HatingKulturalPananampalataya/Filipino Psychology

Filpsych/Hating Kultura

1. Hating Kultural Ayon Sa Group 4 Pananampalataya Psychology 3-B

2. What is Religion 01 Religions in the Philippines 02 03 Forms of Religious Discrimination 04 Contents 05 Atheisms, Agnosticisms, & Theisms History & Background of Religion in the Philippines

3. What is Religion? Religion- is defined as a set of beliefs concerning the cause, nature, and purpose of the universe, especially when considered as the creation of a superhuman agency or agencies, usually involving devotional and ritual observances, and often containing a moral code governing the conduct of human affairs. It is a belief in and reverence for a supernatural power or powers regarded as creator and governor of the universe. Religion in the Philippines is defined as spiritual beliefs from a culturally context held by Philippine citizens. Religion holds a central place in the life of the majority of Filipinos.

4. History and Background of Religion in the Philippines The pre-Hispanic belief system of Filipinos consisted of a pantheon of gods, spirits, creatures, and men that guarded the streams, fields, trees, mountains, forests, and houses. Bathala , who created earth and man, was superior to these other gods and spirits. Regular sacrifices and prayers were offered to placate these deities and spirits--some of which were benevolent, some malevolent. Spain introduced Christianity to the Philippines in 1565 with the arrival of Miguel Lopez de Legaspi . Earlier, beginning in 1350, Islam spread northward from Indonesia into the Philippine archipelago. By the time the Spanish arrived in the 16th century, Islam was firmly established on Mindanao and Sulu and had outposts on Cebu and Luzon. Islam was contained in the southern islands, Spain’s influence conquered and converted the remainder of the islands to Hispanic Christianity

5. History and Background of Religion in the Philippines During the period of armed rebellion against Spain, a nationalized church was organized under Gregorio Aglipay , who was made "Spiritual head of the Nation Under Arms." Spanish bishops were deposed and arrested, and church property was turned over to the Aglipayans, hence they were a religion to contend with. Another dynamic nationalized Christian sect is the lglesia ni Kristo , begun around 1914 and founded by Felix Manolo Ysagun . Along with the Aglipayans and Iglesia ni Kristo, there have been a proliferation of Rizalist sects, claiming the martyred hero of Philippine nationalism, Jose B. Rizal as the second son of God and a reincarnation of Christ.

6. History and Background of Religion in the Philippines Pre-colonial spiritual beliefs . Despite being Catholic, belief in spirits is pervasive (especially in rural areas) in the Filipino notions about the spiritual world. Many Filipinos in rural communities make use of healers to cure illnesses and these healers are bound up with the indigenous/pre-colonial spiritual beliefs of Filipinos. Filipino healers serve to fill an important place in the community. Shamans were called upon to communicate with these spirits on behalf of village and family, and propitiation ceremonies were a common part of village life and ritual. Such beliefs continued to influence the religious practices of many upland tribal groups in the modern period. In the end, however, it was the Filipinos who decided what their religion would be like. Saint worship in the Philippines is also unique. Each family may hold a particular saint who resides on their land or with them. The saint is inherited and passed down in the family. A given saint will circulate within the sibling group, going from one grown up child to another throughout time.

7. Religions in the Philippines

8. Pre-Colonial Religion: Animism Comes from the Latin word anima , meaning life, or soul. Is a religious and ontological perspective common to many indigenous cultures across the globe. Beliefs the belief that all natural things, such as plants, animals, rocks, and thunder, have spirits and can influence human events Animists generally believe that the spirits of their ancestors, in the form of natural objects, control their everyday lives and their fates. To appease the spirits and ensure a good life, then, people must make sacrifices to the spirits.

9. Pre-Colonial Religion: Animism Practices rituals are performed to maintain relationships between humans and spirits. Indigenous peoples often perform these rituals to appease the spirits and request their assistance during activities such as hunting and healing. Example: they invite animals and plants into our homes and speak with them.

10. Catholicism/ Roman Catholics Catholicism , as practiced in the Philippines in the 1990s, blended official doctrine with folk observance. In an intensely personal way, God the Father was worshiped as a father figure and Jesus as the loving son who died for the sins of each individual, and the Virgin was venerated as a compassionate mother. As in other Catholic countries, Filipinos attended official church services (men usually not as regularly as women) such as Masses, novenas, baptisms, weddings, and funerals. They supplemented these official services with a number of folk-religious ceremonies basic to the community's social and religious calendar and involving just about everyone in the community. Beliefs and Practices: Catholics believe that Jesus Christ was the son of God. They believe in the authority of the Pope, and the importance of confession in order for sins to be forgiven. Catholics believe in the teachings of Jesus Christ as revealed through the Bible and the traditions of the Church.

