Helicopter Parenting

Identification of Overparenting in Clinical Practice and Promotion of Adolescent Autonomy and Independence

1. Helicopter Parenting Identification of Overparenting in Clinical Practice and Promotion of Adolescent Autonomy and Independence Nursing 810 Families in Health and Illness University of New Hampshire Kathy Boyd Jacqueline Elliott Stephanie Pierce Kelly Watton

2. What is a helicopter parent ? “Parents who, like helicopters, stay closely overhead, right above their child…rarely out of reach, pay extremely close attention to their child, and rush to prevent any harm…,” (Ingen et al., 2015). “…inappropriately intrusive and managing, but done out of strong parental concern for the wellbeing and success of the child,” (Jayson, 2012). Helicopter parenting, or overparenting, “…involves the application of developmentally inappropriate parenting through the use of excessive advice, problem-solving, and provision of abundant and unnecessary tangible assistance, combined with risk aversion, anxiety, and parental involvement in the child’s emotional well-being to the point of enmeshment,” (Segrin et al., 2015).

3. What is said about helicopter parenting ? “Kids who take risks while they’re young tend to be less fearful, more independent adults, and kids who don’t take risks end up being nervous nellies,” (Bethune, 2013). “Our fear of children being harmed…may result in more fearful children and increased levels of psychopathology,” (Bethune, 2013). “...there are actually some ways parents can be involved in their kids’ education that leads to declines in their academic performance. In fact, one of the things that was consistently negative was parents’ help with homework,” (Alter, 2014). “We feel guilty because we are working more, so we do more for them. Then they start to depend on us. And that is a hard cycle to break,” ( Hoder , 2014). “Of course helicopter parenting has a time and place with infants who need monitoring in order to keep safe and away from harm! Beyond that, it infantilizes older children into incompetence and unhealthily dependency,” (Sydney South Child Psychology).

4. Helicopter parenting could provide adolescents with: An advocate A better sense of goals Safety Emotional, financial, and social support Help with transitioning from adolescence to adulthood

5. However, helicopter parenting may lead to adolescents with : Decreased self-efficacy Decreased peer communication Decreased overall well-being Decreased peer trust Decreased problem solving skills Increased peer alienation Increased dependence Negative self-image Failure to develop autonomous motivation Difficulty establishing sense of independence

6. The Effect on Children Children with helicopter parents are: More likely be medicated for anxiety and/or depression More likely to take pain pills without prescription More likely to be less engaged in school Less likely to express opinions and emotions

7. The Effect on Parents Helicopter parenting may: Lead to long-term tension in the parent-child relationship Place strain on financial and emotional resources Create expectations for reciprocation of practical and emotional support later in life Create less life satisfaction Increase risk of exhaustion, stress, anxiety, and guilt

8. What is a parent’s job anyway ? To raise a child who is capable of taking on adult tasks It is acceptable to coach a child, but NOT take over daily decisions/tasks

9. Why are parents over-involved ? They think it is better to “clear a path” for them in order to become successful By taking over, they feel it will be easier for their child to be a success They are satisfying their own emotional needs, including the loneliness felt from an emotionally absent marriage or social life They feel wanted and needed They think it is safer for the child They believe it boosts the child's self-confidence

10. Opposition to helicopter parenting: Free-range parenting Free-range parenting is based on the notion that children are given an excessive amount of freedom without direct parental oversight. Children are provided with the opportunity to explore the world at their own pace. “Fighting the belief that our children are in constant danger from creeps, kidnapping, germs, grades, flashers, frustration, failure, baby snatchers, bugs, bullies, men, sleepovers and/or the perils of a non-organic grape,” (Free-Range Kids, 2015). Example: 9 year old child rides subway alone in NYC to the park The belief is kids mature quicker, feel more accomplished, have reduced anxiety, and have better self-esteem.

11. Where does self-esteem really come from? By attempting something that is a little more difficult and either succeeding or failing and trying again until you succeed. As a child, successes and failures and how you are treated in response to those life experiences by family, teachers, coaches, and peers plays a huge role in self-esteem.

12. Erikson’s Psychosocial Stage of Development: Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt Allowing the child to develop new skills and abilities will allow them to develop a sense of independence and autonomy. “It is critical that parents allow their children to explore the limits of their abilities within an encouraging environment which is tolerant of failure” He states “parents must try not to do everything for the child but if the child fails at a particular task they must not criticize the child for failures or accidents,” (McLeod, 2008). The aim has to be “self-control without a loss of self-esteem,” (McLeod, 2008). A child that does not succeed at this stage, will feel inadequate in their ability to survive, become overly dependent on others, lack self-esteem, and feel a sense of shame or doubt in their own abilities.

13. Childhood experiences that contribute to healthy self-esteem : Being listened to Being spoken to respectfully Getting appropriate attention and affection Having accomplishments be recognized Having mistakes and failures be acknowledged and accepted

14. Childhood experiences that lead to low self-esteem : Being harshly criticized Being emotionally, sexually, or physically abused Being ignored, ridiculed or teased Being expected to be perfect all the time

15. Helicopter Parenting and Population Health Improving the knowledge, skills, and confidence of parents is often the aim of parenting-focused public health strategies and parenting programs. However, while much research has focused on parenting and parenting confidence, relatively little research has focused on parental knowledge. Evidence-based research has focused almost entirely on parental knowledge of child development processes and milestones, such as those described by the Bright Futures campaign, with little consideration of alternative types of parental knowledge.

16. American Academy of Pediatrics: Bright Futures Bright Futures is a national health promotion and prevention initiative, led by the American Academy of Pediatrics and supported by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Health Resources and Services Administration. The Bright Futures Guidelines provide theory-based and evidence-driven guidance for all preventive care screenings and well-child visits. Bright Futures content can be incorporated into many public health programs such as home visiting, child care, school-based health clinics, and many others. Materials developed especially for families are also available.​

17. Limitations of Bright Futures Lack of adequate predictive ability for assessing complex interactions between parents and children Lack of long-term benefits as many parents forget developmental processes and milestones as the child moves past each stage Lack of generalizability as most published research studies have a focus on parents of very young children or high-risk populations

18. Healthy People 2020: Early and Middle Childhood Topic and Objective Since there is increasing recognition in policy, research, and clinical practice communities that early and middle childhood provide the physical, cognitive, and social-emotional foundation for lifelong health, learning, and well-being, Healthy People 2020 have set a goal for early and middle childhood health: Goal: Document and track population-based measures of health and well-being for early and middle childhood populations over time in the United States. Objective EMC-2: Increase the proportion of parents who use positive parenting and communicate with their doctors or other health care professionals about positive parenting

19. As health care providers, what can we do about helicopter parenting? Family assessment and intervention Promote autonomy and independence of our adolescent population Focus on increasing parental knowledge of effective parenting strategies and techniques in addition to educating parents about child developmental processes and milestones as described by the American Academy of Pediatrics Bright Futures campaign

20. Assessment of Parental Knowledge: Screening Tools Available The Knowledge of Effective Parenting Scale ( KEPS ) is used to assess parents' knowledge of parenting principles and procedures that have been empirically shown in numerous RCTs of the Triple P-Positive Parenting Program to improve parenting competence, reduce child maltreatment, and provide positive outcomes for the management and prevention of problematic child behavior. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire ( SDQ ) is a behavioral screening questionnaire for emotional and behavioral disorders in children and adolescents in which parents indicate how true statements are of their child. It consists of 25 items across five subscales: emotional symptoms; conduct problems; hyperactivity/inattention; peer relationship problems; and prosocial behavior. The Parenting Scale (PS) is a 30-item questionnaire that measures three dysfunctional discipline styles: laxness (permissive discipline), over-reactivity (authoritarian discipline), and hostility (use of verbal or physical force). The Parenting Practices Questionnaire ( PPQ ) is a 62-item instrument that assesses parenting styles (responsiveness, coercion, and psychological control). The Parenting Tasks Checklist ( PTC ) consists of 28 items designed to assess task-specific self-efficacy in parents. Parents rate how confident they are in dealing with difficult child behavior in common parenting situations.

