Heavy Transition Metals and its applications.pptx

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1. Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science & Technology University, Gopalganj-8100 Assignment On: Some of the heavy Metals. Course Title: Heavy Transition Metals and Magnetochemistry Course Code: CHE413 Limon Mondal ID 18CHE 029 Aima Tanjim ID18CHE 030 Md.Abdur Rahman ID18CHE 032 Avijit Mondal ID18CHE 033 Md.Shahed Khan ID18CHE 034 Mst.Julfatun nesa ID18CHE 035 Md. Tomiz Uddin ID18CHE 036 Dr. Md. Abdul Latif Associate Professor Department of Chemistry Begum Rokeya Universit,Rangpur Submitted By Submitted To Group-04 ID 29-36 Date of submission: 16/05/2024

2. What are heavy Metals? Heavy metals are metallic elements that are dense, lustrous, malleable, ductile, and conductive. They are naturally present in the Earth's crust and can also be created by volcanic eruptions, weathering, or human-caused sources. Sources and occurence of heavy metals: Chromium Arsenic Cadmium   lead Mercury   Tungsten(W) These are described in four categories as follows;-

3. (a). chromium group metals: Properties: These are very hard having high boiling and melting point They are almost inert to HNO 3 and not react with O 2 at room temperature. They have ability to form per-oxy compounds. They react with halogen to give chloro-compounds. E.g Cr + 3Cl 2 2CrCl 3 , Mo + 3Cl 2 2MoCl 6 They have tendency to react with acid to form solution with decreasing oxidation state and most usable oxide form are MoO 3 and WO 3 by heating in the presence of air. Molybdenum Seaborgium chromium group metals The chromium group metals are chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), and seaborgium (Sg), which are all transition metals in group 6 of the periodic table. These are mechanically very useful metal used to making mechanical apparatus. Oxidation state: Tungsten (W) are 0,+2,+3,+4,+5,+6. Seaborgium (Sg) has a stable oxidation state of +6 in aqueous solution. Chromium (Cr) are +2, +3, and +6. Molybdenum (Mo) are +3,=4,+5,+6.

4. Uses : The have many application including: Alloys ,Catalysts, Tanning , Hard materials High temperature and refractory applications, such as welding electrodes and kiln components. Metallurgy, sometimes used in jet engines and gas turbines. Dyes and pigments (b). Platinum Group Metals The platinum group metals or PGMs are a cluster of six transition metals on the periodic table. They are noble and precious metals with chemical and physical properties similar to that of platinum and occurring in the same ore deposits. The platinum group metals are rare, durable, useful, and highly valuable. The six platinum group metals are: Ruthenium (Ru) Rhodium (Rh) Palladium (Pd) Osmium ( Os ) Iridium ( Ir ) Platinum (Pt)

5. Properties: They are very rare and have versatile use hence they are called precious metals as well as valuable element. They are versatile because large amount of industrial process is used as catalyst and also used in automobile exhaust system. They have extreme catalytic applications including wacker process, hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, reduction(Adam catalyst), preparation of advanced laboratory instrument, nitrogen fixation. They have ability to form complex compound, i.e formation ability of Zeise’s salt with chemical formula K[ PtCl ₃]·H₂O. Oxidation State The common oxidation state of these group metals including: Platinum’s (Pt) are 2 + and 4 + . Palladium’s (Pd) are (Pd) ‘s 0, 1 + , 2 + , and 4 + . Ruthenium’s (Ru) are +2, +3, and +4. Rhodium’s (Rh) are +1, +3. Iridium ( Ir ) ‘s are +1,+2,+3,+4. Osmium’s ( Os ) are +2,+3,+4,+8.

6. Uses: They have extreme catalytic application including: Uses as catalyst in wacker process— In hydrogenation and dehydrogenation i.e of phenol to cyclohexane--- Used as Adam catalyst in reduction---- Advanced laboratory instrument is used by Pt , e.g in HF protected instrument making. Pt is also used in jewelry 1/3, catalyst1/3, and industry 1/3 of total pt. Pt is greatly used in automobile exhaust system and in nitrogen fixation as nitrogenase enzyme. Pt is used in the formation of Zeise’s salt. C 2 H 4 CH 3 CHO PdCl 2 Pd C 6 H 5 OH + 3H 2 C 6 H 12 H 2 SO 4 SO 2 SO 3 H 2 SO 4 Pt/ PtO H 3 O +

7. (c). Toxic effect of chemical pollutant on living system: The toxic effect on living system is due to various chemical pollutant including ( i ) Toxic chemicals, (ii) Heavy metals ( Pd, Cd, and As etc.) and (iii) Pesticides. These are separately described below-- ( i ). Toxic chemicals Toxic chemicals can have immediate and long-term health effects on living systems. Immediate effects can include skin or eye irritation, burns, or poisoning. Long-term effects can include: Cancer Organ damage Weakened immune system Allergies or asthma Reproductive problems and birth defects Effects on children's mental, intellectual, or physical development

