HEALTH PROBLEMS DUE TO INDUSTRIALIZATION

HEALTH PROBLEMS DUE TO INDUSTRIALIZATION

1. HEALTH PROBLEMS DUE TO INDUSTRIALIZATION Dr Hafsa Amin PG Ist year Department of c ommunity medicine 18.03.2024

2. Learning objectives 2 What is industrialization ? History Health hazards due to industrialization Industrailization disasters in past 5. Ways to reduce it .

3. Let’s begin with briefly understanding what is industrialization and what are its effects? 3

4. WHAT IS INDUSTRILIZATION ? Industrialization refers to the process by which an economy transforms from primarily agricultural and handicraft-based to one dominated by manufacturing and industrial activities. It involves the widespread adoption of technology, mechanization, and the establishment of factories. 4

5. HISTORY The first transformation : was from an a gricultural to an industrial economy and is known as the Industrial Revolution and took place from mid- 18th to early 19th century . The Second Industrial Revolution : begin in mid 19th century after the refinement of the steam engine, the invention of the internal combustion engine. . 5

6. BACKGROUND cont.. Third Industrial Revolution : uses electronic and information technology to automate production . F ourth Industrial Revolution : is the digital revolution. Internet and renewable energy in 2000. While renewable energy sources like solar,wind ang geothermal play a pivotal role. 6

7. EFFECTS 7 POSITIVE EFFECT NEGATIVE EFFECT Advance medical technology. Increase life expectancy, Employment , job security. Advances in medical knowlege and products. Better living standards . Convenience and access to educational and health services, Increased literacy and better health. Environmental problems. Exchange of potentailly fatal disease. Hardardous sedentary life style. Occupational hazrads. Increased cost. Pollution. chemical posioning. Overcrowding Disease transmission URBAN HEAT ISLAND PHENOMENA.

8. INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION : CAUSES Lack of Policies to Control pollution. Unplanned industrial growth. Unplanned Use of Outdated technologies. Presence of a Large Number of Small Scale Industries. Inefficient Waste Disposal. . 6.Leaching of resources from our natural world. 8

9. INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES CAUSING POLLUTION Burning coal. Burning fossil fuels like oil, natural gas, and petroleum . Chemical solvents used in dyeing and tanning industries. Untreated gas and the liquid waste being released into the environment. Improper disposal of radioactive material. 9

10. EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION 10 CLLL Air pollution Water pollution Noise pollution Land pollution Occupational hazards CLIMATE CHANGE CHANGES IN BIODIVERSITY WILDLIFE EXCTINCTION

11. 1. AIR POLLUTION Industrial activities emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) like Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Carbon Monoxide (CO) Particulate Matter (PM) Ambient (outdoor) air pollution is estimated to have caused 4.2 million premature deaths worldwide in 2019. 11

12. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS DUE TO AIR POLLUTION Global Warming: Industrial emissions contribute to the greenhouse effect, leading to climate change. Acid Rain: SO2 and NO emissions react with water vapor in the atmosphere, forming acid rain, which harms ecosystems and corrodes buildings. 3. Biodiversity Loss : Air pollution can negatively impact plant and animal species, leading to biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation. 12

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14. HEALTH EFFECTS DUE TO AIR POLLUTION 14 SHORT TERM EFFECT LONG TERM EFFECT Respiratory infections . Reduced lung function. It may also aggravate asthma . Exposure to sulfur dioxide may cause damage to the eyes and respiratory tract, as well as irritating the skin. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Lung Cancer Air pollution may trigger stroke and heart attacks. Preterm delivery . Study estimated air pollution is be responsible for 19% of cardiovascular deaths in 2015. It was also the cause of about 21% of deaths due to stroke and 24% of deaths from coronary heart disease.

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16. 2.WATER POLLUTION Through discharge of heavy metals, harmful chemicals, radioactive waste and organic sludge into oceans , rivers and other water bodies Affects plants, animals and insects . Farmers use this water for irrigation,causing harmful effects to the food we eat. 16

17. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION Water pollution devastates aquatic ecosystems , threatening biodiversity and ecosystem services. Pollutants disrupt the balance of aquatic habitats, leading to the decline or extinction of species. Eutrophication, caused by excessive nutrient runoff from industrial activities, leads to algal blooms and oxygen depletion , further harming aquatic life. 17

18. HEALTH EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION 18

19. 19 1.Ingesting microplastics via drinking water or through eating contaminated sea food oxidative stress, inflammatory reactions, metabolic disorders in humans. 2.Consuming water contaminated by sewage Contaminated water can harbor bacteria, such as those responsible for diarrhea, cholera, dysentery, typhoid, hepatitis A, and polio. According to the UN, every year, approximately 297,000 children under five die from diseases linked to poor sanitation, poor hygiene, or unsafe drinking water.

