HAZARDOUS_WASTES[1].pptx.................

Hazardous waste

1. Contents Hazardous waste Cradle to Grave of hazardous waste Hazardous waste Treatment Physical & Chemical Treatment Thermal treatment Waste minimization 1

2. HAZARDOUS WASTES Definition : Hazardous waste is a waste with properties that make it potentially dangerous or harmful to human health or the environment. The universe of hazardous wastes is large and diverse. Hazardous wastes can be liquids, solids, or contained gases. Any residue or combination of residue other than radioactive waste which by reason of its chemical reactivity or toxic, explosive, corrosive other characteristics cause potential hazard to human or environment, either alone or when in contact with other wastes and which therefore cannot be handled, stored, transported, treated or disposed off without special precautions. 2

3. Objectives Waste minimization Detoxification & neutralization of waste by treatments Destruction of combustible waste by incineration Solidification of sludge & ash Disposal of residues in landfill 3

4. Sources Inorganic & Organic chemicals Petroleum refineries Iron & Steel Non ferrous metals Leather tanning Metal finishing 4

5. Characteristics of hazardous wastes Ignitability - Ignitable wastes Corrosivity - Corrosive wastes Reactivity - Reactive wastes Toxicity - Toxic wastes 5

6. Rules & Regulations of Hazardous wastes Aim at providing control Specify the responsibilities Regulations governing generators of HW 1. preparation for transport 2. manifest requirements 3. record keeping & reporting Regulations governing transport of HW 1. notification prior to transport 2. manifest requirements 6

7. Cradle to Grave of Hazardous waste The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) requires hazardous waste generators to properly manage their waste from the point of generation called the cradle, to the point of final destruction referred to as the grave. 7

8. The Cradle to Grave Process Generation : All hazardous waste begins with the company’s generation of the material. The “cradle” refers to the generation stage since it’s where it all begins. The first thing for a company to do once they have generated such material is to identify whether it is hazardous waste or regular waste. Once the hazardous material is determined, you should document it and then ensure that it’s properly labeled. The correct labeling is vital for the safety of those on your worksite and the rest of the process. Transportation : The waste must be picked up and transported to the proper treatment facility for it to be safely disposed of. A major part of the transportation responsibility as a hazardous waste generator is to make sure the waste and transportation methods meet the requirements of the Department of Transportation (DOT). 8

9. Treatment : Certain wastes that don’t have hazardous properties can be recycled safely in their present state. When you’re dealing with hazardous waste, it’s quite a bit different. Such material needs specific treatment before it can be disposed of. This is vital to prevent any hazardous material from making it into the soil, groundwater, and air. This is when facilities use methods like solidification and stabilization. Storage : Waste will often have to be stored for a period at various stages of the process of waste management. This could be onsite, during transportation, or during the treatment process at the facility. Wherever the waste is being stored, the area must be in a safe and secured location so that anything like spills and leaking can be avoided. It’s vital that it’s stored away from anything else that could get contaminated or could be dangerously reactive with the waste. Disposal: This is the final stage of the process, meaning that this is what the “grave” refers to. This comes after the waste has either been safely treated or has gone through enough reuse and recycling. When the waste is finally disposed of, it needs to be dumped in the appropriate landfill which keeps our environment and the public safe from any hazardous effects. The waste can also be burned for energy. 9

10. Management process involved in cradle Waste characteristics : After generating a waste material, the generator must appropriately characterize the waste and determine if it is hazardous(40CFR 262.11). Doing so allows a generator to make appropriate decisions regarding the waste’s final destination and helps prevent improper disposal, like hazardous waste going to a non-hazardous waste landfill. Storage : While the hazardous waste is stored on-site, the generator must adequately manage the waste material and follow all requirements for hazardous waste storage(40CFR section 260.11 and 262). Through proper management, the generator ensures that waste material doesn’t become a hazard to employees, the community or the environment. Documentation : Hazardous waste generators must complete weekly inspections of hazardous waste storage areas. Documentation of these inspections and completion of any corrective actions required, must be maintained on-site as proof of compliance with the regulations. 10

