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1. Advanced Firefighting Jul 2024

2. MARF044 Prevent, control and fight fires on board a vessel (advanced firefighting) Session 1

3. IMO Symbols https://www.imosigns-us.com/index.aspx?pageid=5735424&category=4285045&page=1&sort=sku

4. Topics to be covered Case studies about fire on ships Causes of fire and managing fire prevention Common issues on shipboard training and strategies Command problems and strategies to overcome Tactical control of fire by command team Acquisition of information by ERO to command team Fire on passenger ships

5. Fire on Norman Atlantic Fumes from the truck refrigerated unit on deck 3 Action was taken by Command Team - using the drenching system Drenching activated on deck 4 due to wrong labelling

6. Action on Norman Atlantic Distress call send by Master Sixteen helicopters and four fixed-wing aircraft Burn of rescue boats, lifeboats and rescue chute on starboard side Several port life rafts capsized, causing deaths by drowning and hypothermia

7. Truck scraping the sides of vessel Maybe stowaways lit fire of \fire fir Possible cause of fire

8. Faults Drencher activated on the wrong deck Abandon ship order was not given until 4 hrs after fire. ‘Jungle law’ Sprinkler system was clogged Six serious deficiencies such as emergency lighting, fire doors and life saving appliances

9. Fire on Lisco Gloria

10. Fire on LISCO Gloria Potential cause of fire: Dangerous goods on board Overall pattern of fire Navigational watch officer and Command Team role Fire safety doors/dampers

11. Effective actions Fire insulation A-60 Using a drenching system allowed more time to cool fire In time action by the master to evacuate, alert passengers/ favourable weather, rapid shore-based organisation/selfless action by people on the ship External sea and airborne support

12. Fire on MV LISCO Gloria Incorrect actions by ship’s team ; Incorrect valve setting of drenching system Opening of fire door on upper deck caused smoke Scupper clogged on upper deck with debris /caused heel Neither proper general alarm nor abandon ship alarm were activated No muster roll to fight fire Duty engineer not familiar with drenching valve

13. Future actions on LISCO GlORIA Alternate ways to extinguish fire During evacuation, crew member with safety vests for easy recognition Announce emergency by PA system and multilingual recording, not just general alarm Report any malfunction of any equipment Earliest speed reduction of ship in strong wind to fight fire

14. Fire on MV Grande America

15. Fire on MV Grande America Fire from trucks on deck 2 Dangerous Goods - class 3,8 and 9. General alarm- action by Attack Team Command Team - mustered on bridge before releasing CO2 Fire on deck 8 in containers (Class 9) Using fire hoses for extinguishing and boundary cooling

16. Authorities informed and actions taken Inform DPA Royal Navy ship HMS Argyll IMRCC (Rome) Proceeded with abandon ship

17. Issues during fighting fire on Grande America

18. Common causes of fire Abnormal functioning of gas-powered machinery Cigarette butts Flammable liquids Open flames Defect in electrical system Abnormal functioning of electrical devices

19. Le Boreal According to British ITV, the 264-passenger cruise ship had issued a distress call just after 2 a.m. while close to Cape Dolphin, north of the  Falkland Islands. The news agency reported that 90 of the ship's 347 passengers and crew were air lifted to safety from life rafts, while the rest were transferred to its fleet mate “ L'Austral ” . www.cruisemapper.com

20. Le Boreal French investigators found: F ire cause by a ship’s officer who mis-identified a clogged fuel filter and changed a nearby filter that was unclogged resulting in fuel oil sprayed onto a hot engine part causing a fire that eventually spread through copper cables from the engine compartment. The engine room w ater -mist extinguishing system triggered automatically but was not efficient enough to prevent the fire from spreading along the copper cables, according to a report from the French Bureau of Investigation of Marine Events. www.usatoday.com

21. Le Boreal Water mist spray triggered in engine control room Fire fighting team mustered and re-entered engine room Fire spread along copper cables from engine room compartment Fire was extinguished but power plant remained out of commission Dropped anchor and ordered evacuation Action by Command

22. Action by Command The Captain ordered all tenders, lifeboats, and rafts to be lowered and all the 347 passengers and crew to abandon the ship.  They were all evacuated and transferred to the fleet mate  L’Austral . UK Royal Air Force and Navy vessels were also involved in the 7-hour-long rescue operation, airlifting passengers from boats and rafts.

