Heat Cycle Revised Feb 19, 2020xsadas.pdf

ahu

1. Technology for a Better Tomorrow

2. Page 2
Technology for a Better Tomorrow
Centrifugal Inline
Fan
CYCLE NO. TRANSFER
FLUID
AIR
CHILLED WATER
REFRIGERANT GAS
CONDENSER WATER
AIR
1
2
3
4
5
4
2
3
1
5
5
1

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow
Heat Generated Heat Rejected

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow
Heat Generated Heat Rejected

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow
Centrifugal Inline
Fan
CYCLE NO. TRANSFER
FLUID
AIR
CHILLED WATER
REFRIGERANT GAS
CONDENSER WATER
AIR
1
2
3
4
5
4
2
3
1
5
5
1

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow
Centrifugal Inline
Fan
CYCLE NO. TRANSFER
FLUID
AIR
CHILLED WATER
REFRIGERANT GAS
CONDENSER WATER
AIR
1
2
3
4
5
4
2
3
1
5
5
1

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow
CT PANEL AIR BY-PASS

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow
DILAPIDATED &CLOGGED PLASTIC FILLERS

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow
GEAR DRIVE VS BELT DRIVE

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow
BELT DRIVE FAN

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow
GEAR DRIVE FAN

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow
FAN BLADE REPITCHING

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow
Centrifugal Inline
Fan
CYCLE NO. TRANSFER
FLUID
AIR
CHILLED WATER
REFRIGERANT GAS
CONDENSER WATER
AIR
1
2
3
4
5
4
2
3
1
5
5
1

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow
CarrierTRANE YORK
DAIKINLG

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow
Centrifugal Inline
Fan
CYCLE NO. TRANSFER
FLUID
AIR
CHILLED WATER
REFRIGERANT GAS
CONDENSER WATER
AIR
1
2
3
4
5
4
2
3
1
5
5
1

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow
Before Cleaning
After Cleaning

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow
Before Cleaning
After Cleaning

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow
Centrifugal Inline
Fan
CYCLE NO. TRANSFER
FLUID
AIR
CHILLED WATER
REFRIGERANT
GAS
CONDENSER
WATER
AIR
1
2
3
4
5
4
2
3
1
5
5
1

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow
SMExpansionTankReport
Basedonourevaluationofthetypicalopenloopexpansiontanks,TFPIidentified
severalproblemswhichhavealreadycreatedbothoperationalproblemsand
damagetotheexistingchilledwatersystems.
Tohaveabetterunderstandingoftheexpansiontankfunctionality,pleasenotethe
following:
•Expansiontanksaredesignedintoclosedloopchilledwatersystemstoallowfor
theincreasedareaofthechilledwaterasthetemperaturechanges.Atcolder
operatingtemperatures,thechilledwateroccupieslessarea.Inversely,warmer
chilledwater,occupiesagreaterarea.
•Waterisanon-compressiblefluidandwithoutanallowableexpansionareacreates
excessivepressureonthepipingsystemcomponentssuchascoolingcoils,
chillertubesandpiping

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow
•Theclosedloopsystempressureissetbytheexpansiontankpressure.The
chilledwaterpumpsinthesystem,simplycirculatesthewateraroundthepiping
loop.Greatersystempressureincreasestheextractionofairviabothautomatic
andmanualvents.Mostguidelinessuggest15to20psigsystempressureatthe
toppipingelevation.
•Both open and closed type tanks need to allow expansion area for the changes in
area created by the chilled water temperature changes to avoid damaging internal
pressures.
•Introduction of oxygen to the chilled water should always be kept to a minimal
level to avoid internal piping corrosion.
•The use of atmospheric type expansion tanks normally requires chemical
treatment to remove the constant infiltration of oxygen which creates internal
rusting
•Non atmospheric type expansion tanks greatly reduce the infiltration of oxygen
and require less use of treatment chemicals
•Non-atmospheric bladder type expansion tanks even further reduce the systems
internal exposure to oxygen. In addition, do not require addition air charging to
maintain their compression area

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow
Based on the internal piping condition of the older malls, together with the difficult
extraction of air from the low system pressures, TFPI recommends that all existing
and new malls incorporate the bladder type expansion tanks.
The tanks should be located in the chiller rooms, as opposed to the top of the system
to allow closer monitoring of the expansion tank operation.
See Figures 1 & 2 indicating both the existing problems and the improvements
gained by elimination of the existing open type expansion tanks.