11. Management process involved in grave Accidental spills : If an accidental spill or release of hazardous material occurs during transport to a disposal facility, the generator is responsible for the cleanup and disposal of material. Reputable TSDF : If a generator ships its waste to a hazardous waste treatment, storage and disposal. Facility that is not managing the waste properly, the generator may be held responsible for mismanagement. Therefore, a generator should exercise caution when selecting a TSDF to ensure that their waste will be handled correctly and in a manner that won’t trouble with the EPA. Documentation : You should always be able to prove that you characterized and managed your waste correctly and that the TSDF received the waste. Maintaining all documentation required under Federal and State laws is a generator’s best way to prove proper cradle-to-grave management of hazardous waste. 11

12. 5 ways to break the cradle to grave chain Improper labeling:  Hazardous waste must be labeled properly to indicate the nature of the waste and its potential risks. Failing to use  hazardous waste labels  correctly can result in confusion among workers and lead to improper handling and disposal. Improper storage:  Hazardous waste must be stored in containers that are appropriate for the type of waste your facility generates. Storage containers should also be resistant to chemical reactions and leaks. If the waste is stored improperly, a leak can contaminate the environment and pose health hazards. Illegal dumping:  Illegally disposing of hazardous waste, such as dumping it in a landfill or pouring it down the drain, breaks the cradle to grave chain. This type of  hazardous waste disposal  poses a significant risk to public health and the environment and is a violation of environmental regulations. 12

13. Failure to document:  Keeping proper documentation is crucial in the cradle to grave process. Failure to document the waste’s generation, storage, transportation and disposal can lead to noncompliance with regulatory requirements. Improperly documentation can also make it difficult to track the waste’s journey. Failure to transport waste properly:  Transporting hazardous waste requires strict compliance with regulations and should include using licensed  hazardous waste disposal companies . Failure to transport hazardous waste properly can lead to spills and leaks, posing a significant risk to public health and the environment. 13

14. There are various options of treatment of HSW treatment can be categorized under physical, chemical and biological treatment. Physical treatment Filtration & Separation Clarification Dewatering Suspended solid particles less than 100 ppm concentration are removed from an aqueous stream. This is usually accomplished by depth filtration and cross-flow filtration and the primary aim is to produce a clear aqueous effluent Through filtering media the driving force is pressure gradient , caused by gravity, centrifugal force, vacuum, or pressure greater than atmospheric pressure Slurries of typically 1% to 30 % solids by weight. The aim is to concentrate the solids into a phase or solid form for disposal or further treatment. for example, can be used for neutralization of strong acid with lime or limestone, or precipitation of dissolved heavy metals as carbonates or sulphides followed by settling and thickening of the resulting precipitated solids as slurry. The slurry can be dewatered by cake filtration

15. Chemical treatment Chemical precipitation- Soluble substance is converted to an insoluble form either by a chemical reaction or by change in the composition of the solvent. removal of toxic metal from aqueous wastes arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel sources of wastes containing metals are metal plating and polishing, inorganic pigment, mining and the electronic industries. And also from clean up and from harzadous waste site eg leachate to ground water. Oxidation & Reduction( redox )- Reactions are used in treatment of metal-bearing wastes, sulphides , cyanides and chromium and in the treatment of many organic wastes such as phenols, pesticides and sulphur . Some of the commonly used oxidising agents are sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, calcium hypochlorite, potassium permanganate and ozone. Reducing agents are used to treat wastes containing hexavalent chromium, mercury, organometallic compounds and chelated metals. Some of the compounds used as reducing agents are sulphur dioxide, sodium borohydride , etc Suitable for low concentration of waste less than 1%. 15