23. Recommendation by company Night watchman to have mechanical ratings to work on sensitive areas like fuel lines ratings to work on

24. Procedure for abandon ship drills

25. Recent ship fires in Australian waters 20 14 Ocean Drover (livestock carrier - fire on board) 20 14 Marigold( bulk carrier - engine room fire) 2017 BBC Xingang (general cargo ship-fire on board) 2018 Iron Chieftain (fire on board) 2019 Fitzroy Flyer (suspected engine room fire) 2021 BBC Rhonetal (fire on board) 2021 MPV Everest (multi-purpose ship - engine Room fire) 2022 Suiso Frontier (gas control equipment malfunction) https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-05-20/mpv-everest-atsb-prelim-investigation-fire/100151074

26. Total Constructive Losses due to Fire & Explosion (Lloyds World Casualty Statistics)

27. Ship is recipe for disaster ? Why Hazardous Goods Hotel Fuel storage Highway Hot Gases Power Station Warehouse s FAR away from Emergency Services

28. FIRE: principal causes, management

29. What are Principal Causes of Fire onboard? Design deficiencies of equipment Sloppy workmanship Poor dissemination of failure experience Cultural interpretation of Safety Regulations “Practical people” ” Management deficiencies

30. Areas to be managed?

31. Baltimar Boreas off Newcastle - 9 February 2007 Fire started after diesel oil leaking from a failed fuel hose came into contact with one of the ship's generators. The ATSB identified a number of contributing factors relevant to this fire; C hafing of flexible fuel hose. Inadequate maintenance Hoses length longer than specified and temporary repairs Hose condition had not been noticed during surveys, audits or inspections. S hip's funnel ventilator closing arrangements were not in accordance with international regulations.

32. Baltimar Boreas

33. Baltimar Boreas

34. Areas of particular concern

35. Areas of particular concern

36. Fire on ships Work on Activity 1.1

37. Managing fire prevention Immediate cause The actual event that started the fire Underlying causes Human Error - omissions - errors - poor management - incorrect procedures - equipment failure

38. Areas to be managed on ship to prevent and control fire Fire Prevention Crew training Contingency plans Maintenance of firefighting equipment Liaison with shore agencies Investigation & reporting

39. Areas to be managed on the ship to prevent and control fire Resource: MV Sycamore/ Teekay

40. Shipboard fire training

41. Objectives of shipboard fire training

42. Shipboard Training Why? SOLAS chapter III and Regulation 18 When? Monthly drill if 25 % crew change then within 24 hours Ideal outcome - Good attitude in shipboard training

43. Ideal Procedure for shipboard fire drill Reporting to stations Starting of a fire pump Boundary cooling of bulkheads  Operation and use of fire-extinguishing appliances   Checking and using firefighter's outfit and other personal rescue equipment  Testing of relevant communication equipment  Operation of bridge-operated doors and ventilation system checking the necessary arrangements for abandoning ship Important: After drills, return all fire fighting equipment to fully operational condition and report any malfunctions

44. Ideal outcomes from shipboard fire drill Starting the emergency generator  Selecting the appropriate valves Identifying the emergency controls and their function  Improving personal safety by practise  Moving and finding the way in spaces with restricted visibility  Moving through small apertures  Finding and removing casualties  Breathing apparatus and the fireproof lifeline

45. Fire drills test ability to respond to fires in various location; Machinery spaces Accommodation areas Fire in galley Container fire Cargo space fire

46. Emergency Drill Procedures Marine Order 21-Schedule 1 Emergency Drill Procedures https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2020C00013

47. Common problems in shipboard Training Disinterested crew Disinterested shipboard management Not enough time for proper training Same old scenario No input from crew No real feedback

48. Strategies for improving training For any successful fire drill there should be; Reason/need for the training Discuss different options to achieve shipboard training Time of shipboard training (It will change attitude) Drive change to develop a focus for training Realistic exercises/training scenarios Debriefing

49. Command and Control

50. Command Team Expectations Emergency response organisation Raising the alarm Accounting for personnel at muster Communications Assessment of the fire Fast access to required information

51. Fire Alarm Panel Source : MV Accolade 11

52. Problems anticipated by Command Team Complete activity 2.1 & 2.2

53. Command Problems You are isolated from the fire scene Incomplete knowledge of muster list Possible flood or lack of information Relying on the accuracy of information Restrictions on media for firefighting Make a rapid assessment Right course of action Ship fires are infrequent events

54. S trategies to help overcome Command problems Small Emergency Response Team Understand role and responsibility Develop checklist Develop efficient mustering and accounting Communication Priorities Improve access to fire plan Practise command skills Tactical control of Fire

55. Common command and control structure

56. Should- Be small enough to manage H ave a clear Command Structure B e carefully selected Understand the role and responsibilities for each member in ERO Emergency Response Organisation (ERO)

57. Use of Fire control plan as a tool to record and plan fire attack Visual records of events Perspex sheet (Fire Control Plan) Red -Fire, Black- Dark Smoke, Blue - Boundary Cooling Overall Picture of Areas Fire Location - Smoke distribution Boundary Cooling

