Hand instruments

1. HAND INSTRUMENTS PRESENTED BY: FASAHAT AHMED BUTT ROLL# 36 GROUP: C

2. CLASSIFICATION Cutting instruments Non cutting instruments

3. CUTTING INSTRUMENTS EXCAVATOR CHISELS OTHERS 1) ORDINARY HATCHET 2) HOE 3) ANGLE FORMER 4) SPOON 1) CHISEL 2) ENAMEL HATCHET 3) GINGIVAL MARGIN TRIMMER KNIVES FILES SCALERS CARVERS

4. NON CUTTING INSTRUMENTS 1) MIRROR 2) PROBE 3) TWEEZER Diagnostic instruments Plastic instruments Amalgam instruments 1) DYCAL APPLICATOR 2 ) CEMENT SPATULA 1) AMALGAM CARRIER 2) CONDENSER 3) BURNISHER 4) CARVER

5. MATERIALS USED CARBON STEEL More corrosion tendency. Harder than stainless steel. It loses keen edge slower than stainless steel. STAINLESS STEEL Less corrosion tendency. Less comparatively. It loses keen edge quicker during much use.

6. PARTS OF HAND INSTRUMENTS Most of the instruments are composed of the following parts: Handle Shank Blade/Nib

7. HANDLE It is used to hold the instrument. They are available in various sizes and shapes . It may be smooth or eight sided and serrated. On handle of the instrument, the instrument formula and manufacturer’s name are written.

8. SHANK It connects the handle with the working point or nib of the instrument. It is smooth, round or tapered. It may be straight or bent for better control of working point when the force is applied. It has one or more angles to avoid twisting of the instrument.

9. BLADE Working part of the instrument. Connected to the handle by shank. Each blade has a cutting edge that is the working end.

10. BLACK’S CLASSIFICATION Black classified all instruments according to: FUNCTION : E xcavator. MANNER OF USE : Hand condenser . DESIGN OF WORKING END : Hatchet SHAPE OF THE SHANK : Mono-angle, bin angle, contra-angle . These names were combined to form the complete description of the instrument e.g , bin-angle spoon excavator

11. INSTRUMENT FORMULA Hand cutting instruments have formulas describing the dimensions and angles of working end. Placed on the handle as three or four figures.

12. THREE-NUMBER FORMULA For instruments in which the primary cutting edge is at a right angle to the long axis of the blade. 14-10-16 14: Width of the blade (in tenths of mm) 10: Length of the blade (in mm) 16: Angle (in centigrade) made by long axis of the blade and the long axis of the handle

13. FOUR-NUMBER FORMULA 15-95-10-7 15: Width of the blade (in tenth of mm) 95 : Primary cutting edge angle ( in centigrade) 10: Length of the blade (in mm) 7 : Angle the blade makes with the long axis of the handle ( in centigrade )

14. BEVEL Most cutting instruments have on the end of blade a single bevel that forms the primary cutting edge. Additional two bevel extends from primary cutting edge for the length of the blade. This allows cutting in three dimensions.

15. CUTTING INSTRUMENTS CHISELS : Used primarily for cutting enamel Used with push motion. They are grouped as: Straight, slightly curved or bin-angle Enamel hatchets Gingival margin trimmer

16. ENAMEL HATCHET Used primarily in anterior teeth, for preparing retentive areas and sharpening internal line angles. To remove unsupported enamel It comes as right and left types for use on opposite sides of the preparation Used with push, pull & vertical motion.

17. GINGIVAL MARGIN TRIMMER It is used to trim, smooth, and shape the gingival floor of a cavity preparation. It is also used for rounding or beveling of the axiopulpal line angle. Used with lateral scraping motion.

18. HOE Used to clean and smooth floor and walls in cavity preparation and forming line angles. Used with a pulling motion Cutting edge or blade nearly perpendicular to handle.

19. HOE VS HATCHET If the angle of the blade is less than 12.5 centigrade, it is mono-angle chisel & if it is more than 12.5 centigrade, it is hoe.

20. ANGLE FORMERS Primarily used for sharpening internal line angles and creating retentive features in dentine in preparation for gold restorations. Used in 3 motions vertical, push and pull.

21. SPOON EXCAVATOR Used to remove Soft carious dentine T emporary crowns Temporary cement in temporary restoration Permanent crown during try-in Discoid: Cutting edges are circular Cleoid : Cutting edges are claw like

22. NON-CUTTING INSTRUMENTS

23. DIAGNOSTIC INSTRUMENTS MOUTH MIRROR: To reflect light in the mouth To retract lips, cheeks, and tongue To provide indirect vision

24. DENTAL EXPLORER It is used to examine caries, calculus, furcation. Variety of sizes and types Orban Pigtail Shepherd’s hook

25. TWEEZER (cotton forceps) To grasp or transfer items and/or material into and out of the oral cavity. Plain or serrated tips. Pointed or rounded tips

26. Locking tweezer

27. PLASTIC INSTRUMENTS DYCAL APPLICATOR To place calcium hydroxide or glass ionomer in cavity preparation .

28. CEMENT SPATULA It is used for mixing cements and carrying materials.

29. AMALGAM INSTRUMENTS AMALGAM PLUGGER To carry and dispense amalgam for cavity preparation Single or double ended

30. AMALGAM INSTRUMENTS CONDENSER Used to pack and condense amalgam into cavity preparation Single or double sided Smooth or serrated ends Round or flat Small or large sizes

31. BURNISHER Used to smooth amalgam after condensing. Burnish amalgam. It is also used to contour matrix band before placement. It may be single or double ended.

32. CARVER To carve occlusal anatomy into amalgam restoration Single or double ended.

33. HAND INSTRUMENT TECHNIQUES Modified pen Inverted pen Palm and thumb Modified palm and thumb

34. MODIFIED PEN

35. INVERTED PEN

36. PALM AND THUMB

37. MODIFIED PALM AND THUMB

38. REFERENCES Summit Art and science Google