HARBOURS ENGINEERING

Harbours: History of water transportation, components of harbour, classification of harbours.
Introduction of Transportation Engineering
Harbours Engineering maximum data use for civil engineering students.

1. DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Harbours Engineering The History Of Water ( Harbours )transportation Harbours Harbours Are Broadly Classified Er . RAMPRASAD KUMAWAT ( M.Tech )

2. Contents Harbours: History of Water Transportation Components of harbour , Classification of harbours . Ports and docks . Modern trends in water transportation

3. INTRODUCTION Transportation is the movement of humans, animals and goods from one location to another. Modes of transport include air, rail, road, water, cable, pipeline and space. Humans ' first means of transport involved walking, running and swimming.

4. The domestication of animals introduced a new way to lay the burden of transport on more powerful creatures, or humans riding animals for greater speed and duration. Inventions such as the wheel and the sled helped make animal transport more efficient through the introduction of vehicles.

5. The History of Water (Harbours)Transportation The history of transportation on water goes back thousands of years.  Because water is the one thing that mankind needs to survive, civilizations have always been settled near  and around water . Historically, societies have always located near water, due partly to the fact that water enables more efficient travel compared to going over land.

6. Waterways are critically important to the transportation of people and goods throughout the world. The complex network of connections between coastal ports, inland ports, rail, air, and truck routes forms a foundation of material economic wealth worldwide.

7. Waterways are important to a society. They allow the ease of transportation to ship goods and people to all parts of the world. Types of water transport include boats, ships, barges, canoes, and submarines Within the United States, waterways have been developed and integrated into a world-class transportation system that has been instrumental in the country’s economic development.

8. Today, there are more than 17,700 kilometers of commercially important navigation channels in the lower 48 states.

9. WATER TRANSPORTATION Transport which can move on water are called water transport. Water transportation is the intentional movement by water over large distances. Historically water was transported by hand in dry countries, by traditional waters such as the sakkas of Arabia and Bhishti of India. Water transport is the cheapest and the oldest mode of transport. It operates on a natural track and hence does not require huge capital investment in the construction and maintenance of its track except in case of canals.

10. The cost of operation of water transport is also very less. It has the largest carrying capacity and is most suitable for carrying bulky goods over long distances. It has played a very significant role in bringing different parts of the world closer and is indispensable to foreign trade.

11. WATER TRANSPORT : Inland, Ocean, Overseas, Shipping, Liners, Tramps, Tankers, Cargo, Passengers, Rivers, Lakes Canals, Coastal Shipping.  Boats  Steamers  For Passenger  For Cargo

12. Water transportation  is the intentional movement of water over large distances. Methods of transportation fall into three categories: Aqueducts: - which include pipelines, canals, tunnels and   bridges . Container shipment : which includes transport by tank truck, tank car, and tank ship. Towing:- where a  tugboat is used to pull an iceberg or a large water bag along behind it.

13. Water transportation The water transportation can further be subdivided into two categories: Inland transportation and Ocean transportation.

14. Inland Water transportation Inland Water transportation is either in the form of river transportation or canal transportation.

15. Ocean transportation Ocean Water transportation is adopted for trade and commerce. It is estimated that about 75 per cent of international trade is carried out by shipping. The development of navy force is intended for national defense. water transportation has an limitation and it possesses high flexibility.

16. Harbours A harbour can be defined as a sheltered area of the sea in which vessels could be launched, built or taken for repair; or could seek refuge in time of storm; or provide for loading and unloading of cargo and passengers.

17. HARBOURS ARE BROADLY CLASSIFIED Natural harbours Semi-natural harbours Artificial harbours .

18. Natural Harbours Natural formations affording safe discharge facilities for ships on sea coasts, in the form of creeks and basins, are called natural harbours . With the rapid development of navies engaged either in commerce or war, improved accommodation and facilities for repairs, storage of cargo and connected amenities had to be provided in natural harbours .

19. The size and draft of present day vessels have necessitated the works improvement for natural harbours . The factors such as local geographical features, growth of population, development of the area, etc. have made the natural harbours big and attractive. Bombay and Kandla are, examples of natural harbours

20. Semi-natural harbours This type of harbour is protected on sides by headlands protection and it requires man-made protection only at the entrance. Vishakhapatnam is a semi-natural harbour .

21. Artificial harbours Where such natural facilities are not available, countries having a seaboard had to create or construct such shelters making use of engineering skill and methods, and such harbours are called artificial or man-made harbours . Madras is an artificial harbour .