20. 20 3.Drinking water containing chemical waste cancer, hormone disruption ,altered brain function, cardiovascular and kidney problems 4. Water-related : F ilarial, chikungunya, malaria, and dengue fever. 5.Water- borne : Diarrhea, hepatitis A , Cholera, typhoid and guinea worm. 6.Water- Washed : Typhoid, trachoma and skin and eye infection

21. 3.NOISE POLLUTION NORMAL DECIBLE: 60 db Noise pollution refers to the excessive and disruptive sound levels in the environment. Industrialization contributes significantly to noise pollution due to the operation of machinery, equipment, transportation, and construction activities. 21

22. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF NOISE POLLUTION Impact on Wildlife: disrupts the natural habitats of wildlife. Ecological Balance: Excessive noise can disturbe the balance of ecosystems, leading to disruptions in predator-prey relationships and biodiversity. Air ,Water and noise pollution synergetically can contribute to overall environmental degradation. 22

23. HEALTH EFFECTS OF NOISE 1.AUDITORY EFFECTS: a) Auditory fatigue: It appears in the 90 dB region and greatest at 4000 Hz. It may be associated with side effects such as whistling and buzzing in the ears. b)Noise- Induced hearing loss 2. NON -AUDITORY EFFECTS: a)interferance in day-to -day communication b)Annonyance c) Irritability d)Insomnia 23

24. 4.LAND POLLUTION Industrialization contributes significantly to land pollution through various means: Chemical Waste Disposal: Improper disposal of chemical waste. Industrial Runoff: Pollutants from industries, such as heavy metals and toxic chemicals, leach into the soil through runoff during rain. Solid Waste Generation: Industries produce vast amounts of solid waste, including plastic, , which often end up in landfills or open dumps, polluting the land. 24

25. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF LAND POLLUTION Industrial land pollution not only affects human health but also has detrimental environmental impacts: Soil Degradation : Chemical pollutants degrade soil quality, reducing its fertility and productivity, ultimately impacting agricultural output. Water Contamination : Pollutants leaching from contaminated soil can infiltrate groundwater, contaminating drinking water sources and aquatic habitats. 25

26. HEALTH EFFECTS OF LAND POLLUTION Land pollution due to industrialization has severe health implications: Industrial wastes can contain poly vinyl chloride, poly carbonate, and acrylic which are known to cause birth defects, cancer, breathing difficulties, eye irritations and skin diseases. Coming in contact with heavy metals or ingesting them cancauses poisoning. Chromium, mercury, lead, cadmium can cause liver damage. 26

27. 5.LIFESTYLE DISEASE With industrialization, there has been a shift in lifestyle patterns, leading to an increase in the prevalence of diseases like obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases. 27

28. CAUSES OF LIFESTYLE DISEASE Sedentary Lifestyle : industrialized societies have become increasingly sedentary. Prolonged sitting, coupled with a lack of regular physical activity, increases the risk of obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic disorders. Unhealthy Dietary Patterns: Industrialization has led to the widespread availability of processed foods high in sugars, unhealthy fats, and sodium . Convenience foods, fast food chains, and sugary beverages have become staples of the modern diet, contributing to the prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and hypertension. 28

29. Stress and Mental Health: Industrialization often entails demanding work schedules, competitive environments, and urban living stressors . Chronic stress and mental health disorders, such as anxiety and depression , are prevalent in industrialized societies and are associated with increased risks of cardiovascular diseases and other lifestyle-related conditions . 29

30. 6.CLIMATE CHANGE Acc UNFCCC climate change is defined as change of climate that is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and that is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods. 30

31. causes 31 Volcanic eruptions • Differences in solar irradiation • Variations and tilt in the orbit of earth • Variation in sea levels Land transformation: • Agriculture • Deforestation • Construction of water reservoirs • Urbanization • Mining • Land draining Industrial processes: • Energy production • Transportation • Manufacturing • Construction • Waste disposal • Petrochemical, mineral, and food processing • Transportation network building Industrial processes: • Energy production • Transportation • Manufacturing • Construction • Waste disposal • Petrochemical, mineral, and food processing climate change natural cause human cause

32. . 32 GREEN HOUSE EFFECT Carbon dioxide methane INDUSTRAIL PROCESSES nitrous oxide water vapour melted of ice caps and glaciers warming oceans wheater changes changes in rainfall warming of atmosphere

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35. IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON HEALTH 1.Extreme weather-related illnesses . 2.Air pollution-related illnesses. 3.Water-borne diseases. 4.Vector-borne diseases. 5. Mental illnesses : Abrupt changes in the weather and increased incidences of natural calamities will lead to socioeconomic disruption among people residing in these zones. 35

36. cont... 6. Ophthalmic diseases: Exposure to excessive solar irradiation and UV rays may result in increased incidence ofeye problems 36

37. 7.OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS Occupational hazards refer to risks and dangers present in the workplace that have the potential to cause harm to workers' health and safety. These hazards can arise from various sources, including physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic, and psychosocial factors within the work environment . 37

38. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH HAZARDS 38 3. LIGHT Poor illumination Occupaional cataract miners nystagmus 4. PRESSURE caisson disease air embolism 5. ELECTRICITY BURNS 6.NOISE occupational deafness Injuries 1.HEAT Burn injury Heat syncope heat cramps Heat hyperpyrexia Heat exhaustion Heat stroke 2. COLD Trench foot Frost Bite Chilblains

39. 39 CHEMICAL AGENTS 1.GASES: Coal gas manufacturing plant H2S, CO, NH3 2.Dusts (Pneumoconiosis) I norganic dust I norganic dust Organic dusts Silica - Silicosis Asbestos- Asbestosis Iron - siderosis Coal dust - Anthracosis Cane fiber- Bagassosis Cotton dust- Byssinosis Tobacco- Tobacosis Hay / grain dust- Farmer's lung 3.Metals Toxic hazards LEAD , mercury, cadmin, manganese, arsenic, chromium 4.Occupational cancers Cancer of skin, lungs, bladder.

40. MAJOR INDUSTRIAL DISASTERS IN THE PAST : According to the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), in the recent past, over 130 significant chemical accidents have been reported 1.Bhopal Gas Tragedy : Occured 1984 when a gas leak occurred at the Union Carbide India Ltd. pesticide facility. • According to reports, the spill caused the deaths of over 3,700 people and crippled or rendered permanently incapacitated many more. The incident saw a 300% spike in stillbirth rates and a 200% increase in infant deaths in the region. 40

41. cont... 2. Chasnala Mining Disaster : 1975, a coal mine in Jharkhand experienced the Chasnala mining accident, one of the worst in India's mining history. A pocket of methane gas was ignited by malfunctioning equipment, which caused an explosion. The mine collapse caused by the explosion allowed millions of gallons of water from a nearby reservoir to enter. Due to the explosion, mine collapse, or reservoir flooding, about 700 people died. 41

42. cont.. 3.Jaipur Oil Depot Fire: The oil store owned by the Indian Oil Company in Rajasthan had this industrial accident in 2009. It caused 12 fatalities and further injuries. Over a week, which was required to put out the fire, 500,000 people were evacuated from the area. 4.Korba Chimney Collapse : 2009, 45 construction workers were killed when a chimney for a thermal plant in Chhattisgarh that was under BALCO's contract fell. The rescue operations weew hampered by extreme waether. 42

43. cont.. 6.Mayapuri Radiological Incident 7.Bombay Docks Explosion 43

44. WAYS TO CONTROL INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION some of the steps that can be taken to seek permanent solutions to the problem 1. Source Control :Adopting new technology, effectively training staff for safe use, developing better waste disposal technologies. 2 . Recycling :Recycling as much polluted water in the industries as possible by increased recycling efforts to reduce industrial pollution. 3. Cleaning of Resources 4 . Industry Site Selection : consider the location of sites before establishment and the potential impact on the surrounding environment as a way to help reduce harmful consequences. 44

45. WAYS TO CONTROL INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION cont 5 . Proper Treatment of Industrial Waste : implementing adequate treatment facilities for handling industrial waste and adopting proper habits that can help reduce pollution. 6. Rebuilding Habitats and Afforestation : planting more trees and plants can help give wildlife back their homes. 7. Stricter Laws and Enforcement 8. Regular Environmental Impact Assessments 45

46. LEGISLATIVE MEASURES IN INDIA 1. The factories Act 2. Workmens Compensation Act 1923 3.Maternity Benefit Act 4. Employment State Inaurance Scheme 5. Central Goverment Health Scheme . 46

47. ONE HEALTH : 47

48. To summarize we can say that; Industrialization is a double-edged sword, wielding both positive and negative consequences. While it fuels economic growth, technological progress, and social transformation, it also exacts a toll on the environment, labor rights and public health 48

49. References 49 World Health Organization (WHO) - Air Pollution: https://www.who.int/health-topics/air-pollution United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) - Air Pollutants: https://www.epa.gov/air-quality-management-process/air-pollutants Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) - Climate Change 2022: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1 / Gupta, N., Yadav, K. K., Kumar, V., et al. (2019). Industrial pollution: A case study of Delhi. Science of the Total Environment, 660, 1240-1252 World Health Organization. Environmental Noise Guidelines for the European Region - https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/environment-and-health/noise/environmental-noise-guidelines-for-the-european-region Environmental Protection Agency. Noise Pollution - https://www.epa.gov/report-environment/noise-pollution United Nations Environment Programme . Land pollution. https ://www.unenvironment.org/encyclopedia/en/node/10793 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) - https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/index.htm World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). Noncommunicable diseases. [https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2022). Chronic Diseases and Conditions. [https://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/index.htm] [https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-risks-report-2020] World Economic Forum. (2020). The Global Risks Report 2020. Shaman, J., et al. (2013). Absolute humidity and the seasonal onset of influenza in the continental United States. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3739486/ World Health Organization. (2022). Vector-borne diseases. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/vector-borne-diseases

50. Thank you