Head and neck anatomy

A very short and concise presentation on human head and nech anatomy

1. Head and neck Anatomy Dr Anupama Soman

2. Blood vessels of head and neck

3. Arterial & venous system Carry blood away from heart Arteries carry oxygenated blood except Blood flow depends on pumping action of heart No valves Branches of arteries supplying adjacent areas anastomose Carry blood to the heart Veins carry deoxygenated blood except Veins have got valves Two types of veins Superficial which are close to the surface of body & no corresponding arteries Deep veins which are deeper into the body and travels along with their corresponding arteries Arterial system Venous system

4. Aorta – arch of aorta Left common carotid artery Left subclavian artery brachiocephalic trunk

5. Arteries of head & neck ARTERIES Common carotid arteries Subclavian artery CCA ECA & its branches ICA & its branches SUBCLAVIAN A RTERY Vertebral Artery

6. ECA,ICA Branches of the External Carotid Artery (ECA ) Branches in neck STAPLe OF PAM ST S uperior T hyroid – thyroid & parathyroid glands A scending P haryngeal – pharyngeal muscles L ingual - tongue O ccipital – scalp F acial - face P osterior A uricular M axillary – maxilla and mandible S uperficial T emporal -scalp Branches of the Internal Carotid Artery ( ICA) No branches in neck and enters cranial cavity Supplies brain, eyes, nose, scalp OPAAM O phthalmic artery P osterior Communicating Ant Choroidal Artery Ant cerebral Artery Middle Cerebral Artery

7. Subclavian artery Rt SCA arises from brachiocephalic trunk Lt SCA arises directly from arch of aorta SCA gives its contribution to CNS through one of its major branches, vertebral artery – supplies CNS

8. Arteries of head and neck

9. VEINS Classification Veins of exterior of head and neck Diploic & meningeal veins and dural venous sinuses of brain Veins of neck Exterior of head Neck Brain and face Supratrochlear *External Jugular * Diploic veins Supraorbital *Cerebral vein Facial vein Superficial temporal *Anterior Jugular * DuralVenous Maxillary vein *Internal Jugular Sinuses Pterygoid Venous *Subclavian plexus *Brachiocephalic Retromandibular Posterior auricular Occipital vein

10. VEINS… THREE MAJOR PAIRS OF VEINS draining head &neck Lt & Rt Vertebral veins Lt & Rt External Jugular Veins Lt & Rt Internal Jugular Veins

11. NERVE SUPPLY

12. Nerves of head and neck CRANIAL NERVES 12 PAIRS OOOTTA FAGVAH – SSMMBMBSBBMM Sensory organs of head Smell(olfactory) vision(optic, oculomotor, abducens, trochlear) Taste(facial & glossopharyngeal) Hearing(vestibulocochlear) Muscles of head & neck (facial & accessory nerves) SPINAL NERVES - C1-C8 CERVICAL NERVES forms a plexus k/a cervical plexus Skin & muscles of head and neck

13. Muscles of head and neck Muscles of facial expression Muscles of mastication Tongue muscles Extra ocular muscles Muscles of ear Neck muscles Muscles soft palate Muscles of pharynx

14. Nomenclature of muscles

15. SCALP Soft tissues covering the cranial vault Five layers Highly vascular occipito frontalis S -- skin C -- dense Connective tissue A -- aponeurosis L -- loose connective tissue P -- periosteum

16. Face - Muscles of fascial expression Scalp muscle occipito-frontalis Muscles of eyelids orbicularis oculi corrugator supercilii levator palpebre superioris(EO) Muscles of nose procerus compressor naris dilator naris depressor septi Muscles of the neck platysma Muscles of ear auricularis anterior auricularis superior auricularis posterior Muscles around mouth orbicularis oris levator labii superioris alaque nasi zygomaticus major levator labii superioris levator anguli oris zygomaticus minor deprossor labii inferioris mentalis risorius buccinator

17. E yes EXTRA OCULAR MUSCLES VOLUNTARY 1 . (4 rectus) : superiour rectus medial rectus lateral rectus inferior rectus 2 . (2Obliqui) : superior oblique inferior oblique 3.levator palpebre superopris INVOLUNTARY superior tarsal inferior tarsal orbitalis