11. Catholicism/ Roman Catholics Mass: The central act of Catholic worship, where the Eucharist is celebrated. Sacraments: Rituals believed to confer grace upon the recipient. Prayer: Central to Catholic devotion, including formal prayers such as the Our Father and the Hail Mary, as well as personal prayer and devotion to saints. Tradition: Alongside scripture, Catholics believe in the importance of sacred tradition, handed down from the apostles. Christmas Lenten Season

12. Islam Islam, a major world religion promulgated by the Prophet Muhammad in Arabia in the 7th century CE. The Arabic term islām , literally “surrender,” illuminates the fundamental religious idea of Islam—that the believer (called a Muslim) accepts surrender to the will of Allah. Beliefs and Practices : The religious obligations of all Muslims are summed up in the Five Pillars of Islam, which include the profession of faith ( shahādah ) in God and his Prophet, prayer ( ṣalāt ), charity ( zakāt ), pilgrimage (hajj), and fasting ( ṣawm ). The fundamental concept of Islam is the sharia . Observant Muslims pray five times a day and join in community worship on Fridays at a mosque, where worship is led by an imam. Every believer is required to make a pilgrimage to Mecca , the holiest city , at least once in a lifetime, barring poverty or physical incapacity.

13. Islam The month of Ramadan is set aside for fasting. In addition to Eid al-Fitr , which celebrates the breaking of the fast of Ramadan, Muslims celebrate Muhammad’s birthday and his ascension into heaven. Eid al-Adha marks the culmination of pilgrimage to Mecca.

14. Iglesia ni Cristo The Iglesia Ni Cristo or Church of Christ is a Christian religion whose primary purpose is to worship the Almighty God in a manner taught by the Lord Jesus Christ and His apostles as recorded in the Bible. It was formed in 1914 by Felix Manalo . It was founded in the Philippines just before World war I and expanded after the Second World War I. Members of the church believe in studying the scriptures to live a life devoted to God. The church believes that the founder, Felix Manalo was a messenger from God who was sent to preach to modern-day Christians.

15. Iglesia ni Cristo Beliefs and Practices The Scriptures. The Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. Two worship services per week (Wednesday and Thursday) Members do not celebrate Christmas, All Saints’ Day, All Soul’s Day, and Holy Week Two Thanksgiving celebrations every year: One for church anniversary every July 27 and during the end of the year Prohibitions: Eating food mixed with blood, worshipping “idols”, gambling, drinking excessively, and date or marry anyone who’s not a member of the church.

16. Seventh Day Adventist The Seventh-day Adventists in the Philippines are part of a global Christian family that upholds the Bible as their ultimate authority. They have some unique characteristics that set them apart from other Christian denominations. Beliefs and Practices: Biblical Authority: Seventh-day Adventists believe in the inspiration of the entire Scriptures, both Old and New Testaments, as guided by the Holy Spirit 1. Their teachings and practices are rooted in biblical principles. Sabbath Observance: The name “Seventh-day” refers to their observance of the Sabbath on the seventh day of the week (Saturday), as outlined in the Ten Commandments. They consider it a day of rest, worship, and spiritual renewal.

17. Seventh Day Adventist Health Emphasis: Seventh-day Adventists place a strong emphasis on health and wellness. They promote a vegetarian diet, exercise, and abstaining from harmful substances. Many Adventist hospitals and clinics provide holistic health care. Education: The denomination operates schools and universities worldwide, including the Philippines. Education is seen as essential for personal growth and character development. Missionary Work: Adventists actively engage in missionary work, spreading their beliefs and values. They aim to prepare people for the return of Jesus Christ.

18. Philippine Independent Church a.ka . Aglipayan Philippine Independent Church , an independent church organized in 1902 after the Philippine revolution of 1896–98 as a protest against the Spanish clergy’s control of the Roman Catholic Church. Cofounders of the church were Isabelo de los Reyes y Florentino, author, labour leader, and senator, who was imprisoned during the revolution for his criticism of Spanish clergy and government officials in the Philippines, and Gregorio Aglipay y Labayán , a Philippine Roman Catholic priest who was excommunicated in 1899 for his activities on behalf of the revolution. The church continued to follow Roman Catholic forms of worship, but for many years doctrine was strongly influenced by Unitarianism. Beliefs and Practices: Theology: The Aglipayan Church is a Trinitarian denomination, believing in one God who exists in three persons: the Father, the Son (Jesus Christ), and the Holy Spirit. It considers the Holy Scriptures as the primary source of Christian doctrine and teaching. .

