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1. LOG-413 Chapter – 1 Week – 1 Introduction to Hazardous Wastes

2. Desired Learning Objectives An overview of Hazardous Materials / Hazardous wastes through insight of the following:- Introduction of Hazardous Wastes / Materials Historical Background Overview of Classification Overview of Generation

3. Introduction Hazardous materials, commonly known as hazmat, are substances that pose a risk to human health, property, or the environment. These materials can be in various forms such as liquids, gases, solids, or even energy like radiation. Hazmat can be naturally occurring or man-made, and their risks can vary depending on the nature and quantity of the material, as well as the way it is used or handled. Hazmat can be found in many industries, including manufacturing, agriculture, healthcare, and transportation. Some examples of hazmat include toxic chemicals, flammable substances, explosives, radioactive materials, infectious agents, and biological toxins.

4. Introduction Hazmat can cause significant harm to people and the environment if they are not managed correctly. Accidents involving hazmat can lead to fires, explosions or releases of toxic substances, causing injuries, illnesses, property damage, and environmental pollution. Therefore, it is essential to identify hazmat, assess their potential dangers, and implement appropriate safety measures. This includes handling and storing hazmat correctly, providing appropriate protective equipment to those handling the materials, following safety procedures, and providing training and information to employees and the public.

5. Introduction Emergency response plans should also be in place to ensure that appropriate actions are taken to protect human health and the environment. Overall, understanding the risks associated with hazmat and implementing appropriate safety measures is crucial to protecting human health and the environment.

6. Introduction

7. Sources of Hazardous Wastes S ources of hazardous waste: Industrial processes Healthcare facilities Household hazardous waste Agriculture Mining Construction and demolition Transportation 8.Military activities

8. Application in PAF Hazardous materials can be used for various military purposes, including: Explosives and pyrotechnics : Used for training exercises, ammunition, and demolition activities. Fuel and lubricants : Used for powering aircraft, vehicles, and other equipment. Chemicals : Used for decontamination, cleaning, and maintenance of equipment. Radioactive materials : Used for power generation, medical applications, and other specialized purposes.

9. Application in PAF The use of hazardous materials in military operations requires special considerations for safety and environmental impact. The military must follow strict regulations and procedures for handling, storage, and transportation of hazardous materials. Proper training, personal protective equipment, and emergency response plans are necessary to mitigate the risks associated with these materials.

10. Application in PAF It is also important to note that the military has a responsibility to minimize the impact of hazardous materials on the environment. This includes proper disposal of hazardous waste and implementing measures to prevent contamination of soil, water, and air. Overall, hazardous materials can be used for various purposes in military operations, but it is essential to ensure proper management and safety procedures to prevent harm to human health and the environment.

11. Application in Medicine Radioactive materials are hazardous materials that emit ionizing radiation , which can be harmful to human health if not handled properly. However, these materials can also be useful in medical applications, particularly in the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases. Here are some examples of how radioactive hazmat is used in medicine: Diagnostic imaging : Radioactive isotopes can be used as tracers in diagnostic imaging tests. Radiation therapy : High-energy radiation can be used to destroy cancer cells and shrink tumors . Sterilization : Radioactive isotopes can be used to sterilize medical equipment and supplies, including surgical instruments, gowns, and gloves.

12. Application in Medicine While the use of radioactive materials in medicine has many benefits, it also carries some risks. Exposure to ionizing radiation can increase the risk of cancer and other diseases. Therefore, it is essential to follow strict safety procedures when handling and using radioactive materials in medical applications. This includes using appropriate shielding, personal protective equipment, and monitoring equipment to minimize the risks associated with radiation exposure. Overall, the use of radioactive materials in medical applications can help diagnose and treat diseases, but it must be done carefully and under appropriate safety procedures to protect the health of patients, medical professionals, and the environment.

13. Various Definitions of Wastes Related Objects There are various definitions of waste depending on the context and the type of waste being referred to. Here are some common definitions of waste related objects: Municipal solid waste: Municipal solid waste (MSW) is a type of waste generated by households, businesses, and institutions. MSW includes items such as food waste, paper, plastics, metals, and yard waste. Hazardous waste: Hazardous waste is any waste that poses a risk to human health, property, or the environment. Hazardous waste can be in various forms such as liquids, gases, solids, or even energy like radiation. Examples of hazardous waste include chemicals, batteries, medical waste, and electronic waste.

