hawthorne effect

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1. Hawthorne Effect By Oktaviani Szamocka 17874

2. Hawthorne Effect Hawthorne effect is the phenomenon in which subjects in behavioral studies change their performance in response to being observed . Hawthorne effect is the result of an e xperiments called Hawthorne Studies conducted by Elton Mayo to study the effects of physical conditions on productivity. Elton Mayo

3. Hawthorne Studies Background The Hawthorne experiments conducted between 1924 and 1932 at Western Electric Company's Hawthorne Works in Chicago . The Hawthorne plant of Western Electric manufactured telephones and telephone equipment Originally, the studies is designed to determine the relationship between lighting and productivity the initial tests were sponsored by the National Research Council (NRC). Scientist included in this research team were Elton Mayo (Psychologist), Roethlisberger and Whilehead (Sociologists) and William Dickson (company representative ). Three departments of Hawthorne factory were involved in this research are relay assembling,  coil  winding, and inspection Hawthorne Factory in Chicago

4. The Research There are 4 separate experiments in Hawthorne Studies : 1. Illumination Experiments ( 1924-1927) 2. Relay Assembly Test Room Experiments ( 1927-1928 ) 3. Experiments in Interviewing Workers ( 1928-1930 )  4. Bank Wiring Room Experiments ( 1931-1932 )

5. Illumination Experiments (1924-1927) The purpose is to find out the effect of illumination/lighting on worker productivity . Research is conducted in 2 separated group, one group is given more lighting and the other group is with low lighting. hypothesis : higher illumination, productivity will increase The result : productivity of both group are increased Other physical changes are also made such as maintaining clean work stations, clearing floors of obstacles, and even relocating workstations , and always resulted in increased productivity the workers are doing their best because their being observed

6.  Relay Assembly Test Room Experiments (1927-1928) Research is conducted by choosing two women as test subjects and asked them to choose four other workers to join the test group . Research has some variables : changing the pay rules so that the group was paid for overall group production , not individual production giving two 5-minute breaks (Productivity increased), but when they received six 5-minute rests (reduced output) providing food during the breaks. shortening the day by 30 minutes (output went up); shortening it more (output per hour went up, but overall output decreased); returning to the first condition (where output peaked).

7. The result : productivity is increased. Researchers concluded that the workers worked harder because they thought that they were being monitored individually and the more personal atmosphere in the group is also influencing the high productivity.

8. Experiments in Interviewing Workers (1928-1930)  The workers were interviewed in attempt to validate the Hawthorne Studies . The participants were asked about supervisory practices and employee morale.  The results proved that communication in an organization creates a positive attitude in the work environment.

9. Bank Wiring Room Experiments (1931-1932) These experiments were conducted to find out the impact of small groups on the individuals . In this experiment, a group of 14 male workers were formed into a small work group, hourly wage for each worker was fixed on the basis of average output of each worker . Hypotesis : highly efficient workers would bring pressure on less efficient workers to increase output and take advantage of group incentive plan.  Result : the workers established their own standard of output to protect other workers

10. Result Physical environment of work place is not important key The supervision in management is necessery . A factory is not only a techno-economic unit, but also a social unit Condition in the group is influencing the work productivity Motivation is play great role in management Job satisfaction and output depended more on cooperation and a feeling of worth than on physical working conditions.

11. Hawthorne Studies’s impact in Management Studies Hawthorne studies, is giving the interpretation of group behavior, were the basis for the school of human relations The human relations management theory is a researched belief that people desire to be part of a supportive team that facilitates development and growth. Therefore, if employees receive special attention and are encouraged to participate, they perceive their work has significance, and they are motivated to be more productive, resulting in high quality work.

12. Conclusion  The finest contribution of the Hawthorne Studies is that it laid a foundation of understanding people's social and psychological behaviour at the work place Management should recognise that people are essentially social beings and not merely economic beings.

13. Thank you for your attention