19. Philippine Independent Church a.k.a Aglipay Social Justice: A central tenet of the Aglipayan Church is its commitment to social justice and the liberation of the oppressed. One of these practices is the use of Tagalog liturgy during worship services. This is because the Aglipayan Church seeks to promote the use of the Filipino language in worship, as opposed to the use of Latin or Spanish in the Roman Catholic Church. The Aglipayan Church also celebrates several important feast days. These include the Day of the Dead, which is celebrated in November, and the feast of the Holy Child, which is celebrated in January. The Church also recognizes saints who are not recognized by the Roman Catholic Church, including San Lorenzo Ruiz, the first Filipino Saint. Another unique practice of the Aglipayan Church is the use of native vestments during services. These vestments are made from traditional Philippine fabrics and are adorned with native designs. This practice reinforces the Church’s commitment to promoting local culture and traditions.

20. Bible Baptist Church Bible Baptist Church In Philippines (BBFIP) is a Christian religious organization based in the Philippines. It was established in February of 1997 as an independent and fundamental Baptist Church, which seeks to promote and glorify the Lord, by preaching and teaching the Bible, the inerrant, inspired word of God, and to evangelize lost souls all over the Philippines and around the world Beliefs and Practices: Authority of Scripture: The Bible is central to the beliefs and practices of the Baptist Church. It is considered the authoritative source of religious teachings12. Baptism: Baptism is a central practice in the Baptist Church. It symbolizes an individual’s commitment to follow Jesus and represents the washing away of sin1. Worship Style: Worship in Bible Baptist Churches varies, but it often includes congregational singing, prayer, and preaching based on biblical teachings.

21. Bible Baptist Church Literal Six-Day Creation: Many Bible Baptists believe in a literal six-day creation as described in Genesis. KJV- Onlyism : Some adhere to the King James Version (KJV) of the Bible as the only acceptable translation. Tithing: Bible Baptists emphasize tithing, with contributions given exclusively to the local church1.

22. Protestants Protestant is a major branch of Christianity that began in the early 16th century as a protest against certain beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. Martin Luther (1517): Posted Ninety-Five Theses, criticizing the Catholic Church, sparking the Reformation. Beliefs: Sola Scriptura: Bible as sole authority. Sola Fide: Salvation by faith alone. Sola Gratia : Salvation by God's grace. Priesthood of All Believers : Direct access to God.

23. Protestants Practices: Sacraments: Baptism and the Lord's Supper (Communion). These are seen as outward signs of inward grace instituted by Christ. Baptism: Practices vary, with some denominations baptizing infants and others only baptizing believers who profess their faith. The Lord's Supper (Communion): The elements (bread and wine) are symbolic of Christ's body and blood. The frequency and interpretation of this sacrament vary among denominations

24. Protestants: United Church of Christ in the Philippines The United Church of Christ in the Philippines , the largest and most widespread Protestant church in the country, came into being in 1948. It unites in one church the United Evangelical Church in the Philippines (a 1929 union of Presbyterian, Congregational and United Brethren churches with the small United Church of Manila), the Philippine Methodist Church and the Evangelical Church in the Philippines (a 1944 union of various Evangelical churches). The UCCP considers itself as an integral part of the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church of our Lord Jesus Christ, called to be a witness to the gospel of the kingdom of God as proclaimed in the life and ministry of our Lord as revealed in the scriptures, and empowered to participate in the ushering in of God's shalom throughout the whole creation.

25. Protestants: United Church of Christ in the Philippines

26. Jehovah’s Witness Jehovah’s Witness , member of a millennialist denomination that developed within the larger 19th-century Adventist movement in the United States and has since spread worldwide. The Jehovah’s Witnesses are an outgrowth of the International Bible Students Association, which was founded in 1872 in Pittsburgh by Charles Taze Russell . Jehovah's Witnesses started in 1870 when Charles Taze Russell led Bible studies in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The Jehovah's Witnesses movement came out of the Bible Student movement, also founded by Russell. When he started to dispute some traditional Christian views, the Jehovah's Witnesses were born.