14. Various Definitions of Wastes Related Objects 3. Industrial waste: Industrial waste is waste generated by industrial processes such as manufacturing, construction, and mining. Industrial waste can include hazardous waste, as well as non- hazardous waste such as scrap metal, wood, and concrete. 4.Electronic waste: Electronic waste, also known as e-waste, is a type of waste generated by electronic devices such as computers, televisions, and cell phones. E-waste contains hazardous materials such as lead, mercury, and cadmium, which can be harmful to human health and the environment if not properly disposed of. 5.Construction and demolition waste: Construction and demolition waste is waste generated during construction, renovation, and demolition activities. This type of waste can include materials such as concrete, wood, metal, and asphalt.

15. Various Definitions of Wastes Related Objects 6 . Medical waste: Medical waste is waste generated by healthcare facilities such as hospitals, clinics, and veterinary offices. Medical waste can include items such as needles, syringes, and other infectious materials. Overall, waste is any material that is no longer needed or useful and requires proper management to prevent harm to human health and the environment.

16. Recap

17. Previous Lecture Assignments

18. Historical Background Hazardous materials, or hazmat, have been present throughout human history, although the understanding of what constitutes hazardous materials and the need for their proper management and disposal is a relatively modern development. In ancient times, people were exposed to hazardous materials in a variety of ways, including through natural sources such as volcanic eruptions and exposure to toxic plants and animals. Early civilizations also used hazardous materials in various ways, such as lead for pipes and utensils and arsenic and mercury in cosmetics and medical treatments.

19. Historical Background As industrialization took hold in the 19th century, hazardous materials became more prevalent and more widely used, particularly in manufacturing and mining. However, it was not until the 20th century that the dangers of these materials began to be fully understood. In the United States, the Clean Air Act and Clean Water Act were enacted in the 1960s and 1970s, respectively, to regulate the release of hazardous materials into the environment.

20. Historical Background In recent decades, the regulation and management of hazardous materials have become more complex, with increased international cooperation and the development of new technologies for the safe handling, storage, transportation, and disposal of hazardous waste. Overall, the historical background of hazmat reflects the growing awareness of the risks posed by these materials and the need for their proper management and disposal to protect human health and the environment.

21. Importance of Hazmat Studying hazardous materials (hazmat) as a subject is important for several reasons: Understanding the risks: Hazmat can pose significant risks to human health, property, and the environment. Studying hazmat helps us understand the nature and severity of these risks, as well as the best ways to mitigate or prevent them. Emergency preparedness: Hazmat incidents can occur at any time and can require a rapid response from emergency services. Studying hazmat prepares emergency responders, such as firefighters, police officers, and paramedics, to handle hazardous situations safely and effectively.

22. Importance of Hazmat 3. Regulatory compliance: Many industries, such as manufacturing, transportation, and construction, involve the use, handling, or transportation of hazmat. Studying hazmat helps individuals and organizations comply with local, state, and federal regulations regarding the handling, storage, and disposal of hazardous materials. 4. Workplace safety: Hazmat can pose risks to workers in many industries, from chemical plants to hospitals. Studying hazmat helps workers understand the hazards they may encounter on the job and how to protect themselves and their colleagues.

23. Importance of Hazmat 5. Environmental protection: Hazmat can have significant impacts on the environment, from pollution to ecosystem disruption . Studying hazmat helps us understand the best ways to prevent or mitigate these impacts, as well as how to clean up hazardous materials spills and releases. Overall, studying hazmat is important for promoting safety, preventing accidents, and protecting human health and the environment.

24. Role of Hazmat in Logistics Hazmat plays an important role in logistics, which involves the planning, management, and movement of goods from one location to another. Here are some ways that hazmat affects logistics: Transportation regulations: Hazmat is subject to strict transportation regulations, which require special handling, packaging, labelling, and documentation. These regulations help ensure that hazmat is transported safely and securely, while also minimizing the risk of accidents or incidents.

25. Role of Hazmat in Logistics 2. Packaging and labelling: Hazmat must be packaged and labelled according to specific regulations, which may vary depending on the type and quantity of the material. Proper packaging and labelling help ensure that hazmat is handled safely and efficiently during transportation. 3. Risk management: Hazmat presents unique risks during transportation, such as the risk of spills, leaks, or explosions. Effective hazmat logistics requires risk management strategies, such as contingency planning, hazard analysis, and safety training for workers .