22. Thus, a naval vessel could obtain shelter during bad weather within a tract or area of water close to the shore, providing a good hold for anchoring, protected by natural or artificial harbour walls against the fury of storms

23. Natural roadsteads A deep navigable channel with a protective natural bank or shoal to seaward is a good example of a natural roadstead known as a circumscribed natural roadstead. as shown in fig.

24. A confined area naturally enclosed by islands as in a creek if available is known as a circumscribed natural roadstead.

25. Artificial roadsteads These may be created suitably by constructing a breakwater or wall parallel to the coast or curvilinear from the coast As an alternative a circumscribed artificial roadstead could be formed by enclosing tract provided good anchorage, by projecting solid walls called jetties, from the shore.

26. Another method is to create a confined basin of small area having a narrow entrance and exit for ships. Such roadsteads with smaller inner enclosures and wharf and with loading and unloading facilities are commonly provided for fishing vessels.

27. Site selection The guiding factors which play a great role in choice of site for a harbour are as follows Availability of cheap land and construction materials Transport and communication facilities Natural protection from winds and waves Industrial development of the locality

28. Sea-bed subsoil and foundation conditions Traffic potentiality of harbour Availability of electrical energy and fresh water Favorable marine conditions Defence and strategic aspects

29. Shape of the harbour The following principles should be kept in mind: In order to protect the harbour from the sea waves, one of the pier heads should project a little beyond the other. Inside the pier heads, the width should widen very rapidly. The general shape of the harbours should be obtained by a series of straight lengths and no re-entrant angle should be allowed

30. Harbor planning The important facts to be studied and scrutinized can be enumerated as follows: It is necessary to carry out a thorough survey of the neigh bourhood including the foreshore and the depths of water in the vicinity . The borings on land should also be made so as to know the probable subsurface conditions on land. It will be helpful in locating the harbour works correctly

31. The nature of the harbour , whether sheltered or not, should be studied. The existence of sea insect undermine the foundations should be noted. The problem of silting or erosion of coastline should be carefully studied. The natural metrological phenomenoa should be studied at site especially with respect to frequency of storms, rainfall, range of tides, maximum and, minimum temperature and of winds, humidity, direction and velocity of currents, etc.

32. From their utility and situation harbours are further classified into three major types ( i ) Harbours of refuge including Naval bases. (ii) Commercial harbours , connected with ports. ( iiI ) Fishery harbours :

33. Requirements of H arbour of R efuge ( i ) Ready accessibility. (ii) Safe and commodious anchorage. (iii) Facilities for obtaining supplies and repairs.

34. On dangerous coast-lines, disabled or damage ships, under stress of weather conditions will need quick shelter and immediate repairs. All types of naval craft, small and big will need refuge in an emergency and hence such refuge harbours should provide commodious accommodation.

35. Requirements of Commercial H arbour ( i ) Spacious accommodation for the mercantile marine. (ii) Ample quay space and facilities for transporting, loading and unloading cargo. (iii) Storage sheds for cargo. (iv) Good and quick repair facilities to avoid delay. (v) More sheltered conditions as loading and unloading could be done with advantage in calmer waters.

36. Commercial harbours could be situated on coasts or estuaries of big rivers or even on inland river coasts. They do not normally have any emergency demand like a harbour of refuge and practically the size and number of ships using such harbours are known factors.

37. Requirements of Fishing H arbour ( i ) Harbour should be constantly open for departure and arrival of fishing ships. (ii) Loading and unloading facilities and quick despatch facilities for the perishable fish catch like railway sidings and roads. (iii) Refreigerated stores with ample storin space for preserving the catch.

38. Accessibility and size of harbours : Accessibility depends on the location of the harbour . The harbour entrance should be designed and located for quick easy negotiation by ships, overtaken by storms. At the same time, it should be narrow enough not to expose the harbour to the effects of the stormy sea. Maximum dimensions up to 600' have bee adopted. The entrance is generally placed to receive the ship direct from the worst storm affected part of the sea, with a passage to the interior of the harbour so arranged to minimise the effect of rough seas.

39. Size of harbour depends upon the number and size of ships likely to use the harbour at one time. Some of the biggest modern ships are 900' to 1000‘ long and about a 100' wide and there should be sufficient area to manoeuvring them, without collision. Thus, the size is determined by, ( i ) Accomodation required. (ii) Convenience for manoeuvring and navigation. (iii) Adaptability to natural features.

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