Hepatitis-Detailed Overview of Viral Hepatitis Types A to E.pptx

A 10-slide presentation detailing viral hepatitis (A–E) with illustrations, covering liver structure, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, management, and prevention. Perfect for medical students seeking a clear and concise overview of hepatitis types, their differences, and clinical relevance.

1. Hepatitis – Overview • Hepatitis refers to inflammation of the liver. • Caused by viruses (A–E), toxins, drugs, alcohol, or autoimmune disorders. • Major viral types: HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, HEV. • Leads to hepatocellular injury and impaired liver function.

2. Liver – Structure and Function • The liver is the largest internal organ (~1.5 kg). • Functions: metabolism, detoxification, bile production, protein synthesis. • Functional unit: hepatic lobule – central vein surrounded by hepatocytes. [Illustration: labeled diagram of liver with lobes and hepatic lobule].

3. Types of Viral Hepatitis • Hepatitis A (HAV): RNA virus, fecal-oral route, acute only. • Hepatitis B (HBV): DNA virus, parenteral/sexual route, chronic possible. • Hepatitis C (HCV): RNA virus, parenteral, chronic common. • Hepatitis D (HDV): defective RNA virus, needs HBV co-infection. • Hepatitis E (HEV): RNA virus, fecal-oral route, severe in pregnancy.

4. Hepatitis A • Transmission: Fecal–oral (contaminated food/water). • Incubation: 2–6 weeks. • Clinical: fever, malaise, jaundice. • No chronicity, complete recovery common. • Vaccine available. [Illustration: HAV life cycle or transmission route].

5. Hepatitis B • DNA virus, transmitted via blood, sexual contact, perinatally. • Incubation: 1–6 months. • Clinical: fever, jaundice, arthralgia. • Chronic infection may lead to cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. • HBsAg, HBeAg used for diagnosis. • Vaccine available. [Illustration: HBV structure showing surface & core antigens].

6. Hepatitis C • RNA virus, parenteral transmission (needle sharing, transfusion). • Often asymptomatic initially. • 70–80% progress to chronic hepatitis. • May cause cirrhosis and liver cancer. • No vaccine, but antiviral therapy effective. [Illustration: HCV replication and liver injury].

7. Hepatitis D & E • Hepatitis D: requires HBV for replication (coinfection or superinfection). • Increases risk of fulminant hepatitis and chronicity. • Hepatitis E: fecal–oral transmission, similar to HAV. • Severe in pregnant women. [Illustration: Dual infection model of HBV + HDV].

8. Pathogenesis & Morphology • Viral entry → hepatocyte infection → immune-mediated injury. • Acute hepatitis: ballooning degeneration, Councilman bodies. • Chronic hepatitis: portal inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis. [Illustration: Microscopic image of liver with hepatitis changes].

9. Diagnosis & Management • Diagnosis: - LFTs: ↑ALT, AST, bilirubin. - Serology: antigen/antibody tests. - PCR for viral RNA/DNA. • Management: - Supportive for HAV & HEV. - Antivirals for HBV & HCV. - Liver transplant in end-stage cases.

10. Prevention & Summary • Prevention: - Vaccines for HAV & HBV. - Safe sex, screened blood, clean needles. - Good sanitation and hygiene. • Summary: - Hepatitis affects millions globally. - Early diagnosis & vaccination are key to control. [Illustration: prevention infographic – hygiene, vaccination, awareness].