26. Role of Hazmat in Logistics 4. Supply chain management: Hazmat logistics requires careful coordination of all aspects of the supply chain, including sourcing, production, transportation, and delivery. Effective supply chain management helps ensure that hazmat is transported on time, on budget, and with minimal risk to human health and the environment. 5. Emergency response: Hazmat incidents can occur during transportation, requiring a rapid and effective emergency response. Effective hazmat logistics requires emergency response plans and procedures, as well as trained personnel who can respond quickly and safely to hazmat incidents.

27. Role of Hazmat in Logistics Overall, hazmat plays a critical role in logistics, requiring careful planning, management, and execution to ensure the safe and efficient transportation of hazardous materials. .

28. 28 Classification of Hazardous Waste Hazardous wastes are regulated because they present special hazards to man or to the environment if they are improperly disposed of or discarded. Hazardous waste determinations are based upon whether the material is a: Characteristic waste A listed waste Universal waste

29. 29 Characteristics Waste Characteristic waste refers to waste that possesses specific characteristics or properties that make it potentially hazardous to human health and the environment. These characteristics are defined by regulatory agencies to help classify and manage different types of waste. Let's delve into each characteristic with relevant examples: Ignitability: This characteristic refers to waste that can easily catch fire. It includes substances that have a low flash point or can ignite spontaneously. Examples of ignitable waste include: Flammable liquids: Gasoline, diesel fuel, solvents (e.g., acetone, toluene). Flammable solids: Matches, certain types of fireworks, and some compressed gases. Ignitable compressed gases: Propane, butane, and certain aerosol cans.

30. 30 Characteristics Waste 2. Corrosivity: Corrosive waste has the ability to corrode or erode materials, particularly containers, pipes, and equipment. It is often identified by its extreme pH level (acidic or alkaline). Examples of corrosive waste include: Battery acid: Acidic electrolyte found in lead-acid batteries. Strong acids: Sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid. Strong bases: Sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide. 3. Reactivity: Reactive waste refers to substances that are unstable and can undergo violent reactions when exposed to heat, pressure, or other substances. Examples of reactive waste include: Unstable chemicals: Peroxides, such as hydrogen peroxide. Cyanide compounds: Sodium cyanide, potassium cyanide. Water-reactive materials: Sodium metal, lithium batteries.

31. 31 Characteristics Waste 4. Toxicity: Toxic waste contains substances that can be harmful or lethal to living organisms at certain concentrations. Toxicity is determined by the presence of specific chemicals and their levels exceeding regulatory limits. Examples of toxic waste include: Heavy metals: Lead, mercury, cadmium, arsenic. Pesticides: Insecticides, herbicides, fungicides. Certain solvents: Benzene, trichloroethylene, methylene chloride. It is crucial to properly identify and manage characteristic waste to prevent harm to human health and the environment. Regulatory guidelines and waste management practices ensure appropriate handling, storage, transportation, treatment, and disposal of these wastes to minimize their potential risks.

32. 32 Listed Wastes Listed wastes, also known as hazardous wastes, refer to specific types of waste materials that are considered hazardous according to regulatory frameworks such as the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) in the United States. These wastes are listed based on their potential to cause harm to human health or the environment. In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has established four lists of hazardous wastes, which are commonly referred to as the "F," "K," "P," and "U" lists. These lists categorize different types of hazardous wastes based on their origin or source. Here's a brief overview of each list:

33. What is RCRA? It is a federal law enacted in the United States in 1976 to address the management and disposal of solid and hazardous waste s. RCRA provides the regulatory framework for the proper handling, storage, transportation, and disposal of waste materials to protect human health and the environment. The main objectives of RCRA are: Waste Minimization: Safe Storage and Transportation: Permits and Standards: Corrective Action: Land Disposal Restrictions: Recycling and Resource Recovery:

34. 34 F-Listed Wastes F-listed wastes, also known as F-series hazardous wastes. These wastes originate from common manufacturing and industrial processes and are considered hazardous when discarded or intended to be discarded. The F-list consists of specific waste streams generated by various industries that are known to contain hazardous substances. These waste streams are assigned specific waste codes and must be managed and disposed of in accordance with the regulations outlined by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

