Hazard-Types of Hazard- Risk-Hierarchy of Hazards Control Measures-Lead indicators-

Hazard-Types of Hazard- Risk-Hierarchy of Hazards Control Measures-Lead indicators- lag Indicators-Flammability- Toxicity Time-weighted Average (TWA) - Threshold Limit Value (TLV) - Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL)-

1. Presented by Dr.N.SANKAR AP/MECH JKKMCT MX3089 INDUSTRIAL SAFETY

2. UNIT I SAFETY TERMINOLOGIES Hazard-Types of Hazard- Risk-Hierarchy of Hazards Control Measures-Lead indicators- lag Indicators-Flammability- Toxicity Time-weighted Average (TWA) - Threshold Limit Value (TLV) - Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL)- Immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH)- acute and chronic Effects- Routes of Chemical Entry-Personnel Protective Equipment- Health and Safety Policy-Material Safety Data Sheet MSDS UNIT II STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS Indian Factories Act-1948- Health- Safety- Hazardous materials and Welfare- ISO 45001:2018 occupational health and safety (OH&S) - Occupational Safety and Health Audit IS14489:1998- Hazard Identification and Risk Analysis- code of practice IS 15656:2006 2

3. UNIT III SAFETY ACTIVITIES Toolbox Talk- Role of safety Committee- Responsibilities of Safety Officers and Safety Representatives- Safety Training and Safety Incentives- Mock Drills- On-site Emergency Action Plan- Off-site Emergency Action Plan- Safety poster and Display- Human Error Assessment UNIT IV WORKPLACE HEALTH AND SAFETY Noise hazard- Particulate matter- musculoskeletal disorder improper sitting poster and lifting Ergonomics RULE & REBA- Unsafe act & Unsafe Condition- Electrical Hazards- Crane Safety- Toxic gas Release UNIT V HAZARD IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUES Job Safety Analysis-Preliminary Hazard Analysis-Failure mode and Effects Analysis- Hazard and Operability- Fault Tree Analysis- Event Tree Analysis Qualitative and Quantitative Risk Assessment- Checklist Analysis- Root cause analysis- What-If Analysis- and Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 3

4. UNIT I SAFETY TERMINOLOGIES Hazard-Types of Hazard- Risk-Hierarchy of Hazards Control Measures-Lead indicators- lag Indicators-Flammability- Toxicity Time-weighted Average (TWA) - Threshold Limit Value (TLV) - Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL)- Immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH)- acute and chronic Effects- Routes of Chemical Entry-Personnel Protective Equipment- Health and Safety Policy-Material Safety Data Sheet MSDS 4

5. W hat is Industrial Safety? Industrial safety refers to the management of all operations and activities within an industrial or manufacturing setting to ensure the health, safety, and well-being of workers, visitors, and the environment. The primary goal of industrial safety is to prevent accidents, injuries, and illnesses in the workplace. 5

6. Hazard Hazard refers to any source of potential damage, harm, or adverse health effects on people, property, or the environment. Hazards can be categorized into various types based on their nature and origin. Physical Hazards Chemical Hazards Biological Hazards Psychosocial Hazards Ergonomic Hazards Safety Hazards Environmental Hazards Radiation Hazards Fire Hazards Mechanical Hazards 6

7. Physical Hazards: These hazards involve physical processes that can cause harm without necessarily involving chemicals or biological agents. Examples include noise, vibration, radiation, heat, cold, electricity, and ergonomic factors like poor workstation design. Chemical Hazards: Chemical hazards result from exposure to harmful substances such as toxic gases, liquids, dust, or vapors. Examples include exposure to industrial chemicals, cleaning agents, pesticides, and hazardous materials. Biological Hazards: Biological hazards involve exposure to living organisms or their byproducts that can cause harm to human health. Examples include bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and allergens. Psychosocial Hazards: Psychosocial hazards are related to the impact of work on mental health and well-being. Examples include workplace stress, harassment, violence, and inadequate social support. 7

