Hepatitis

hepatitis b.pharm 2nd sem pathophysiology

1. HEPATITIS

2. Condition of liver inflammation as a result of an injury or infection is called hepatitis. Common cause is hepatitis virus and other infections, toxic substances and autoimmune diseases Types SPAN OF DISEASE ETIOLOGY INDUCED BY METABOLIC DISORDERS ACUTE HEPATITIS – less than 6 months CHRONIC HEPATITIS – greater than 6 months VIRAL HEPATITIS – Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E,F ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS- Excess consumption of alcohol DRUG INDUCED HEPATITIS- consumption of drugs more than recommended dose (paracetamol, herbal products) HEMOCHROMATOSIS – accumulation of iron WILSON’S DISEASE - accumulation of iron ISCHEMIC HEPATITIS- reduced blood to liver OBSTRUCTIVE HEPATITIS – bile flow obstruction due to bile duct AUTOIMMUNE HEPATITIS- Body’s immune system against liver cells.

3. TYPES HEPATITIS A HEPATITIS B HEPATITIS C HEPATITIS D HEPATITIS E Other name Hepatitis A virus Hepatitis B virus Hepatitis C virus Hepatitis D virus Hepatitis E virus Symptoms Fatigue Fever Abdominal pain Appetite loss Appetite loss Fever Generalized weakness Dark urine Jaundice Acute Hepatitis Appetite loss Fatigue Abdominal pain Chronic Hepatitis Cirrhosis Ascites Varices Hepatic encephalopathy Mild fever Jaundice Dark urine Joint ache Nausea, vomiting Fatigue Jaundice Anorexia Abdominal pain Nausea, vomiting Transmissn Fecal - oral Parentral and close contact Parentral and close contact Parentral and close contact Water borne

4. TYPES HEPATITIS A HEPATITIS B HEPATITIS C HEPATITIS D HEPATITIS E ETIOLOGY Contaminated food and water Close contact and sexual intercourse with affected person Contaminated needle Mother to infant Close contact Blood transfusion Organ transplantation Contaminated needle Blood transfusion Tattooing Sexual contact Sharing personal items Direct contact with body fluids Contaminated drinking water COMPLICA- TION Sudden loss of liver function Liver cirrhosis Liver cancer Liver failure Kidney failure Liver cirrhosis Liver cancer Liver failure Fulminant hepatitis Chronic hepatitis Cirrhosis Hepatocellular jaundice

5. Pathophysiology of hepatitis a Virus enters body via fecal-oral route Virions are secreted into bile and excreted through faeces Reaches the hepatocytes and multiplies Gets absorbed to blood through oropharynx and intestines Continues for 11 days till patient shows symptoms Patient became infectious

6. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HEPATITIS B Virus enters body Immune system gets activated Produce antibodies T cells B cells Act against virus’ envelope, nucleocapsid and polymerase region Liver cell damage

7. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HEPATITIS C Virus enters body Activates B cells Helper T cells activated Cytotoxic T cells activated Specific T-cell receptors activated Produce antibodies Recognise HCV infected cells Lysis of infected cells Liver cell damage

8. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HEPATITIS D Virus enters body Activates B cells Helper T cells activated Cytotoxic T cells activated Specific T-cell receptors activated Produce antibodies Recognise HCV infected cells Lysis of infected cells Liver cell damage

9. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HEPATITIS e Multiplies for 35 days (Incubation period) Virus enters the body Virions and antigen can be detected in faeces and liver Shows symptoms of cholestasis Elevated bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase