Hematology

HEMATOLOGY

1. HEMATOLOGY Dr . T . Arivazhagan Post graduate Department of Pathology

2. Hematopoiesis Hematopoiesis is the process of creating new blood cells in the body. All blood cells start as hematopoietic  stem cells, and then specialize (differentiate) into myeloid cells (erythrocytes, megakaryocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, basophils, or eosinophils) or lymphoid cells (T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes).

3. Sites 1 st trimester : Yolk sac 2 nd trimester : Liver & Spleen 3 rd trimester : Central & Peripheral skeleton Adult : Axial skeleton Vertebra Sternum Ribs Pelvis Extra medullary : In case of severe demand like thalassemia

4. Functions To Deliver nutrients hormones & O2 to the tissues To collect & dispose the wastes from cellular metabolism To deliver specialized cells to tissues for protection against external environment To prevent the leakage of blood in blood vessels

5. Elements of blood Fluid elements: Water Electrolyte Proteins Cellular elements: RBC WBC Platelets

6. Function of cellular component RBC - it carries 02 to the tissue and carry co2 from tissue to lungs WBC -   Cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders PLATELETS - Stop bleeding by clumping and clotting blood vessel injuries.

7. RBC- MORPHOLOGY

8. RBC DISORDERS Anemia: Is defined as a HB concentration in blood below the lower limit of the normal range for the age and sex of the individual. Male 13g/dl Females 11.5g/dl

9. Classification of anemia Due to increased blood loss Due to impaired red cell production Deficient heame synthesis Deficient globin synthesis Vit b12 / folic acid deficiency Defect in the stem cell production Chronic disorders Congenital anemias Due to increased red cell destruction Extrinsic Intrinsic

10. WBC MORPHOLOGY

11. Morphology of Neutrophil 12 – 15 μ m Dense nucleus 2-5 lobes Pale cytoplasm Numerous fine violet pink granules 40-75%

12. Eosinophil 12 -15 μ m in size Coarse , deep red granules Two nuclear lobe 1-6%

13. Basophil 12-15 μ m Bi-lobed Clumped chromatin Large coarse purplish granules Obscuring the nucleus 0-1%

14. Monocyte 12-20 μ m Large lobulated Fine chromatin Light basophilic Vacuoles 2-10%

15. Lymphocyte SL : 9-12 μ m LL : 12-16 μ m Large nucleus Clumped chromatin Peripheral rim of basophilic cytoplasm No granules 20-40 %

16. WBC DISORDERS Qualitative Quantitative

17. Abnormal forms Toxic granules Vacuoles Dohle bodies Nuclear abnormalities Shift to left Shift to right Pelger Huet anomaly

18. PLATELET DISORDERS Qualitative Quantitative

19. Assessment Hematopoiesis? Site of hematopoiesis? Functions of RBC’s? Size of RBC? Functions of WBC’s? Size of granulocytes? Functions of platelets? Size of platelets?