35. 35 F-Listed Wastes Examples of F-listed wastes include: F001: The F001 waste stream includes spent solvents used in degreasing operations, such as trichloroethylene (TCE). F002: The F002 waste stream includes spent solvents used for cleaning and flushing operations, such as acetone. F003: The F003 waste stream includes spent solvent wastes from degreasing containing significant quantities of certain hazardous metals, such as cadmium, chromium, lead, and nickel. These are just a few examples of F-listed wastes. The F-list also includes other waste streams generated by various industries. Proper management, storage, transportation, and disposal of F-listed wastes are crucial to prevent harm to human health and the environment.

36. 36 K-Listed Wastes K-listed wastes, also known as K-series hazardous wastes, are a category of hazardous wastes listed under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) in the United States. These wastes originate from specific industries and processes and are considered hazardous when discarded or intended to be discarded. These waste streams are assigned specific waste codes and must be managed and disposed properly.

37. 37 K-Listed Wastes Examples of K-listed wastes include: K001: Wastewater treatment sludges from certain metal finishing operations that use cyanide-based solutions, such as electroplating. K002: Wastewater treatment sludges from certain metal finishing operations that use heavy metals, such as chromium, lead, and nickel. K003: Spent solvents from certain wood preserving processes that use organic preservatives, such as creosote.

38. 38 U-Listed Wastes U-listed wastes, also known as U-series hazardous wastes, are a category of hazardous wastes listed under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). These wastes are considered acutely hazardous and pose significant risks to human health and the environment when discarded or intended to be discarded. The U-list consists of specific unused or off-specification commercial chemical products that are designated as hazardous. These chemicals are assigned specific waste codes and must be managed and disposed of in accordance with the regulations outlined by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

39. 39 U-Listed Wastes Examples of U-listed wastes include: U003: Calcium cyanide U004: Chlorates U007: Endrin U009: Hexachlorobenzene Proper management, storage, transportation, and disposal of U-listed wastes are essential to prevent harm to human health and the environment. Businesses and industries generating U-listed wastes must comply with the applicable regulations and guidelines for their proper handling and disposal to minimize the risks associated with these hazardous substance.

40. 40 P-Listed Wastes P-listed wastes, also known as P-series hazardous wastes, are a category of hazardous wastes listed under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) in the United States. These wastes are commercial chemical products that are considered hazardous when discarded or intended to be discarded. The P-list consists of specific unused or off-specification commercial chemical products that are considered acutely toxic or highly hazardous. These chemicals are assigned specific waste codes and must be managed and disposed of according to the regulations outlined by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

41. 41 P-Listed Wastes Examples of P-listed wastes include certain pharmaceuticals, specific chemical products, and commercial chemical formulations. Some common P-listed wastes include: P042: Arsenic trioxide P012: Arsenic compounds P003: Phenol These are just a few examples, and the P-list includes several other chemicals. It's essential for businesses and industries generating P-listed wastes to comply with regulations for their proper management, storage, transportation, and disposal to prevent harm to human health and the environment.

42. 42 P-Listed Wastes It's important to note that proper identification, management, and disposal of listed hazardous wastes are crucial to protect human health and the environment. Regulatory agencies provide guidelines and requirements for handling and disposing of these wastes to ensure their safe management.

43. 43 Universal Wastes Universal wastes include the following materials that are commonly found in the workplace Batteries: This includes rechargeable batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium, lead-acid, lithium-ion) and certain types of non-rechargeable batteries (e.g., button cell batteries). Lamps: This category includes fluorescent tubes, high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps, and other mercury-containing lamps. Certain pesticides: Specifically, this includes obsolete or unwanted pesticides that are no longer usable. Electronic devices: This category includes various consumer electronics, such as televisions, computer monitors, laptops, and cell phones, that contain hazardous components like lead, mercury, or cadmium.

44. Disposal techniques of Hazardous Waste Disposal of generated Hazardous waste through:- Treatment Recycling Dumping Disposal through commercial hazardous waste facility On-site Waste : Hazardous waste managed on the site where it is generated Off-site Waste : Hazardous waste managed at a site other than where it is generated

45. Sources of Hazardous Wastes