Hepatitis B and its Vaccine.pptx .

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1. Biology SEA Hepatitis B and its Vaccine

2. Caused by- Hepatitis B Virus, hence a viral disease Target organ- The Liver Symptoms include- yellowing of the eyes, abdominal pain and dark urine In chronic cases, liver failure, cancer or scarring can occur. Chronic cases require medication and possibly a liver transplant. Hepatitis B: A chronic disease

3. Hepatitis B is spread when blood, semen, or other body fluids from a person infected with the virus enters the body of someone who is not infected. This can happen through- Sharing needles or syringes Blood transfusion From mother to baby Sexual transmission Organ and tissue transplantation Modes of Transmission:

4. Preventive Measures: Tell your partner if you are a carrier or try to find out whether he/she is a carrier to prevent sexual transmission Only use clean syringes that have not been used by anyone else Do not share toothbrushes, razors, or manicure instruments Only allow well-sterilized skin perforating equipment (tattoo, acupuncture, etc.) Getting fully vaccinated

5. Vaccine and its Importance A preparation that is used to stimulate the body's immune response against diseases. The hepatitis B vaccine protects against the infection and its complications such as permanent liver damage, which can lead to liver cancer and death. When you get immunized, you help protect others as well.

6. Development of the Vaccine Hepatitis B Vaccine is based on Hepatitis B surface antigen gene inserted into yeast Cells free of any concerns associated with human blood products Yeast produces only noninfectious surface protein without any danger introducing actual viral DNA into final product. The target of this vaccine is Hepatitis B virus and it is a SUBUNIT VACCINE

7. Use of 3 treatments of blood serum together with immense filtration to yield a safe vaccine. An HBV subunit vaccine is made by injecting with HB surface protein and make it immune-friendly so that next time when immune system comes across this virus it can fight more rigorously. Immunizes antigen directly from the blood of human carriers of virus. Caused threat of HIV virus which was later proven that it doesn't carry HIV as the blood is purified and ensured to have only hepatitis B surface proteins. In 2017, Heplisav-B gained US FDA approval. It uses HB surface antigen. It's non inferior with respect to immunogenicity.

8. Types of Subunit Vaccines Types Description Examples Protein subunit contains isolated proteins from pathogens such as virus or bacteria Hepatitis B vaccine Polysaccharide contains chains of  polysaccharides  (sugar molecules) found in the pathogen's capsule such as  cell walls of some bacteria pneumococcal Polysaccharide vaccine Conjugate contains polysaccharide chains bound to  carrier proteins , such as  diphtheria  and  tetanus toxoid , to boost the  immune response Haemophilus Influenza type B conjugate vaccine

9. Estimated cases of Hepatitis B

10. there is no guarantee that immunological memory will be formed in the correct manner being relatively complex to manufacture compared to some vaccines Require adjuvants to improve immunogenicity (provoke immune response) May require boosters shots too Limitations of the vaccine

11. Though there are limitations in a vaccine, it provides great help in reducing the diseases plays a vital role in boosting up one’s immunity to fight any disease. Hence, vaccination should be considered an important step in the prevention of diseases. Conclusion

12. Thank You