Heart disorders

Here you'll get more details about Heart related disorders.

1. Heart Disorders Session : 2015-2018 Submitted By – Pankaj Kushwaha Department of Biomedical Sciences BU , Jhansi UP-284121 [email protected]

2. Contents Coronary heart disease (CHD) Atherosclerosis Chest pain (angina pectoris) Irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia) Congestive Heart failure (HF) Congenital and rheumatic heart disease Stroke Myocardial infraction Hypotension Hypertension

3. Coronary heart disease (CHD) Coronary artery disease (CAD) refers to a pathological condition that cause narrowing of coronary arteries so that blood flow to the Heart is reduced. Also known as coronary artery disease . It is a condition in which plaque deposits block the coronary blood vessels leading to a reduced supply of blood and oxygen to the heart. It is the most common type of heart disease across the world.

4. Atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis is a disease of the large and intermediate- sized arteries in which fatty lesions called atheromatous. plaques develop on the inside surfaces of the arterial walls. Arteriosclerosis, in contrast, is a general term that refers to thickened and stiffened blood vessels of all sizes .

5. Development of atherosclerotic plaque. A, Attachment of a monocyte to an adhesion molecule on a damaged endothelial cell of an artery . The monocyt e then migrates through the endothelium into the intimal layer of the arterial wall and is transformed into a macrophage . The macrophage then ingests and oxidizes lipoprotein molecules, becoming a macrophage foam cell. The foam cells release substances that cause inflammation and growth of the intimal layer . B, Additional accumulation of macrophages and growth of the intima cause the plaque to grow larger and accumulate lipids. Eventually, the plaque could occlude the vessel or rupture , causing the blood in the artery to coagulate and form a thrombus.

6. Chest pain (angina pectoris) In most people who develop progressive constriction of their coronary arteries, cardiac pain , called angina pectoris , begins to appear whenever the load on the heart becomes too great in relation to the available coronary blood flow. It is a medical term for chest pain that occurs due to insufficient supply of blood to the heart . Also known as angina, it is a warning signal for heart attack. The chest pain is at intervals ranging for few seconds or minutes .

7. Irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia) Sometimes the heart’s electrical system does not function normally . It may race , become slow , irregular , skip beats or sometimes the heart’s electrical signal does not move in the proper sequence . This causes the heart to beat faster or slower than normal, or erratically. These abnormal rhythms are called arrhythmia . The causes of the cardiac arrhythmias are usually one or a combination of the following abnormalities in the rhythmicity-conduction system of the heart: 1. Abnormal rhythmicity of the pacemaker 2. Shift of the pacemaker from the sinus node to another place in the heart

8. Continue… 3. Blocks at different points in the spread of the impulse through the heart 4. Abnormal pathways of impulse transmission through the heart 5. Spontaneous generation of spurious impulses in almost any part of the heart

9. Heart failure  ( HF ), often referred to as  congestive heart failure  ( CHF ), is when the heart is unable to pump sufficiently to maintain blood flow to meet the body's needs . Signs and symptoms commonly include: shortness of breath ,  excessive tiredness , and  leg swelling . Common causes of heart failure include: coronary artery disease including a previous  myocardial infarction  (heart attack),  high blood pressure,   atrial fibrillation ,  valvular heart disease ,  excess alcohol use , infection, and cardiomyopathy of an unknown cause. There are two main types of heart failure :  heart failure due to left ventricular dysfunction  and  heart failure with normal ejection fraction depending on whether the ability of the left ventricle to contract is affected, or the heart's ability to relax Congestive Heart Failure

10. The condition is diagnosed based on the history of the symptoms and a physical examination with confirmation by echocardiography .   Blood tests, electrocardiography, and  chest radiography  may be useful to determine the underlying cause. treatment depends on the severity and cause of the disease. In people with chronic stable mild heart failure, treatment commonly consists of lifestyle modifications such as  stopping smoking , physical exercise  and dietary changes , as well as medications.

11. Rheumatic heart disease Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is damage to one or more heart valves that remains after an episode of  acute rheumatic fever (ARF ) . heart muscles and valves damage due to rheumatic fever caused by Streptococcus pyogenes a group of A streptococcal infection. The heart valves can remain stretched and/or scarred, and normal. When the heart is damaged in this way, the heart valves are unable to function adequately, and heart surgery may be required l blood flow through damaged valves is interrupted. 

12. Stroke A stroke is a serious medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain results in cell death . Like all organs, the brain needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients to function properly . This is provided by the blood , so if your blood flow is restricted or stopped, brain cells will b egin to die . This can cause brain damage and possibly death. There are two main types of stroke:   ischemic , due to lack of blood flow,   hemorrhagic , due to bleeding Signs and symptoms of a stroke may include an inability to move or feel on one side of the body, problems understanding or speaking, dizziness, or loss of vision to one side. The main risk factor for stroke is high blood pressure.  Other risk factors include tobacco smoking, obesity, high blood cholesterol, diabetes mellitus, a previous TIA, and atrial fibrillation.

13. Illustration of an embolic stroke, showing a blockage lodged in a blood vessel.

14. Myocardial Infraction Myocardial infarction (MI) or acute myocardial infarction (AMI), commonly known as a heart attack , occurs when blood flow stops to a part of the heart causing damage to the heart muscle Most MIs occur due to coronary artery disease Often it is in the centre or left side of the chest lasts for more than a few minutes. Symptoms: Heartburn shortness of breath Nausea feeling faint a cold sweat tired

15. Hypotension Hypotension is low blood pressure , especially in the arteries of the systemic circulation . A systolic blood pressure of less than 90 millimetres of mercury (mm Hg) or diastolic of less than 60 mm Hg is generally considered to be hypotension. Hypotension is the opposite of hypertension, which is high blood pressure. low blood pressure can deprive the brain and other vital organs of oxygen and nutrients, leading to a life-threatening condition called shock. Treatment of hypotension may include the use of intravenous fluids or vasopressors. When using vasopressors, trying to achieve a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of greater than 70 mmHg does not appear to result in better outcomes than trying to achieve a MAP of greater than 65 mm Hg in adults.

16. Hypertension Hypertension (HTN or HT), also known as high blood pressure (HBP), is a long-term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated. High Blood Pressure Secondary HBP Primary HBP 90–95% of cases. defined as high blood pressure due to nonspecific lifestyle and genetic factors 5–10% of cases defined as high blood pressure due to an identifiable cause, such as chronic kidney disease, narrowing of the kidney arteries , an endocrine disorder, or the use of birth control pills

17. Continue… Blood pressure is expressed by two measurements, the systolic and diastolic pressures, which are the maximum and minimum pressures, respectively. For most adults, normal blood pressure at rest is within the range of 100–130 millimetres mercury (mmHg) systolic and 60–80 mmHg diastolic. For most adults, high blood pressure is present if the resting blood pressure is persistently at or above 130/80 or 140/90 mmHg.

18. Am I at Risk ???

19. Reducing Your Risk For Cardiovascular Diseases Risks you can control Avoid tobacco Cut back on saturated fat and cholesterol Maintain a healthy weight Modify dietary habits Exercise regularly Control diabetes Control blood pressure Systolic – upper number Diastolic – lower number Manage stress Risks you cannot control Heredity Age Gender Race

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