16. 3. Solidification and stabilisation- Solidification and stabilisation are treatment processes designed to improve waste handling and physical characteristics, decrease surface area across which pollutants can transfer or leach, limit the solubility or detoxify the hazardous constituent. Solidification : This refers to a process in which materials are added to the waste to produce a solid. It may or may not involve a chemical bonding between the toxic contaminant and the additive. Stabilization : This refers to a process by which a waste is converted to a more chemically stable form. Subsuming solidification, stabilization represents the use of a chemical reaction to transform the toxic component to a new, non-toxic compound or substance. 16

17. Chemical fixation : This implies the transformation of toxic contaminants to a new non-toxic compound. Encapsulation : This is a process involving the complete coating or enclosure of a toxic particle or waste agglomerate with a new substance. 4. Evaporation: Evaporation is defined as the conversion of a liquid from a solution or slurry into vapour . Evaporation is commonly used as a pre-treatment method to decrease quantities of material for final treatment. It is also used in cases where no other treatment method was found to be practical. 5. Ozonation: Ozone is a relatively unstable gas consisting of three oxygen atoms per molecule (O 3 ) and is one of the strongest oxidizing agents. Ozone and UV radiations have been used to detoxify industrial organic wastes, containing aromatic and aliphatic polychlorinated compounds, ketones and alcohols. 17

18. Thermal Treatment Incineration Pyrolysis It includes both the burning of mixed solid waste or burning of selected parts of the waste stream as a fuel. Regarded as either a pre-treatment of hazardous waste, prior to final disposal or as a means of valorizing waste by recovering energy chemical decomposition or change brought about by heating in the absence of oxygen. This is a thermal process for transformation of solid and liquid carbonaceous materials into gaseous components and the solid residue containing fixed carbon and ash.

19. Waste minimization Means the feasible reduction of hazardous waste that generates prior to treatment, storage and disposal. It is defined as any source reduction or recycling activity that results in the reduction of total volume of hazardous waste, or toxicity of hazardous waste or both. Practices that considers in waste minimization include recycling, source separation, product substitution, manufacturing process change & the use of less toxic material. Waste minimization and prevention provides an opportuinity to be environmentally responsible. 19

20. Factors contribute to waste minimization Management support & employee participation: Training Waste audits Good operating practices Material substitution practices. Technological modification practices Recycling options Surplus chemical waste exchnage options. 20

21. CONTENTS Introduction Sources Classification of Bio-medical waste Sources Effects Bio-medical waste management Methods 21

22. INTRODUCTION Since beginning, the hospitals are known for the treatment of sick persons but we are unaware about the adverse effects of the garbage generated by them on human body nod environment. Now it is well established fact that hospital waste is potential health hazard to the health care workers , public and flora and fauna of the area. What is bio medical waste? The waste generated during the diagnosis, testing, treatment, research or production of biological products from humans or animals. Medical waste can be defined as waste that contains potentially infectious materials. A broader definition may also include all materials that are of laboratory or medical origin, including packaging, infusion kits, etc. WHAT IS A Bio-MEDICAL WASTE?? https://images.app.goo.gl/sNpZHhW9SMeSwQez8 22

23. Bio Medical waste consists of Human anatomical waste like tissues, organs and body parts. Animal wastes generated during research from veterinary hospitals. Microbiology and biotechnology wastes. Waste sharps like hypodermic needles, syringes, scalpels and broken glass. Discarded medicines and cytotoxic drugs. https://images.app.goo.gl/97tHivke3xVgwQSU8 https://images.app.goo.gl/741oScmyH9q7wLH89 https://images.app.goo.gl/8LzueSk7UZiwrJxd7 23

24. Sources for Bio Medical Waste (BMW) The major sources are: Hospitals. Primary health centres. Medical colleges and research centres. Veterinary colleges and animal research centres. Blood banks, mortuaries, autopsy centres. Biotechnology institutions. The Minor sources are: Home care. Cosmetic clinics. Paramedics. Funeral services. https://images.app.goo.gl/vuf9KttnjreMXz5W9 24

25. Classification of Bio-Medical Waste Bio medical waste classified as Infectious waste. Non infectious waste Chemical waste. Pharmaceutical waste. Sharps. Radioactive waste. Cytotoxic waste. Heavy metal waste. https://images.app.goo.gl/2mwcvZGGCCVJAQ467 25