27. Jehovah’s Witness Beliefs and Practices Jehovah's Witnesses worship Jehovah, the Father of Jesus Christ. Blood Transfusions - God views blood as representing life, so JWs avoid taking blood not only in obedience to God but also out of respect for him as the Giver of life. Holiday Celebrations - JWs do not celebrate holidays that are: 1) Holidays that are rooted in the belief in or worship of other gods. 2) Holidays that are based on superstition or on the belief in luck. 3) Holidays that are based on the idea that the soul is immortal. 4) Holidays that are linked to the occult. 5) Celebrations of a religious figure or events that encourage united worship among people with different religious beliefs. 6) Observances that are based on religious traditions not endorsed by the Bible. 7) Holidays that honor a ruler or other notable figure. 8) Celebrations of a nation's flag. 9) Holidays or celebrations that exalt a saint. 10) Celebrations of political or social movements. 11) Events that honor the armed forces. 12) Celebrations of a nation's history or independence. 13) Birthday

28. Religions in the Philippines: Other Religious Affiliations

29. Born Again Christians The Born Again Christian group in the Philippines is elusive in its form, as the term is used interchangeably to describe both a group of Evangelical churches founded by Pastor Horace Hockett in the United States and a non-homogenous group of small local churches. In the Philippines, to say that one is a Born Again Christian means that one has accepted Christ by surrendering one’s life to His plans.

30. Born Again Christians Beliefs and Practices Born Again Christian beliefs are based on accepting Jesus Christ in your life as savior. This is often called then “Gospel”. It is the basic understanding of God’s gift of salvation. The resurrection power of God. Salvation by grace through Jesus alone. Jesus’ death alone pays the penalty for the sins of the mankind. There is one God. The Trinity. The trinity is one God existing in three Persons- the father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. Spreading the Gospel Worshiping together Teaching God’s inspired word

31. Members Church of God International aka Dating Daan The international religious organization that is the Member Church of God International (MCGI) started with just a small group of Filipino believers in Northern Philippines. Ang Dating Daan ' (The Old Path) is a religious program that was first heard on radio in the Philippines in 1980. The main purpose of the program is to bring to people the true teachings of God and to answer their questions about the Bible. and in faith.

32. Members Church of God International a.k.a Dating Daan Beliefs: God has human body parts like arms, eyes, and feet. But God has no knees, since He will not worship any other gods (there are many gods according to Soriano). Scripture says that the true God has no physical body parts for He is Spirit. Salvation comes through joining the Members Church of God International, being baptized, and performing works of righteousness. Practices: Eli Soriano boldly proclaims himself “the most sensible preacher of all time.” Soriano makes use of television, radio, and social media programs utilizing a question-and-answer method to propagate his teachings. Bro. Eli would move from one town to another to conduct Bible studies, usually three towns every night. MCGI also bans going to the movies and drinking alcoholic beverages, and women are prohibited from wearing make-up, wearing pants and tight shirts, and cutting their hair.

33. Church of Latter Day Saints The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) , often referred to as Mormonism , traces its origins to a religion founded by Joseph Smith in the United States in 1830. Beliefs and Practices: Godhead: The LDS Church has a unique understanding of the Godhead, emphasizing that God the Father, Jesus Christ, and the Holy Ghost are distinct beings. Family Emphasis: It places great importance on family life and eternal relationships. Continuing Revelation : Believers expect ongoing revelation from God through prophets and leaders. Missionary Work : LDS members actively engage in missionary efforts to share their faith. Lifestyle: They adhere to strict prohibitions on alcohol, tobacco, coffee, and tea, and promote education and a strong work ethic.

34. Hinduism The religious tradition of Hinduism is primarily focused on connecting to the supreme god or ultimate reality, known as Brahman, and bettering oneself to escape the cycle of reincarnation. Beliefs: One of the unique aspects of Hinduism versus other world religions is that there is no set of unified beliefs, practices, or guidelines one must adhere to to be a Hindu. Most Hindus believe, however, that certain laws govern the universe and humanity. These include: - dharma (duty) - samsara (reincarnation) - moksha (endless) - karma (right action)

35. Hinduism Practices One of the most common practices of Hinduism is bhakti, or devotion to the deities. In addition to temples, people will often have shrines in their homes to certain deities and will worship them there. When these worship services are communal, they are referred to as puja and will involve prayer, bhakti, a sacrifice of foods to the deities, music, and meditation. These meditations, whether part of a puja service or not, often include yoga and sadhana.