8. Safety Hazards: Safety hazards are conditions or activities that can lead to accidents and injuries. Examples include slippery floors, unguarded machinery, electrical hazards, and unsafe work practices. Environmental Hazards: Environmental hazards are related to the impact of activities on the surrounding environment. Examples include pollution, deforestation, habitat destruction, and climate change. Radiation Hazards: Radiation hazards involve exposure to ionizing or non-ionizing radiation, which can have harmful effects on living organisms. Examples include X-rays, ultraviolet radiation, and radiofrequency radiation. Fire Hazards: Fire hazards involve the potential for fires to occur and cause damage to property and harm to people. Examples include flammable materials, faulty wiring, and inadequate fire protection measures. Mechanical Hazards: Mechanical hazards are associated with machinery and equipment that can cause injuries due to moving parts, pinch points, or other mechanical processes. Examples include unguarded machinery, rotating equipment, and flying debris . 8

9. Risk Risk, on the other hand, is the likelihood or probability of a specific hazard causing harm in a given situation. It combines the probability of an event occurring with the consequences of that event. Risk assessment involves evaluating the potential consequences of exposure to a hazard and determining the likelihood of those consequences occurring. Risks are often categorized as low, medium, or high based on the severity of potential harm and the likelihood of occurrence. 9

10. Hierarchy of Hazards Control Measures The Hierarchy of Hazard Controls is a systematic approach used to minimize or eliminate exposure to occupational hazards in the workplace. The hierarchy provides a prioritized list of control measures, starting with the most effective and moving down to less effective measures. The goal is to reduce the risk of injury or illness by addressing hazards in a strategic and efficient manner. 10

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12. Elimination: The most effective control measure involves completely removing the hazard from the workplace. This could mean redesigning processes, substituting materials, or changing work practices to eliminate the source of the hazard. Substitution: If elimination is not feasible, the next best option is substitution. This involves replacing the hazardous material, process, or equipment with a less hazardous alternative. Substitution aims to reduce the risk while maintaining the necessary tasks or processes. Engineering Controls: This level involves designing and installing engineering solutions to isolate workers from the hazard. Examples include machine guards, ventilation systems, or physical barriers. Engineering controls are particularly effective because they don't rely on human behavior for their success . 12

13. Administrative Controls: When engineering controls are not sufficient, administrative controls come into play. This level involves changing the way people work through policies, procedures, training, and work practices. Administrative controls are often necessary when eliminating or substituting the hazard is not practical. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): PPE is the least effective level of control and should be considered as a last resort. It includes equipment like gloves, safety glasses, helmets, and respirators that individuals use to protect themselves from workplace hazards. PPE is considered the least effective because it relies on worker compliance and may not eliminate the hazard at its source. 13

14. Lead indicators- lag Indicators In the context of safety terminologies, lead indicators and lag indicators are terms used to measure and assess safety performance within an organization. These indicators play a crucial role in evaluating the effectiveness of safety programs and identifying areas for improvement. 14

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16. Lead Indicators: Definition: Lead indicators are proactive and preventive measures that are monitored to anticipate and lessen potential safety risks before they result in incidents or accidents. Examples: Safety Training: Regular safety training sessions for employees to enhance their awareness and skills. Near Miss Reporting: Encouraging the reporting of near misses to identify potential hazards and prevent future incidents. Safety Inspections: Conducting regular inspections to identify and address unsafe conditions or behaviors. Safety Audits: Periodic assessments to evaluate the effectiveness of safety procedures and protocols. Purpose: Lead indicators provide insights into the current state of safety practices and help organizations take proactive steps to prevent accidents. Monitoring these indicators allows for early intervention and the implementation of corrective actions to maintain a safe working environment. 16