21. Family Interventions: Promoting Adolescent Autonomy and Independence Evaluate adolescent-parent interaction Encourage the adolescent to use their voice Encourage independent interviewing of the adolescent Screen adolescents for anxiety and depression Treat anxiety and depression as indicated Referral to counseling and psychiatry as indicated Consider scheduling a family assessment with genogram and ecomap for families of adolescents who exhibit helicopter parenting behaviors, an adolescent with anxiety or depression, and/or an adolescent who reports poor social interactions, low self-esteem, and exhibits poor sense of personal identity.

22. Family Interventions: Promoting Adolescent Autonomy and Independence Calgary Family Assessment Model ( CFAM ): Families with Adolescents “Families frequently respond to an adolescent’s request for increasing autonomy in two ways: (1) they abruptly define rigid rules and re-create an earlier stage of dependency, or (2) they establish premature independence,” (Wright & Leahey, 2013). This stage also causes parents to reassess their marriage, career, and role caring for increasingly dependent parents. Discuss and validate parental feelings of loss Adolescence often leads parents to feel as though they have ‘lost’ control Parents feel like there is a sense of emotional ‘distance’ and separation that occurs, leading to a sense of lost emotional closeness. Adolescence are seeking independence and autonomous decision making, which often leads parents to feel as though they are no longer communicating about daily life, thoughts, and emotions.

23. Family Interventions: Promoting Adolescent Autonomy and Independence CFAM Interventions Linear and circular questions Commend adolescent and family strengths Offering information and opinions Validate, acknowledge, and normalize emotional responses Devise rituals Encourage open, honest communication Mutual respect between parent and adolescence Two way trust is necessary to communicate feelings and ideas. Negotiation of expectations. Make it a discussion about how the adolescent allots their time.

24. Family Interventions: Promoting Adolescent Autonomy and Independence Discuss appropriate teenage-parent boundaries Domains of adolescent autonomous functioning through parental promotion or control: Promotion of autonomous thought Encourage independent ideas and emotions Encourage an independent identity Promotion of autonomous decision making Negotiate appropriate decisions and circumstances Allow choices in work, home, and school activities Promotion of autonomous separation Allow independent choices is free time and leisurely activity

25. Family Interventions: Promoting Adolescent Autonomy and Independence The idea of autonomy and the behaviors that constitute autonomy vary greatly across cultures. The culture defines the ways in which someone acts upon their autonomy Parenting styles vary across cultures. Controlling behavior in one culture is appreciated and loving behavior is another culture. How the child views and acts on autonomy is influenced by cultural behaviors and expectations. ** Culture impacts the meaning the child gives to parental behaviors **

26. Family Interventions: Promoting Adolescent Autonomy and Independence Cultural contexts may mean different views of autonomy. In Belgium children leave home early and marry early. This culture promotes autonomy as individual responsibility i.e. economic independence is highly valued. In Mediterranean cultures, autonomy through individuation is promoted within the family of origin. Children have the right to make personal choices but remain within the family unit until married. In the United States, cultural beliefs promote independence and self-orientation with age appropriate autonomy. ** Consider the cultural implications of autonomy and how adolescent and parental behavior is viewed through a cultural lens **

27. References Alter, C. (2014, March 24). 6 things overprotective parents do wrong. Time Magazine . Retrieved from http://time.com/33438/6-things-overprotective-parents-do-wrong/ American Academy of Pediatrics, Bright Futures. (2014). Home page . Retrieved from https://bf.aap.org/Pages/default.aspx Bethune, B. (2013). Helping with homework isn’t important, talking about post-high school plans is. Yahoo News . Retrieved from https://ca.news.yahoo.com/helping-with-homework-isn%E2%80%99t-important--talking-about-post-high-school-plans-is-213539281.html Burton, N. (2014, November 20). The secret of self-esteem: Where does self-esteem really come from? Psychology Today . Retrieved from https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/hide-and-seek/201411/the-secret-self-esteem