36. Judaism A monotheistic religion, believing in one God. Beliefs Jews believe that by following the spoken and written Torah, they may get a closer to God and live a fulfilled life. - they believe that the Messiah will come. - they believe that God gave the law to Moses - they believe that Messiah will come, one day. - they believe that there is a resurrection of the good "in the world to come"

37. Judaism Practices • Passover - commemorates the slavery of the Israelites in Egypt and their ultimate exodus to freedom. Seder or Paschal - shared by the family on the eve of the first day of feast. Matzah- primary food ingested during the Passover Wine is also served. There is a table set for Elijah

38. Buddhism Religion and philosophy that developed from the teachings of Buddha (awakened one). The aim of Buddhist practice is to be rid of the delusion of ego and thus free oneself from the fetters of this mundane world. One who is successful in doing so is said to have overcome the round of rebirths and to have achieved enlightenment. Beliefs Buddhism takes as its goal the escape from suffering and from the cycle of rebirth: the attainment of nirvana. (Beyond death—neither caused, born, nor produced—nirvana transcends all becoming and is devoid of all that makes up a human being.) Buddhist believes that the number of cosmos is infinite. It has three planes; the realm of desire, the material form and the realm of immateriality or formlessness They also believe in dhammas(dharmas) the elements of impermanent existence

39. Buddhism Practices The first is the veneration of the Buddha or other buddhas, bodhisattvas, or saints, which involves showing respect, meditating on the qualities of the Buddha, or giving gifts. The uposatha service typically includes the repetition of the precepts, the offering of flowers to the Buddha image, the recitation of Pali suttas, meditation practices, and a sermon by one of the monks for the benefit of those in attendance. The exchange that takes place between monks and laypersons.

40. Atheism, Agnoticism , & Theisms

41. Atheisms, Agnoticisms , & Theisms Atheisms - atheists are people who do not believe that god or gods (or other supernatural beings) exists but that they are man-made constructs, myths and legends. In practical terms, atheists often follow the same moral code as religious people, but they arrive at the decision of what is good or bad without any help from the idea of God. Agnoticisms - An agnostic is someone who neither believes nor disbelieves in the existence of Gods or Gods. Theism - is the belief that atleast one God exists. In the specific sense, conceives God as personal, present and active in governance and organization of the world and the universe. Monotheism - Is the belief that only one deity exists. Some modern day monotheistic religions are Christianity, Islam, Judaism, etc.

42. Forms of Religious Discrimination

43. Forms of Religious Discrimination 1. Work situations - Discrimination based on religions when it comes to any aspect of employment, including hiring, firing, pay, job assignments, promotions, layoff, training, fringe benefits, and any other term or condition of employment. 2. Harassment - Any behaviour that the a person finds distressing, humiliating, or offensive can be considered harassment due to offensive remarks towards their religion. 3. Segregation - prohibits workplace or job segregation based on religion (including religious garb and grooming practices), such as assigning an employee to a non-customer contact position because of actual or feared customer preference.

44. Forms of Religious Discrimination 4. Reasonable Accommodation (means an employer may be required to make reasonable adjustments to the work environment that will allow an employee to practice his or her religion.) - reasonably accommodate an employee's religious beliefs or practices 5. Dress and Grooming policies -Unfairly banning wearing certain religious items, such as the symbolic bracelet worn by Sikh men

45. References: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265632513 https://www.rappler.com/nation/64248-iglesia-ni-cristo-practices/ https://www.gotquestions.org/Old-Path-Ang-Dating-Daan.html https://www.britannica.com/topic/Buddhism/The-major-systems-and-their-literature https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Taze-Russell https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/JehovahsWitnessespractices https://study.com/learn/lesson/hinduism-major-beliefs-origin-history.html http://adventistph.org/ Understanding the Beliefs and Practices of the Aglipayan Church in the Philippines - Secret Philippines (secret-ph.com) https://www.gotquestions.org/Bible-Baptist-Church.html https://pinaywise.com/philippines-facts/united-church-of-christ-in-the-philippines-guide/ Jehovah’s Witness | History, Beliefs & Facts | BritannicaWhy Don’t Jehovah’s Witnesses Accept Blood Transfusions?https ://www.jw.org/open?docid=502019300&prefer=lang&wtlocale=E Islam’s beliefs, practices, and history | Britannica https://iep.utm.edu/animism/ https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/animism https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/animism https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animism#:~:text=In%20animism%2C%20rituals%20are%20performed,such%20as%20hunting%20and%20healing https://study.com/learn/lesson/animism-beliefs-practices-thinking.html#:~:text=One%20example%20of%20animism%20can,to%20be%20a%20beach%2C%20etc. https://psa.gov.ph/content/religious-affiliation-philippines-2020-census-population-and-housing

46. Thanks for Listening ! Group 3 Members: Deano, Juliana Margarette O. Fortes, Bernadette Mae S. Aquino, Mary Angeleigh Estacio, Almenio Esteron , Camela Velasco, Carla Joy Aspillaga , Ivy Cabilatazan , Jesselle Anne Aspuria , Kaye Hannah