26. Health impacts Exposure to toxic chemicals like mercury, xylene and formaline can result in chemical injuries among health personnel and patients in contact. Improper disposal and lack of properly designed landfills result in contamination of water and exposure to toxic wastes. Inadequate incineration can result in toxic air pollution. Lack of segregation of the biomedical wastes can risk an exposure to sharps among the workers of waste disposal and treatment. Open waste dumping results in piling up of the waste which attracts insects, these dumps during in the rains become breeding areas for the insects and as sources for vectors which spread infectious disease. Pouring of the antibiotics into the drain results in the killing of required microbes and altering the environment that helps in the breakdown of biological matter in septic tanks. 26

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28. The improper management of bio medical waste causes serious effect on environment and human health. 1. Effect on environment . Soil contamination, water contamination. air contamination. 2. Effect on human health. Lung infections. Parasitic infection Skin infection. The spread of viral illness such as HIV, Hepatitis B and C. Bacteremia . Cholera tuberculosis Effects of Bio-Medical Waste https://images.app.goo.gl/UdA3RroGT9Tyrinn9 28

29. Bio-medical waste management The act of bio medical waste management was passed by the ministry of environment and forests in 1986 and noticed the rules in 1998. According to this management ,it is the duty of every “occupier” i.e. a person who has control over the institution or its premises, to take all steps to ensure that waste generated is handled without any adverse effect to human health and environment. https://images.app.goo.gl/Zrqgks2NfXAg46aY7 https://images.app.goo.gl/gi5SrE2CkmgU8ENF6 29

30. https://www.plexusmd.com/PlexusMDAPI/Images/HostedResources/d03bd9178ee14599ab29c3461dbb7166.png 30

31. Key Methods of Medical Waste Treatment and Disposal Incineration. Chemical treatment. Autoclave. Microwave irradiation. Land disposal. Inert- ization . Incineration: High temperature dry oxidation process that reduce organic and combustible waste into inorganic incombustible matter. Resulting in significant reduction in waste volume and weight. Process is selected to treat waste that cannot be recycled, reused or can be disposed in land. Incineration requires no pre-treatment, provided that certain types are not included in the matter to incinerated . 31

32. Types of Incinerators : Double chambered(for infectious waste) Single chambered (if double chamber not affordable) Rotary Kilns(for genotoxic waste) https://www.google.com/urlFsharrygajuryalnepal%2Fbiomedical-waste-treatment-process-a-case-study 32 Waste type not to be incinerated Pressurized gas containers Large amounts of reactive chemical waste Silver salts and photographic or radiographic wastes (x- ray films) Halogenated plastic and rubber disposables used in the hospitals( pvc ). Waste with high mercury or cadmium content such as broken thermometers & used batteries Sealed ampules or ampules containing heavy metals

33. Chemical DisInfection /treatment : Chemicals are added to waste to kill or inactive the pathogen usually results in disinfection rather than sterlization . Bleaching power, Sodium Hypochlorite. Commonly Used for treatment of liquid infectious waste eg.blood , urine, stool and hospital sewage. https://www2.lbl.gov/ehs/waste/pub-3095/MEDICAL%20WASTE%20GENERATOR%20GUIDELINES-FINAL4-FOR-WEB-7-6_files/image016.jpg 33

34. Autoclave: Autoclaves use pressurized steam to destroy microorganisms, and are the most dependable systems available for the decontamination of waste and the sterilization of equipment and supplies under maintained temperature and pressure. Blue and red colored waste bags are allowed to treat in autoclave machine. Plastic containers from Blue bags are removed soon after autoclaving and are crushed. The crushed material are kept between the gap of cement and concrete and again filled by cement and concrete to make bricks . 34 Key Methods of Medical Waste Treatment and Disposal | BWS (bwaste.com) https://previews.123rf.com/images/pittawut/pittawut1509/pittawut150900073/44531627-close-up-black-autoclave-hole-of-autoclave-sterilization-machine-for-hospital.jpg