17. Lag Indicators: Definition: Lag indicators are reactive measures that assess the historical performance of safety within an organization. They are typically used to analyze incidents, injuries, or illnesses that have already occurred. Examples: Injury Rates: Tracking the number of injuries or illnesses that occurred over a specific period. Lost Time Incidents: Recording incidents that resulted in lost workdays. Workers' Compensation Claims: Analyzing claims filed for workplace injuries or illnesses. Severity Rates: Measuring the severity of injuries or illnesses that occurred. Purpose: Lag indicators provide a retrospective view of safety performance, helping organizations identify trends, patterns, and areas where improvements are needed. While they don't prevent incidents, they offer valuable information to enhance safety programs and prevent similar occurrences in the future. 17

18. Flammability Flammability is a key concept in safety terminologies, particularly in the context of fire safety and hazardous materials management . It refers to the ability of a substance or material to ignite and sustain combustion when exposed to an external ignition source. Understanding the flammability of materials is crucial for assessing and mitigating fire risks in various environments, such as homes, workplaces, industrial facilities, and transportation systems. 18

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20. Flash Point: The flash point is the lowest temperature at which a substance's vapors can ignite when exposed to an open flame, spark, or heat source. Substances with lower flash points are considered more flammable. Ignition Temperature: This is the minimum temperature at which a substance or material can ignite and sustain combustion without the need for an external ignition source. Flammable Limits: Every flammable gas or vapor has a range of concentrations in the air within which it can ignite. Below the lower flammable limit (LFL) and above the upper flammable limit (UFL), the mixture is too lean or too rich to support combustion. 20

21. Combustibility: Combustibility refers to the ease with which a substance can undergo combustion. It is a broader term that includes both flammable and combustible materials. Combustible materials have higher ignition temperatures compared to flammable ones. Auto ignition Temperature: This is the lowest temperature at which a substance can spontaneously ignite without an external ignition source. Flame Spread: Flame spread is a measure of how quickly fire can propagate across the surface of a material. Fire Hazard Classification: Many safety standards and regulations categorize materials into different fire hazard classes based on their flammability characteristics. Common classifications include Class A, B, C, D, and K, each representing different types of fire hazards . 21

22. Toxicity Time-weighted Average (TWA) Toxicity Time-Weighted Average (TWA) refers to a measure used to assess the average exposure of individuals to a particular toxic substance over a specified period of time . It is a crucial concept in occupational safety and environmental health, helping to evaluate the potential health risks associated with prolonged exposure to hazardous substances. 22

23. The Time-Weighted Average is calculated by considering the concentration of a toxic substance in the air over a specific time period, typically an 8-hour workday. This time period is commonly used in occupational settings as it reflects the standard duration of a typical work shift. The calculation involves taking regular measurements of the substance's concentration throughout the day, weighting each measurement based on the duration of exposure, and then averaging them. 23

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25. Threshold Limit Value (TLV) Threshold Limit Value (TLV) is a term commonly used in the field of industrial safety and occupational health to represent the permissible exposure limits for hazardous substances in the workplace. TLV is defined by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), a professional organization that establishes guidelines and standards for occupational safety and health. 25

26. TLV is expressed as a concentration or level of a particular substance in the air, usually measured in parts per million (ppm) or milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m³), that workers can be exposed to on a daily basis without experiencing adverse health effects. 26

27. TLVs are important for industrial safety because they provide guidance to employers, industrial hygienists, and safety professionals in establishing effective control measures to minimize worker exposure to hazardous substances. These limits help create a safe working environment and reduce the risk of occupational illnesses and injuries. Employers are typically required to monitor workplace air quality and ensure that exposure levels are below the established TLVs. 27

28. Personal Protective Equipment

29. Introduction Source of photos: OSHA 29

30. Introduction Employers must protect employees: Assess the workplace Eliminate and reduce the hazards found using engineering and administrative controls Then use appropriate personal protective equipment Remember , Personal Protective Equipment is the last level of control . 30