Herbicide figure final for herbicide resistance

Herbicide figure final for herbicide resistance

1. Fig.1.LossesduetodifferentbioticfactorsinIndianagriculture(Yaduraju,2006)]
Weeds
37%
Insects
29%
Diseases
22%
Others
12%

2. Fig.2.ComparisonofpesticidesconsumptioninIndiaandworld:(a)world(Sondhia,2019)(b)
India(Devietal.,2017).
Insecticides
29.5%
Fungicides
17.5%
Herbicides
47.0%
Others
(a) World
Insecticides
65.0%
Fungicides
15.0%
Herbicides
16.0%
Others
4.0%
(b) India

3. Fig. 3.Herbicidal effect on nematodes: species-wise nematodes (a); total nematodes (b) (Das et al., 2010)
(a)
(b)

4. 5Rs in weed
management
Right
choice
Right
source
Right
dose
Right time
Right
method
Fig. 4.The 5R stewardship of herbicide use for weed management in crops

5. PREVENTIVE: Quarantine, farm hygiene
(well-rotten FYM, compost & cowdung, clean
crop seed, water & implements)
MECHANICAL & MANUAL: Summer
ploughing, hand weeding, hoeing, mowing,
tillage, mulching/solarization, burning,
flooding, chaining, dredging, cheeling
CULTURAL/ECOLOGICAL: Stale seedbed,
competitive/resistant crop/ cultivar, sowing
time, method & rate, spacing, irrigation,
fertilization, inter-cropping, crop rotation, trap,
catch & cover crops
BIOLOGICAL: Insects; pathogen; fish; mites;
ducks & geese; snails; bio-herbicides; DRBs;
botanical agents (plants)
CHEMICAL & BIOCHEMICAL: Herbicides;
herbicide-tolerant crops
ALLELOPATHY (concurrent/residual)
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
of
W
e
e
d
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
Saving of labour and inputs
Co-existing with crop cultivation
No or less residue accumulation
Suitable bio-agents for a situation
SYSTEMATIZATION
OF METHODS
(considering climate,
soil, crop, weed
infestation, inputs
available, critical
period of weed
competition, socio-
economic conditions of
farmers)
INTEGRATED WEED MANAGEMENT
(limiting weed density in threshold level with no or
acceptable crop yield loss)
Increase in
crop
production
Environmental
safety
Increase in
crop yield
per capita
Increase in
crop yield
per unit area
Fig. 5.Integrated weed management (Das, 2008)