28. References Doyle, K. (2014). Having controlling parents may affect later relationships. Reuters Health. Retrieved from http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/834100 Fingerman , K. L., Cheng, Y. P., Wesselmann , E. D., Zarit , S., Furstenberg, F., & Birditt , K. S. (2012). Helicopter parents and landing pad kids: Intense parental support of grown children. Journal of Marriage & Family, 74 (4). Retrieved from http://ejournals.ebsco.com.libproxy.unh.edu/Direct.asp?AccessToken=8U0PNPOV03X14044XNTJJYW3XP3WV99OP&Show=Object Free-Range Kids. (2015). Home page . Retrieved from www.freerangekids.com Hoder , R. (2014, March 21). Still doing too much for your teen? You’re not alone. Time Magazine . Retrieved from http://time.com/33146/still-spoiling-your-teen-youre-not-alone/

29. References Ingen, D. J, Freiheit , S. R., Steinfeldt , J. A., Moore, L. L., Wimer , D. J., Knutt , A. D. ... Roberts, A. (2015). Helicopter parenting: The effect of overbearing caregiving style on peer attachment and self-efficacy. Journal of College Counseling, 18 (1). Retrieved from http://ejournals.ebsco.com.libproxy.unh.edu/Direct.asp?AccessToken=7D3TRTIB3J5NXNNRV3R3MMRONX0TBOOIT&Show=Object Jayson, S. (2012, September 25).Do helicopter parents help or harm the kids? USA Today . Retrieved from http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/LIFE/usaedition/2012-09-25-Helicopter-parents_ST_U.htm LeMonye , T., & Buchanan, T. (2011). Does ‘hovering’ matter? Helicopter parenting and its effect on well-being. Sociological Spectrum, 31 (4). Retrieved from http://ehis.ebscohost.com.libproxy.unh.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=97451363-3e00-4903-ada7-e154f4238410%40sessionmgr4005&vid=16&hid=4103

30. References Locke, J. Y., Marilyn, C. A., & Kavanagh, D. (2012). Can a parent do too much for their child? An examination by parenting professionals of the concept of over parenting. Australian Journal of Guidance & Counseling, 22 (2). Retrieved from http://ehis.ebscohost.com.libproxy.unh.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=97451363-3e00-4903-ada7-e154f4238410%40sessionmgr4005&vid=19&hid=4103 McLeod, S. (2015) Erik Erikson. Simply Psychology . Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html Morin, A. ( n.d. ). Helicopter parents: Do they help or hurt kids: The pros and cons of this type of discipline . Retrieved from http://discipline.about.com/od/typesofdiscipline/a/Helicopter-Parents-Do-They-Help-Or-Hurt-Kids.htm Segrin, C. s., Givertz , M., Swaitkowski , P., & Montgomery, N. (2015). Overparenting is Associated with Child Problems and a Critical Family Environment. Journal Of Child & Family Studies, 24(2), 470-479. doi:10.1007/s10826-013-9858-3

31. References Sydney South Child Psychology. ( n.d. ). Helicopter vs. free range parenting: What works best . Retrieved from http://www.sydneychildpsychology.com/Helicopter-vs--Free-Range-Parenting.html United States Department of Health and Human Services, Healthy People 2020. (2014). Early and middle childhood: Objectives . Retrieved from http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/early-and-middle-childhood/objectives USA Today. (2010). Helicopter parenting can be a good thing. USA Today Magazine, 138 (27). Retrieved from http://ehis.ebscohost.com.libproxy.unh.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=97451363-3e00-4903-ada7-e154f4238410%40sessionmgr4005&vid=31&hid=4103

32. References Van Ingen, D. J., Freiheit , S. R., Steinfeldt , J. A., Moore, L. L., Wimer , D. J., Knutt , A. D., & ... Roberts, A. (2015). Helicopter parenting: The effect of an overbearing caregiving style on peer attachment and self‐efficacy. Journal of College Counseling, 18 (1), 7-20. doi:10.1002/j.2161-1882.2015.00065.x Winter, L., Morawska, A., & Sanders, M. (2012). The Knowledge of Effective Parenting Scale ( KEPS ): A tool for public health approaches to universal parenting programs. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 33(2-3), 85-97. doi:10.1007/s10935-012-0268-x Wright, L.M . & Leahey, M. (2013). Nurses and families: A guide to family assessment and intervention (6th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F.A . Davis.