8. Palladium (Pd) is generally considered to be low in toxicity, but it can cause skin, eye, or respiratory tract irritation, and may cause skin sensitization. Liquid palladium can burn the skin and eyes. Palladium compounds are rarely encountered by most people, but all palladium compounds should be considered highly toxic and carcinogenic. Palladium chloride is toxic and harmful if swallowed, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. Toxic Effect of Palladium (Pd): Toxic Effect of Cadmium( C d): Cadmium (Cd) exposure can have toxic effects on living organisms, including humans and plants. In Human including; Organ system toxicity; Cancer; Lung Liver disease damage; Kidney disease; Fragile bones; In Human including; Reduced photosynthesis ; Reduced plant biomass; Reduced mineral uptake; Inhibited plant germination; (ii). Heavy metals ( Pd, Cd, and As etc.)

9. Toxic Effect of Arsenic(As): Arsenic is highly toxic in its inorganic form and can have many toxic effects on living systems, including: (iii). Toxic Effect of pesticides: Pesticides can have toxic effects on living systems, including humans, animals, and plants. The effects of pesticides can be acute, or short-term, and chronic, or long-term. Gastrointestinal irritation; Cardiovascular disease; Skin diseases i.e. skin lesions and skin cancer; Nervous system complications; Cognitive development; Deaths in young adults; Acute effects including Rashes, blisters, Blindness, Nausea, Dizziness, Diarrhea, Death and Stinging eyes, Chronic effects can including: Cancers Birth defects Reproductive harm Immunotoxicity Neurological and developmental toxicity Disruption of the endocrine system

10. a. What are the common oxides of molybdenum and tungsten? Discuss the biological importance of Molybdenum. Ans: Common oxides of molybdenum Tungsten including: Molybdenum(IV) oxide (MoO 2 ) Molybdenum(VI) oxide MoO 3 ) Molybdenum(II) oxide ( MoO ) Molybdenum(III) oxide (Mo 2 O 3 ) Tungsten(V) oxide (W 2 O 5 ) Tungsten trioxide (WO 3 ) Tungsten(VI) oxide (WO 3 ) (d). Questions and answer of semester final exam: Biological importance of Molybdenum: Molybdenum (Mo) is of essential importance for (nearly) all biological systems as it is required by enzymes catalyzing diverse key reactions in the global carbon, sulfur and nitrogen metabolism. Molybdenum is a component of four enzymes in the human body that help break down proteins, alcohol, drugs, and toxins. The metal itself is biologically inactive unless it is complexed by a special cofactor. Molybdenum also plays a role in the detoxification of the organism and the production of important intermediary products.

11. b. What is ‘white gold’? Discuss the use of platinum in exhaust System in automobile and in catalytic processes. Ans: White gold is an alloy of pure gold and white metals, such as nickel, palladium, silver, platinum, or manganese. For example, palladium and nickel give white gold a silver-white hue, while silver produces a bright, cool-toned white color. Use of platinum in exhaust System in automobile: Platinum is used in catalytic converters in automobile exhaust systems to speed up chemical reactions that reduce harmful pollutants in vehicle exhaust. Platinum combines oxygen, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons to convert them into carbon dioxide and water. platinum is used in the chemical industry as a catalyst for the production of nitric acid, silicone and benzene. It is also used as a catalyst to improve the efficiency of fuel cells and as Adam catalyst in reduction, making advanced laboratory instruments etc. The electronics industry uses platinum to make electrodes, electrical contacts for computer hard disks and thermocouples. Use of platinum in catalytic processes

12. c. Discuss the biochemical and toxicological effect of lead and arsenic. Ans: Lead and arsenic are toxic metals that can have biochemical and toxicological effects on humans and plants. Lead is a heavy metal that can damage major biomolecules, including lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It can also damage the liver, nervous system, kidneys, and DNA. In humans, lead can cause chronic toxic effects such as anemia, neuropathy, chronic renal disease, and reproductive impairment. In children, lead can cause behavioral problems, learning difficulties, and reduced physical growth. biochemical and toxicological effect of lead: biochemical and toxicological effect of arsenic: . Arsenic has many biochemical effects on plants, animals, and microorganisms: Plants: Arsenic can stunt growth, cause wilting, chlorosis, browning, and dehydration. Microorganisms: Arsenic can inhibit growth. Laboratory animals: Arsenic can impair conditioned-avoidance behavior in goldfish. Long-term exposure to arsenic from drinking-water and food can cause cancer and skin lesions. It has also been associated with cardiovascular disease and diabetes. In utero and early childhood exposure has been linked to negative impacts on cognitive development and increased deaths in young adults

13. Thank You Sir