18. Function: Movements of eye around a transvers axis- elevation and depression around a vertical axis - medial(abduction) & lateral(adduction) around an anteroposterior axis - intortion & extortion pathology Eyes Clinical anatomy Squint – weakness or paralysis of a muscle Nystagmus (dancing eyes)- involuntary movement of Eyes Ptosis –drooping of eyelids due to 3 rd nerve paralysis

19. Ears Muscles Tensor tympani Stapedius Function : damp d own intensity of h igh pitched sound waves Pathology Otitis media Hearing defects due to leisons of cochlear nerve

20. N ose

21. Paranasal sinuses Air filled cavities of skull bones, situated around nose which are actually extensions of respiratory part of nasal cavity& also open into the nasal cavity Functions : humidify the air, reduce the weight of skull and resonance of voice Four paired sinuses Frontal Maxillary Ethmoidal Sphenoidal

22. Paranasal sinuses… Patholgy : Sinusitis – chronic/acute Carcinoma of maxillary sinus

23. Mouth Muscles of mastication Masseter Temporalis Lateral pterygoid Medial pterygoid Function : Move the mandible during mastication & speech (depression, elevation, protrusion, retraction, lateral) Movements are possible by TEMPEROMANDIBULAR JOINT

24. Mouth … Soft palate Tensor palati Levator palate musculus uvulae Palatoglossus Palatopharyngeous Function : Regulates the size of oropharynx or pharyngeal isthmus , or completely close them according to requirements Helps in chewing ,swallowing, speech, coughing ,sneezing C linical anatomy Cleft palate

25. Tongue Extrinsic - 4 pairs Genioglossus Hyoglossus Styloglossus Palatoglossus Intrinsic – 4 pairs Superior longitudinal Inferior longitudinal Transverse vertical Function : Extrinsic muscles attaches tongue to adjascent bones Intrinsic muscles helps in speech and mastication ,by altering shape of the tongue Clinical anatomy Glossitis – inflammation of tongue Carcinoma of tongue is common Injury to HG nerve- paralysis of muscles

26. Pharynx Muscles Three pairs of constrictors – superior, middle and inferior (Thyropharyngeus, Cricopharyngeus) Stylopharyngeus Palatopharyngeous Salpingopharyngeus

27. Neck Muscles of neck – flexion,extension,rotation Side of neck and back of neck Triangles Anterior triangle midline of neck Posterior triangle SCM muscle SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF NECK Side of neck - SCM muscle - Back of neck -

28. Triangles

29. Muscles of anterior triangle SUPRAHYOID Diagastric Mylohyoid Geniohyoid Stylohyoid INFRAHYOID Omohyoid Sternohyoid Sternothyroid Thyrohyoid

30. Muscles of posterior triangle Platysma Splenius capitus Levator scapulae Scalenus (anterior, medius,posterior ) Muscles of back of neck Trapezius Splenius capitis, splenius cervicis Semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicis Longissimus capitis, longissimus cervicis

31. Larynx Cartilagenous Three paired(arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform)& three unpaired(thyroid, cricoid , epiglottic) cartilages Muscles of larynx: Cricothyroid Lateral and posterior cricoarytenoid Transverse and oblique arytenoid Aryepiglotticus Thyroarytenoid, thyroepiglotticus, vocalis Function: movement of cartilages and abduction and adduction of vocal cords producing sound Pathology: laryngitis, characterised by hoarseness of voice

32. Thyroid and parathyroid glands Thyroid gland an endocrine gland situated in the lower part of the neck in the midline Regulates basal metabolic rate,stimulates somatic and psychic growth & controls Ca metabolism Parathyroid gland Two pairs of endocrine glands, lying on the posterior border of tthyroid Regulates Ca & P metabolism by secreting parathormone

33. Thyroid and parathyroid glands Pathology : enlargement of thyroid- goitre hyperthyroidism hypothyroidism benign & malignant tumors of the glands hypoparathyroidism - tetany hyperparathyroidism

34. Salivary glands Parotid - largest Submandibular Sublingual Minor – palatal , buccal Clinical anatomy Mumps – viral infection of parotid gland Sialolithiasis

35. Lymph nodes of hed and neck Clinical anatomy Lymphadenopathy Metastasis of carcinoma

36. Teeth Types of dentition Primary(milk) teeth – 20 Permanent teeth – 32

37. Tooth anatomy Pathology Dental caries –decalcification & destruction of enamel and dentin Dental abscess – infection at the root apex with pus collection Gingivitis – inflammation of gingiva

38. THANK YOU… 