Herbal Remedies- Durgashree Diwakar

Herbal remedies are plants used as medicine.
People use herbal remedies to help prevent or cure disease.
They use them to get relief from symptoms, boost energy, relax, or lose weight.
Herbal remedies are a type of dietary supplement. They are not medicines.
Herbals are not regulated like medicines.
Herbals do not need to be rigidly tested before they are sold.
Herbals may not work as claimed.
Labels do not need to be approved.
It may not list the correct amount of an ingredient.

1. HERBAL REMEDIES By- Durgashree M D Advance Pharmacognosy 2 Dept of Pharmacognosy KLE College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru 1

2. Content 2

3. Herbal Remedies Herbal remedies are plants used as medicine. People use herbal remedies to help prevent or cure disease. They use them to get relief from symptoms, boost energy, relax, or lose weight. 3

4. Herbal Remedies Herbal Remedies can be prepared at home in many ways. Infusions Herbal Teas Decoction. Syrups Tinctures Poultices Purchased in form of pills, capsules, powders, etc. [1] 4

5. Herbal remedies are a type of dietary supplement. They are not medicines. Herbals are not regulated like medicines. Herbals do not need to be rigidly tested before they are sold. Herbals may not work as claimed. Labels do not need to be approved. It may not list the correct amount of an ingredient. Some herbal remedies may contain contaminants. [2] 5

6. It is considered medicinal only when it has the pharmacological activity of possible therapeutic use. Activities are known as the results of millennia. Investigate to develop of New drugs. [1] 6

7. Stages in herbal Drug Development 7

8. Herbal versus Conventional Drugs 8

9. Herbal versus Conventional Drugs Herbals Conventional Drugs Complex formulation. Single agent. Administering chemical compounds in the plant matrix. Administering Pure chemical isolated from the same plant or different origin Synergic effect Adverse effect Consider whole body as one Target specific organ Preventive action Treatment for disease. [1] 9

10. Cont. These are phytochemical compounds used for the treatment of many diseases. Herbs have active ingredients which act as drugs e.g. opiate, digitalis, and taxol . Herbs/medicinal plants/homemade remedies are less expensive than synthetic drugs 10

11. Cont. M ost people in rural/backward areas have blind faith in Herbals. This is because they can treat any disease without any lethal side effects. Even they are also widely used for enhancing the beauty and for curing skin-related issues 11

12. Cont. S ynthetic drugs are synthesized in the laboratory T hese are the medicines that are not found in nature. Although herbal medicines are less potent in comparison to synthetic drugs 12

13. Cont. Herbals are considered less toxic or have fewer side effects in contrast to synthetic drugs. The ultimate norm for any medicine (human-made or natural) is its nontoxicity, effectiveness, specificity, stability, and potency. N ow many chemists switching their field from synthetic to natural side to explore nature more and more. 13

14. Cont. Synthetic drugs not only cure the disease but also causes severe side effect to the human body. e.g. Paracetamol causes liver poisoning (a major side effect). Naproxen causes gastrointestinal side effects. Ibuprofen -causes nephrotoxicity including renal failure. 14

15. Cont. Not only herbs but also spices including turmeric, cloves, cinnamon, and chilies may possess some medicinal effects on the human body. For example, turmeric contains curcumin ( e.g , inflammation, depression, pain, arthritis, skin diseases, etc.) 15

16. Consider natural drugs which can reduce the side effects, and toxicities of synthetic counterparts. 16

17. Efficacy of Herbal Medicinal Products 17

18. Cont. 18

19. Cont. 19

20. Cont. The multi-ingredient character of herbal medicines- efficacy testing more complex than synthetic drugs. 20

21. Cont. Standardization can, however, only cover one or two ingredients. Full product characterization and quality control- scientific tests of herbal remedies. 21

22. Cont. 22

23. Pharmacological Effect of Garlic 23

24. Cont. Its best-researched clinical effect -lowering total serum cholesterol levels, (inhibition of hepatic cholesterol synthesis). Numerous RCTs demonstrated a significant reduction of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein . 24

25. Cont. Blood pressure-lowering effects, and antihypertensive effects. P revent or delay the development of arteriosclerosis. A protective effect for malignancies, (intestinal cancers). 25

26. Cont. A recent RCT - high-dose garlic consumption reduces the frequency of tick bites in a tick-endemic area. G arlic’s anti-microbial activities in vivo, are not supported by compelling evidence. 26

27. Cont. The recommended dosage- 4 g of fresh garlic daily, (8 mg garlic oil or 600– 900 mg garlic powder) [1.3% alliin content]. Patients with bleeding abnormalities- uncontrolled use of garlic supplements. It is recommended that garlic supplements should be discontinued before major surgery . 27

28. Cont. Adverse effects of garlic are usually mild and transient they include- breath and body odor, allergic reactions, nausea, heartburn, and flatulence. G arlic can increase the effect of anti-coagulants. A lso enhance the hypoglycaemic effects of anti-diabetic medications. [3] 28

29. Validation of Herbal Therapies T he action of checking or proving the validity or accuracy of something. A ll medicines, should fulfill the basic requirements of being safe and effective  The main obstacle to the growth of herbal medicine is its quality control. 29

30. Cont. Several problems that influence the quality of herbal drugs. 1. Many constituents. 2. A ctive principle in most cases is unknown. 3. A nalytical methods may not be available commercially. 4. Plant materials are chemically and naturally variable. 5. The source and quality of the raw material are variable 6 . The methods of harvesting, drying, storage, transportation, etc.. [5] 30

31. Cont. The scientific validation by standardization, evaluation of purity, and demonstration of its efficacy in animal models and in humans will increase the trust of users and increase its acceptability. [4] Standardization requirement is because of Variation in Plant materials. 31

32. Cont. Standardization of herbal medicines is an assurance of quality, efficacy, safety, and reproducibility. Hence standardization is a tool in the quality control process. 32

33. Cont. Standardization and quality control of herbal crude drugs – Processes and procedures 1. Macro and microscopic examination 2. Foreign organic matter 3. Ash values 4. Moisture content 5. Extractive values 33

34. Cont. 6. Crude fiber 7. Qualitative chemical evaluation (Phytochemical screening) 8. Chromatographic examination 9. Quantitative chemical evaluation 10. Toxicological studies 34

35. Pharmacokinetic and Dynamic Issues In recent years, the combined use of Herbal medicines and Western drugs is increasing. It is reported that some herbal medicines such as St. John’s wort, garlic, ginseng, and ginkgo, have given rise to clinical interactions when co-administered with prescription medicines. 35

36. Cont. Interactions between herbal and prescription medications may be caused by either pharmacodynamic or pharmacokinetic mechanisms. 36

37. Cont. 37

38. Pharmacodynamics Issues It is related to the pharmacologic activity of interacting agents and can affect organ systems, receptor sites, or enzymes. Herbals- Antiplatelet Activity Drugs- Anticoagulant activity Bleeding Risk 38

39. Pharmacokinetic Issues 39

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41. References Quality control of Herbal drugs- Dr. Pulok K. Mukherjee. A guide to Herbal Remedies. ( https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000868.htm ) The efficacy of Herbal Medicine- an overview. ( https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16011726/#:~:text=Even%20though%20several%20differences%20exist,be%20efficacious%20for%20specific%20conditions .) Scientific Validation of Herbal Medicine. ( https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-13-7248-3_34#:~:text=The%20main%20obstacle%20to%20the,users%20and%20increase%20its%20acceptability .) Standardization of herbal medicines - A review- Kunle, Oluyemisi Folashade Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions between herbs and western drugs- Ju-Young Lee 41

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