35. Microwave treatment Microwave of frequency 2450MHZ and wave length 12.24cm used to destroy the microorganism. water contained in the waste is rapidly heated by microwave and infectious components are destroyed by heat conduction. Land disposal There are two distinct types of waste disposal-Open dumping &Sanitary landfill. Sanitary landfills are designed Geological isolation of waste from environment Appropriate engineering preparation before the site is ready to accept waste Staff present on site to control operations Organized deposit and daily coverage of waste. 35 https://www.google.com/imgreF95%2Fbiomedical-waste-management-rule-2016-36- https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fprofile%2FJyotsna-Chauhan%2Fpublication%2F337108248%2Ffigure%2Ffig3%2FAS%3A838448588013568%401576913129954%2FSchematic-diagram-of-microwave-irradiation.

36. Inert- ization Process of mixing waste with cement and other substances before disposal in order to minimize the risk of toxic substance migrating into surface water or ground water and to prevent scavenging. Typ i c al p r oporti o n o f mixture: 6 5 % pharmaceutical w aste, 15% lime, 15% cement and 5% water. 36 https://image.slidesharecdn.com/solidwastedisposalandhospitalwastemanagement-160416081937/95/solid-waste-disposal-and-hospital-waste-management-48-638.jpg?cb=1460794958

37. Contents Introduction Sources Composition E-waste generation in India and in global context Effects on human health and environment E-waste management 37

38. Introduction In the 20 th Century, the information and communication revolution has brought enormous changes in the way we organise our lives, our economies, industries and institution. At the same time, these have led to manifold problems including the problem of massive amount of hazardous waste and other wastes generated from electric products. It constitutes a serious challenge to the modern societies and require coordinated effects to address it for achieving sustainable development. 38

39. What is e-waste? Electronic waste or E- waste is any broken or unwanted electrical or electronic appliance. E- waste includes computers, consumer electronics, phones, medical equipments, toys and other items that have been discarded by their original users. E- waste also include waste which is generated during manufacturing or assembling of such equipments. Many of them contain toxic materials. 39

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41. Composition of e-waste Consists of –Ferrous & Non-ferrous Metals, Plastics, Glass, Wood etc. 41

42. E-waste generation in india - There are 10 states that contribute to 70% of the total E-Waste generated in the country. 65 cities generate more than 60% of the total E-Waste in India. Among the top ten cities generating E-Waste, Mumbai ranks first followed by Delhi, Bengaluru , Chennai, Kolkata, Ahmedabad , Hyderabad, Pune , Surat & Nagpur. Main source of electronic waste in India are the government, public and private (Industrial) sectors – 70% Contribution of individual house hold – 15% Rest being contributed by manufacturers. 42

43. Electronic waste in global context It is estimated that more than 54 MMT E-Waste is generated globally every year. A report of the United Nations predicted that by 2030, this figure is expected to grow to around 74 MMT if the current trend continues. Such predictions highlight the urgent need to address the problem of E-Waste in developing countries like India where the collection and management of E-Waste and the recycling process is yet to be properly regulated. It may cause rising environmental damage and health problems of E-Waste recycling if left to the vagaries of the informal sector. 43

44. Pollutant Occurrence Arsenic S e m i conductor s , diodes, m i c rowa v es, LEDs (light emitting diodes), solar cells Barium Electron tubes, filler of plastic and rubber, lubricant additives Brominated flame proofing agent Casings, circuit boards (plastic), cables and PVC cables Cadmium Batteries, pigments, solders, alloys, circuit boards, computer batteries, monitor, cathode ray tubes (CRTs) Chrome Dyes/ Pigments, Switches, Solar Cobalt Insulator Copper Conductor Cables, copper ribbons, coils, circuitry, Pigments Lead Lead reachable batteries, solar, transistors, lithium batteries, PVC (polyvinyl chloride), stabilizers, lasers, LEDs, thermo electrical elements, circuit boards 44

