lichens Eg. Nostoc & Scytonema, Coccomyxa & Cephaleuros

34. REFERENCES B.R. Vashishta , Dr. A. K. Sinha , Dr. Adarsh Kumar(2001),botany For Degree Students Algae. S. Chand Publication https://www.biologydiscussion.in https://www.lifescience.com https://www.ncbi.nlm.gov