Health benefits of antioxidants and dietary fibres as nutraceuticals

This presentation emphasizes the importance of natural antioxidants and dietary fibres as nutraceuticals. Viewers will also get the idea about the usefulness of nutraceuticals.

1. Health benefits of antioxidants and dietary fibres as nutraceuticals Prepared By- Nabarun Mukhopadhyay Assistant Professor Department of Pharmacognosy Bapuji Pharmacy College Davangere

2. CONTENTS NUTRACEUTICALS- CLASSIFICATION ANTIOXIDANTS- CELLULAR OXIDATION OXIDATIVE STRESS AND REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES FREE RADICAL MECHANISM OF ACTION OF ANTIOXIDANTS CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIOXIDANTS 5. DESCRIPTION OF ANTIOXIDANTS VITAMIN E AND C CAROTENOIDS AND VITAMIN A FLAVONOIDS 6. DIETARY FIBRES CLASSIFICATION HEALTH BENEFITS 7. REFERENCES

3. NUTRACEUTICALS Nutraceutical may be defined as “ a food that essentially provides distinct health and medical benefits, even including the prevention and/or treatment of a particular disease”. Dr. Stephen L. Defelice defines nutraceuticals as any substance that may be considered as food or part of food which in addition to its normal nutritive value provides health benefits including prevention of diseases.

4. CLASSIFICATION OF NUTRACEUTICALS

5. ANTIOXIDANTS CELLULAR OXIDATION - It is a natural phenomenon that takes place in our biological system. During this process the body gets energy but also destructive free radicals are generated which are toxic. OXIDATIVE STRESS- When generation of the reactive oxygen species overtakes the antioxidant defence of the cells, oxidative damage of cellular macromolecules( lipids, proteins) occurs.

6. REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES Sources of ROS are Produced from molecular oxygen(o2) Superoxide anion radical(O2-) Peroxide ANION(O22-) Singlet oxygen(1o2) Produced by dismutation of peroxide Hydroxyl radical(.OH) EXOGENOUS AND ENDOGENOUS SOURCES Cosmic reaction, cigarette smoke, UV light, ozone Auto oxidation of amino acids, hemoglobin, calcitonin

7. FREE RADICALS Free radicals are the chemical species having at least one unpaired electron in valence shell capable of independent existence. Presence of unpaired electrons makes the molecule highly unstable and highly reactive. The processes by which free radicals and ions are formed are illustrated bellow: Radical formation by electron transfer A:+B- A* +B Radical formation by hemolytic fusion A:B- A*+B Ion formation by heterolytic fission A:B – A:- +B+

8. MECHANISM OF ACTION OF ANTIOXIDANTS

9. CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIOXIDANTS Nutritional Antioxidants Vitamin- Vitamin E and C Carotenoids and vitamin A Flavonoids Vitamin Cofactors and minerals Polyphenol antioxidants Other non flavonoid phenolics Other organic antioxidants Non nutritional antioxidants Enzymes Peptides proteins

10. VITAMIN E AND VITAMIN C- Vitamin is a naturally occuring antioxidant. The dietary sources are wheat germ oil, cotton seed oil, peanut oil and sunflower oil. ROLE IN DISEASE PREVENTION- It has various roles in disease prevention. Such as Protection of cell from oxidative damage. Protection of LDL from oxidation. Reduction of oxidative damage of eyes, lens and blood vessel. It suppresses HMG COA reductase parallel with tumor growth suppression for several cell lines.

11. VITAMIN C- The dietary sources are citrus fruits, green vegetables, tomato, amla. ROLE IN DISEASE PREVENTION- It improve glycemic control and decrease fasting blood glucose. It increases the oxidation resistance of atherogenic lipoprotein in human plasma. It also reduce reperfusion injury after ischemia.

12. CAROTENOIDS AND VITAMIN A- The carotenoid compounds are LYCOPENE- It is obtained from tomato, guava, papaya. It is a powerful antioxidant that retards damage to DNA and proteins. It is more soluble in oil than water.

13. B CAROTENE- It is obtained from carrot, sweet potato. It is a weak antioxidant but strong against singlet oxygen. It may cause stimulation for the DNA repair mechanisms. It provides cornea protection against harmful UV radiation.

14. FLAVONOIDS

15. ROLE OF FLAVONOIDS IN DISEASE PREVENTION Flavonoids are good scavengers of free radicals due to high reactivates of their hydroxyl substituents in a hydrogen atom abstraction reaction FI(OH) + R.- FI(O) +RH It inhibits a wide range of enzymes including ATP ase , ATP reductase. It inhibit auto oxidation of linoleic acid, oxidation of low density lipoproteins etc.

16. DIETARY FIBRES Dietary fibres play critical role in keeping good health in human and animals. These are necessary for our body to function properly. CLASSIFICATION Water soluble fibres Water insoluble fibres

17. HEALTH BENEFITS

18. They absorb water to a certain extent and mainly contribute to bulking of stool, and allow quick passage of wastes through the elementary canal . Slows down the absorption of glucose and reduces blood cholesterol levels.

19. REFERENCES TEXTBOOK OF PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY- BIREN SHAH, A.K.SETH, FIRST EDITION 2010, PUBLISHED BY ELSEVIER PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY- ASHUTOSH KAR, SECOND EDITION 2007, PUBLISHED BY NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHERS Mechanism of action of dietary fibre in the human colon ALISON M. STEPHEN & JOHN H. CUMMINGS Nature   284 , 283 - 284 (20 March 1980); Doi:10.1038/284283a0