45. Effects on human health Lead : Damage to central and peripheral nervous system, blood and kidney damage. Affect brain development of children. Chromium : Asthmatic Bronchitis. DNA damage. Cadmium : Toxic irreversible effect on human health. Accumulates in kidney and liver. Causes neural damage. Mercury : Chronic damage to brain and respiratory system. Plastics including PVC : Burning produces dioxin. It causes reproductive and developmental problems ; Immune system damage. 45

46. Effects on environment Air Pollution: Burning e-waste, a common practice in informal recycling sectors, releases toxic fumes and particulate matter. This can include dioxins, furans, and other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that are harmful when inhaled. Soil and Water Contamination: When e-waste is dumped in landfills, harmful substances can leach out and contaminate soil and water sources. This can lead to bioaccumulation of toxins in plants and animals, affecting entire ecosystems. Impact on Wildlife: Contaminants from e-waste can disrupt reproductive systems and other biological processes in wildlife. Heavy metals and chemicals can accumulate in the food chain, posing risks to various species, from insects to larger mammals. Resource Depletion: E-waste contains valuable metals like gold, silver, and rare earth elements. Improper disposal means these resources are not recovered and reused, contributing to the depletion of natural resources and increased mining activity. Climate Change: The improper disposal and burning of e-waste can contribute to greenhouse gas emissions, exacerbating climate change. Additionally, the mining and processing of new materials required to replace those lost in e-waste contribute further to global warming. 46

47. E-waste management 1. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle: Reduce : Minimize e-waste generation by opting for high-quality, durable products and avoiding unnecessary upgrades. Reuse : Extend the life of electronics by repairing and refurbishing them. Many devices can be repaired or repurposed instead of being discarded. Recycle : Ensure that e-waste is processed through proper recycling channels where materials can be safely recovered and reused. 47

48. 2. Responsible Disposal : Certified E-Waste Recycling : Use certified e-waste recycling facilities that follow environmental and health standards. Look for certifications like e-Stewards or R2 (Responsible Recycling). Collection Programs : Participate in or support take-back programs and collection events organized by manufacturers, retailers, or local governments. 3. Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) EPR Programs : Advocate for or support EPR programs that require manufacturers to take responsibility for the entire lifecycle of their products, including end-of-life disposal. This can incentivize design improvements and responsible recycling. 4.Global Collaboration: International Cooperation : Work with international organizations, governments, and businesses to address the global challenges of e-waste management. Sharing best practices and technologies can help improve e-waste handling worldwide. 48

49. 5. Legislation and Regulation: E-Waste Legislation : Support and comply with laws and regulations governing e-waste management. Many countries have specific e-waste laws that mandate proper disposal and recycling practices. International Agreements : Promote adherence to international agreements like the Basel Convention, which regulates the transboundary movement of hazardous waste and its disposal. 6. Consumer Awareness and Education: Public Awareness Campaigns : Educate consumers about the environmental impacts of e-waste and the importance of proper disposal. Provide information on how and where to recycle e-waste responsibly. Labeling : Encourage manufacturers to provide clear information on how to dispose of their products at the end of life. 7. Innovative Recycling Technologies: Advanced Recycling Methods : Invest in and support the development of advanced recycling technologies that can more efficiently and safely recover valuable materials from e-waste. Design for Recycling : Advocate for design changes in electronics that make products easier to recycle, such as modular designs or the use of recyclable materials. 49

50. 8.Proper Storage and Handling Safe Storage : Store e-waste in a safe, dry place until it can be properly disposed of or recycled. Avoid dumping e-waste in landfills or unsecured areas. Handling Procedures : Follow safety protocols when handling e-waste to prevent exposure to toxic substances. 9.Support Circular Economy Circular Economy Models : Promote and adopt circular economy principles where products are designed for longevity, repairability , and recyclability. This approach reduces the overall generation of e-waste and maximizes resource recovery. By implementing these strategies, individuals, businesses, and governments can significantly reduce the negative impacts of e-waste and contribute to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly future. 50