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow
NEW IMPROVEMENTS:
•Expansion protection due to bladder
•Reduced volume of highly oxygenated make up water
•No water loss to drain
•Increase system pressure for air extraction
•No surface / air exposure
•Tank location can be at top or bottom of close loop
system

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow
What is a bladder pressure tank?
It is a closed loop type of tank containing
pressurized air and water separated by a
membrane (bladder).

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow
Control Valve Diagram (Normal Day)
100
TR
50
TR
75
TR
100
TR
50
TR

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow
Control Valve Diagram (3Day Sale / Special Event)
50
TR
100
TR
25
TR
50
TR
75
TR

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow
Centrifugal Inline
Fan
CYCLE NO. TRANSFER
FLUID
AIR
CHILLED WATER
REFRIGERANT
GAS
CONDENSER
WATER
AIR
1
2
3
4
5
4
2
3
1
5
5
1

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow
Good AHU

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow
Bad AHU

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow
Duct Fittings and Pressure Drops
The design and fabrication of the duct fittings in an air handling system can have a
significant impact on the static pressure requirements for a system and, therefore, a
significant impact on energy consumption and its ability to meet the design intent.
A subtle difference in the design of a fitting can have a large impact on its pressure
drop. The challenging nature of the problem is often complicated by the fact that duct
systems are often not well detailed. Even with adequate details, the fittings are
fabricated in a three-dimensional world from representations on two-dimensional
plans. In many instances, the subtle detail that significantly affects the fitting
pressure loss is not apparent when viewed in plan. The 45�entry fitting shown in
Figure11.1 is a good example. When viewed in plan, the portion of the fitting that
angled up at 45�would simply show up as a line, if it were shown at all. A sheet
metal worker would need to understand the requirement for this type of connection
from some other aspect of the construction documents or simply based on their
knowledge of good practice. If they missed it and made a straight tap, they could
easily double the static pressure requirements to move air into the branch from the
riser, as can be seen from the graph.

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow
Duct Fittings and Pressure Drops

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow
Sample TFPI Duct Recommendation

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow
11.4.1.4. Flex Duct
Improperly applied and supported flex duct can cause numerous
operating problems. The sagging duct between supports that are spaced
too far apart in effect adds close-coupled elbows to the system. Sagging
aggravates the loss coefficient associated with the flex duct itself, which
is often high relative to an equivalent diameter sheet metal duct due to
the rougher interior surface conditions. It is also easy to make a very
sharp turn with the flex duct, which may solve a space problem but can
result in a very high pressure loss at the turn. These problems can be
alleviated to some extent by:
•�Minimizing the use of flex duct to the extent possible.
•�Properly supporting the duct to minimize sagging.
•�Making any turns with gradual radius to minimize bend losses.
•�Oversizing the duct relative to an equivalent sheet metal size in
situations where long runs or sharp turns are unavoidable.
All of these items are good to watch for during the construction
observation associated with the commissioning process as well as when
troubleshooting a system with high pressure loss problems in a
retrocommissioning environment.

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow
Fans and System Effect
As can be seen from Figure11.3, the orientation of a fan’s discharge relative to the
system that it serves can have significant impact on its performance.
Similar effects can occur with poor inlet arrangements. By monitoring and
participating in the design, shop drawing review, and construction process, the
commissioning provider can help ensure that the fan orientations are optimized for
the project conditions.

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow

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Technology for a Better Tomorrow
Centrifugal Inline
Fan
CYCLE NO. TRANSFER
FLUID
AIR
CHILLED WATER
REFRIGERANT
GAS
CONDENSER
WATER
AIR
1
2
3
4
5
4
2
3
1
5
5
1

74. Page 74
Technology for a Better Tomorrow
3
rd
& 4
th
MESCO Building 5,
Reliance cor . Brixton Sts.Pasig City 1603, Metro Manila
Tel. No. (632)4776800; Fax: [phone]

75. Page 75
Technology for a Better Tomorrow
3
rd
& 4
th
MESCO Building 5,
Reliance cor . Brixton Sts., Pasig City 1603, Metro Manila
Tel. No. (632)4776800; Fax: [phone]