58. The following couple of slides describe a system used by navies through out the world when confronted with issues of damage control, (fire being one such event) The system NBCD (Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Defence) is a series of markings placed on a plan identify progress of emergency and or status of attack. Plotting progress using “NBCD”

59. Naval NBCD Danger ? Time Danger ? Time Time Danger ? Time Time Time Fire ‘A’ 0354 57 0426

60. NBCD Danger ? Time Time Time 0314 ‘A’ Class fire in laundry room 0315 Isolated power to laundry 0316 Fighting the fire 0316 Thick smoke reported 0317 Opened alleyway door for ventilation 0319 Free surface water 0.2 m in laundry 0320 Fire is out, reflash watch set 0325 Pumping out free surface water 0336 Laundry is dry 0340 Laundry is cleared of smoke, closed door A 20 0314 16 S 40 0316 17 FS 0.2 36 0319 25 L 0315 opened 0317 closed 0340 symbols

61. Develop efficient mustering & accounting of personnel Who is ashore ? Who is onboard ? Who is onboard & possibly trapped ? Why would this be a good process to have in place?

62. Commentary from the ATSB: There was no routine in place on Tasman for recording the coming & going of personnel from ashore, with the consequence that 2 of the ship’s staff carried out an unnecessary search for a shore worker in a hazardous area adjacent to the scene of the fire. ATSB Report No 142

63. Internal – Communication Portable radios , Public address, Loud hailer, Lifeboat radio External – Communication DSC on VHF, MF, HF, Inmarsat A/C Links to Ship Owners , Classification Societies, Neighbouring vessels Communication Procedure

64. Communication Procedure

65. Develop a Checklist Contingency plans Location of checklist Checklist according to nature of ship

66. Objectives of practising Location,nature and extent of fire Debriefing session Practise command skills

67. Tactical control of fire Tactical Control means-Step by Step actions and interventions Command team must have tactical control through contingency plans Contingency plans for various locations on ship- machinery space, accommodation, cargo spaces, gally, Consider example of M.V Iron Chieftain Different Procedures for tactical control of fire fighting at sea and in port

68. Tactical Control of Fire At Sea Fire alarm and mustering Fire parties ready to carry out their tasks and contain the fire. If required, alter ship’s course and speed Fire pumps ready If engine room fire, stop the ship Master’s decision for appropriate method to fight fire Early preparedness of launching Lifeboat (Engine room fire)

69. Tactical Control of Fire in Port Fire alarm and mustering Call the port fire brigade Inform the appropriate authority Confirm with harbour master that the fire brigade will take charge of the firefighting operations, assisted by the crew as required.

70. Tactical Control of Fire in Port Rapid briefing of fire brigade by ship’s team, using the vessel fire control plan Confirm with harbour master about any hazards and action required Prepare for ship to leave port if required, either by own power or with help of tugs. Evacuate non-essential personnel

71. The CRITICAL STAGES Stress levels

72. Passengers Are in an unfamiliar environment Are reluctant to accept there is a problem & need multiple indications. 10% accept danger immediately 30% look for more evidence 60% continue what they were doing

73. Principal causes of fire on ships Common issues in shipboard training Strategies for good shipboard training Common problems in Command Team Strategies to improve Command Team ERO responsibility Summary

74. 90% of deaths are due to smoke and 10% due to heat Ventilation is this ship types weakest spot Smoke extractors and smoke sampling devices Fire on Passenger Ships

75. Passenger vessel considerations

76. Perception

77. John Leach 2004 Why People ‘freeze’ in an emergency 10-15% Can assess, plan and act. 75% Stunned, bewildered, impaired reasoning, sluggish thinking. Display reflexive, almost automatic, behaviour 10-15% Counterproductive behaviour such as uncontrolled weeping, screaming and paralysing anxiety

78. Once danger has been accepted 10% try to save themselves 5% use their own initiative (fight the fire etc.) 10% warn others 60% wait for instructions 12-14% become paralysed 1-3% will panic

79. Leachs’ theory “The brain is a multi-channel, limited capacity signal processor which has built in temporal constraints that affect its ability to operate in a real time emergency”.

80. Star Princess Procedure

81. Influencing Passenger Behaviour Good signs and posters Videos Drills Provision of accurate information and regular updates i.e., WHAT is happening & WHAT is expected of them!

82. When passing on information: Make it as personal as possible Make sure it’s correct Don’t believe pax know how to react Beware linguistic and terminology problems Don’t under/overestimate the danger Don’t refer to similar catastrophes Don’t play music or give unrelated info between messages