Health iinndicators power point presentation for the undergraduate medical students of first year.ppt

Indicators of Health

1. CM: 1.7: Enumerate and describe CM: 1.7: Enumerate and describe
health indicatorshealth indicators

2. INDICATORS OF HEALTH
•Variables which help to measure changes in
health sector.
•Measures the health status of a given community.
•Allows comparison between communities /
countries.

3. Indicators of HealthIndicators of Health
Characteristics of ideal health indicators

Validity (ability to measure what they are supposed to measure)
Reliability (getting similar answer if measured by different people
in similar setting)
Sensitivity (sensitive to changes in the situation concerned)
Specificity (reflecting changes only in the situation concerned)
Feasibility (ability to obtain the required data)
Relevance (Amount of contribution in understanding the matter of
interest)

4. Some indicators of HealthSome indicators of Health
Mortality indicators
Morbidity indicators
Disability indicators
Nutritional status indicator
Health care delivery indicators
Utilization rates
Indicators of social and mental health
Environmental indicators
Socio-economic indicators
Health policy indicators
Indicators of quality of life
Other indicators

5. Mortality indicatorsMortality indicators
Crude death rate: Number of deaths per 1000 population per year in a given
community.
Expectation of life: Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years that
will be lived by those born alive into a population if the current age-specific
mortality rates persist.
Infant mortality rate: Number of deaths under one year per 1000 live births in
the same year.
Child mortality rate: Number of deaths among 1-4 yr age per 1000 children of
that age at midpoint of the year.
Maternal mortality rate: Number of death of woman per 1000 live birth in a
year during or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the
duration and site of pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the
pregnancy or its management but not from incidental or accidental causes.

6. Morbidity indicatorsMorbidity indicators
Incidence & prevalence
Notification rate
Attendance rates at OPD / health centres etc.
Admission / Re-admission / Discharge rates
Duration of hospital stay
Spells of sickness or absence from duty / school etc.

7. Disability ratesDisability rates
Event type indicators: Number of days of restricted activity, Bed
disability days, Work-loss day within a specified period.
Person type indicators: Limitation of mobility, Limitation of activity
Sullivan’s index: Expectation of life free of disability. (Life
expectancy minus probable duration of bed disability & inability to
perform major activities).
HALE: (Health Adjusted Life Expectancy): Number of years a
newborn is expected to live in full health based on current rates of
illness and mortality.
DALY: (Disability-Adjusted Life Years): A measure of the burden of
disease in a defined population and the effectiveness of interventions.
It measures the years of life lost to premature death and years lived
with disability adjusted for severity of the disability.

8. Nutritional status indicator Nutritional status indicator
Anthropometric measurements of pre-school
children
Height / weight of children at school entry
Prevalence of LBW (<2.5 kg)

9. Health care delivery indicatorsHealth care delivery indicators
Doctor-population ratio: WHO prescribes 1:1000. India 1 doctor for
1668 people. Australia = 3.374:1000, Brazil = 1.852:1000, China
=1.49:1000, France = 3.227:1000, Germany = 4.125:1000, Russia =
3.306:1000, the USA = 2.554:1000, Afghanistan = 0.304:1000,
Bangladesh = 0.389:1000, Pakistan = 0.806:1000.
Doctor-nurse ratio: in India was 1.5:1. Ideally should be > 2:1, ≥ 4:1
considered best for cost-effective quality care.

Population-bed ratio: India = 0.7 beds / 1000 population. Europe =
6.3 / 1000.
Population per Health Centre / Sub Centre:
Population per TBA

10. Utilization ratesUtilization rates
Proportion of infants who are fully immunized
Proportion of women who receive ANC / Institutional delivery
etc.
Percentage of population using various methods of contraception
Bed-occupancy rate
Average length of hospital stay
Bed-turnover ratio